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Translating global climate targets into national decarbonization roadmaps is profoundly uncertain. To navigate this uncertainty for China, we employ a national-scale energy system model developed in the MESSAGEix framework─calibrated to China's energy balances─that uniquely combines provincial-level resolution for key sectors with a high-granularity representation of intra-annual (48 time slices) power system dynamics. Across three temperature targets (1.5, 1.6, 2.0 °C) and six allocation principles, our analysis reveals that wind and solar consistently emerge as "no-regret" pillars, CCS is essential for heavy-industry abatement, and hydrogen's sourcing shifts with budget stringency. A critical systemic codependency exists across scenarios with stringent emissions constraints: the power sector must transform into a net carbon sink to enable the decarbonization of heavy industry, creating stark path dependencies across technology choices. The 1.6 °C pathway under the Grandfathering principle presents a pragmatic alignment with China's 2060 neutrality pledge and offers a detailed blueprint for this transition. Our provincial-level analysis distinguishes high-stakes decisions from robust "no-regret" investments, offering a framework to guide China's journey to carbon neutrality.

The silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), is an economically important insect that serves as the foundation of the sericulture industry. As an oligophagous insect, the silkworm feeds primarily on mulberry leaves, and this strict dietary dependence limits the expansion of sericulture. Although artificial diets have been developed, mulberry powder is still the essential component of the artificial diet. This study developed a mulberry‑free artificial diet and investigated the essential role of mulberry using a genetically adaptable silkworm strain. Feeding experiments with graded mulberry powder revealed that, although silkworms on the mulberry‑free diet could cocoon, their survival, body weight, cocoon weight, and silk‑gland development were significantly impaired, showing a clear dose‑dependent response. Surprisingly, trehalose supplementation further suppressed growth, and the best-performing mulberry leaf group had the lowest hemolymph trehalose, indicating optimal development requires efficient trehalose utilization, not accumulation. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that mulberry intake broadly upregulates pathways related to energy metabolism and protein synthesis, rather than activating a single pathway. Several previously uncharacterized genes responded specifically to mulberry. These findings elucidate the broad physiological impact of mulberry leaves and provide a foundation for designing practical mulberry-free diets and identifying key mulberry-derived compounds.

Communities in remote Australia face poorer health outcomes but are largely recipients of services, programs and policies that are disconnected from local experiences and priorities, with some notable exceptions. Local-level research capacity, capability and knowledge translation that respond to community and service provider priorities are key to strengthening remote health systems. To explore two questions: (1) What is needed to strengthen health systems research capacity and capability in remote Australia? (2) How can we, as a community of remote health systems researchers, enhance knowledge translation in remote Australia to address persistent health disparities? Sixty-five remote health systems stakeholders, including service providers, funders, researchers, and policymakers participated in a research capacity building and knowledge translation workshop in Mparntwe (Alice Springs) in 2024. They identified actions to address barriers to remote health systems research and knowledge translation. We reflect on these to highlight opportunities for policy action and learning. Barriers to community and service-driven research have been recognised for decades, yet feedback from remote service providers and researchers suggests that little has changed systemically despite pockets of innovation. The time to act is now. Action must include creating funding schemes that provide for cohesive and sustained investment in remote-based health systems research partnerships that involve industry partners-especially Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs) to contribute to Closing the Gap in health outcomes. Partnerships must respond directly to community and service provider priorities, create Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander researcher career pathways, and leverage respective partners' institutional strengths to create learning health systems. Individual ACCHSs' experiences and context-responsive principles for engaging with remote Aboriginal communities provide guidance and lessons for other services and researchers nation-wide.

Plant-based diets are considered healthier and more sustainable, while solutions are sought to replace saturated fats in foods products. Aquafaba (AF) from chickpea cans was foamed to formulate waffles. AF was concentrated at three dry matter contents. Gluten-free oat flour and an oleogel (OG) containing 50 g kg-1 glycerol monostearate were also used as ingredients. Three factors (AF concentration, whipping time and type of fat) were varied on two levels to obtain the samples. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed protein specific peaks that are responsible for the foaming properties of AF. Concentrated AF had a gel-like behaviour (G' > G''), caused by the denaturation of proteins. AF21 was significantly stronger (G' = 89.22 ± 3.17 Pa) compared to AF14 (G' = 3.81 ± 0.3 Pa). Dough samples with AF7 and OG had a significantly higher hardness at the same whipping time compared to their oil counterparts (e.g. 10.78 ± 0.16 N for sample 6 versus 4.81 ± 0.34 N for 8). Waffles' springiness was low due to the gluten-free oat flour. A positive correlation (r = 0.743) was found between protein and hardness. One formulation was chosen for the sensory evaluation based on the principal component analysis. Principal component (PC) 1 accounted for 60.2% of the variance and PC 2 explained 24.4%. All samples had low hedonic scores and the most preferred sample was the control with wheat flour. This study demonstrates that AF concentration and the usage of OG influence the characteristics of waffles. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

The emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) have significantly hindered the advancement of the swine industry. The combination of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with conventional antibiotics represents a promising strategy to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections. Tulathromycin (Tul), however, is prone to inducing resistance in APP due to its broad mutant selection window (MSW). Moreover, there is a paucity of data regarding the efficacy of AMP-macrolide combinations against APP. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects and resistance prevention of the AMP MPX in combination with Tul against APP. To assess synergism, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of MPX and Tul, both individually and in combination, were determined using the micro-broth dilution method and checkerboard assay. Time-kill assays were conducted to analyze antibacterial activity and kill rate by quantifying viable bacterial counts. The post-antibiotic effect (PAE) was calculated following exposure to 1-2 MIC of each drug alone and in combination. For resistance prevention analysis, serial passage experiments were performed over 30 generations under selective pressure at 1/4 MIC for each agent to monitor changes in MIC values. Additionally, the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) was measured to evaluate MPX's capacity to narrow the MSW of Tul against APP. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of MPX and Tul was assessed against resistant APP strains. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) indicated an indifferent interaction (1.5) for susceptible strains and an additive effect (0.75) for resistant strains. Time-kill curves demonstrated that MPX significantly enhanced the antibacterial efficacy of Tul against APP. Specifically, the kill rate within 0-1 hour and the PAE at 1-2 MIC of Tul increased from 0.35-2.91 to 1.41-5.03 Log10 CFU/mL/h and from 0.66-1.64 to 1.29-2.91 h, respectively, combination with MPX. Resistance induction assays revealed that MPX could restore or reduce the MIC of Tul against APP. Furthermore, MPX effectively narrowed the MSW of Tul, as evidenced by an MPC-based FICI of 0.375, confirming a synergistic interaction. The combination exhibited additive effects against resistant strains. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential application of MPX in combination with antimicrobial agents to prevent the emergence and dissemination of drug-resistant strains.

Flavor deficiency in cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs) limits cigar industry development. This study isolated two aroma-producing bacteria (Alcaligenes phenolicus Z2 and Bacillus subtilis C5) from CTLs during air-curing. Single strain inoculation resulted in treatment-specific aroma compound changes: Z2 treatment was associated with enhanced diterpene compounds (notably neophytadiene and 1-heptacosanol), while C5 markedly increased fatty alcohol concentrations (2-hexyl-1-decanol, 9.67-fold) and nicotine levels. Mixed inoculation generally showed intermediate rather than synergistic effects. Variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis identified nicotine, neophytadiene, and nonadecatrienediol as the most discriminatory compounds among treatments. Microbial community analysis revealed that exogenous strain inoculation significantly altered indigenous microbiota composition and interaction patterns, with Z2 treatment associated with positive microbial co-occurrence patterns, while mixed inoculation displayed network characteristics suggestive of increased competitive interactions. Correlation analysis revealed strain-specific microbial-metabolite associations, though causal relationships require further validation. These findings suggest that single strain inoculation produces distinct metabolic profiles with potential for strain-specific tobacco aroma modulation.

Healthcare industry is a major contributor to global carbon emissions. In the United States, a substantial portion is linked to solid waste, with a single hospital bed generating 29 pounds of waste per day, approximately 30% of which is attributable to the operating room. Much of this waste results from improper disposal of items requiring specific processing. Authors of this study assessed obstetrician-gynecologists' knowledge, practices, and perceptions regarding proper waste management. Authors conducted a cross-sectional survey among practicing obstetrician-gynecologists listed with the Kansas Board of Healing Arts or affiliated with the University of Kansas School of Medicine. Clinically inactive physicians were excluded. Survey questions addressed demographics, knowledge of appropriate surgical waste disposal, waste management practices, and perceptions regarding waste management. IRB approval was obtained. Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. Of 46 respondents, most agreed they understood the environmental impact of medical waste (81.1%, 30/37), and 86.5% (32/37) expressed concern about their personal contributions to the climate crisis. Proper waste disposal was considered important by physicians (96.9%, 31/32) and, in respondents' view, by their patients (89.2%, 33/37). Regarding their primary surgical facility, 25.6% (11/43) reported being unaware of the facility's waste management plan, and 34.9% (15/43) reported their facility did not recycle. All respondents incorrectly identified items that should be placed in red biohazard waste bags for chemotherapy patients. While most physicians are concerned about the environmental impact of their medical practice, education and institutional resources related to waste management do not appear to match that concern. These findings highlight a significant opportunity to improve waste management education and practices within healthcare facilities.

The evolving landscape of scientific publishing has brought renewed attention to the concepts of authorship, contributorship, and acknowledgments. While authorship is a marker of intellectual contribution and accountability, the role of professional medical writers in the development of scientific and biomedical publications has evolved significantly, particularly in the context of industry-supported research. Drawing upon established guidance such as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), Good Publication Practice (GPP) 2022, the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT), and other international standards, this review highlights credible authorship criteria, clarifies the role of medical writers in the publication process, and underscores the necessity of transparent and appropriate acknowledgment of their contribution to a publication. The current frameworks and perspectives are synthesized to support informed decision-making for authors and foster responsible recognition of medical writers as contributors in scientific publishing.

The Novel Dhouib Matrix Minimum Spanning Tree Problem (DM-MSTP) method is used to illustrate a topological relationship between all Tunisian financial market for 2024. The results reveal a clear hierarchical organization with the financial sector playing a central bridging role, particularly through banks and financial services, which connect consumer-oriented and real-economy sectors. A two-cluster configuration highlights a tightly integrated group of cyclical sectors basic materials, construction and building materials, and industry characterized by strong co-movements and limited diversification potential. Extending the analysis to a three-cluster framework provides finer granularity, separating consumer and service sectors, real-economy production sectors, and financial intermediaries into distinct groups. These partitioning underscores differential channels of shock transmission, with faster contagion within cyclical sectors and more buffered dynamics among diversified service sectors.

Acorus tatarinowii Schott is a traditional medicinal plant valued for its mosquito-repellent properties, which are attributed to its terpenoid constituents. HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis of different tissues and developmental stages revealed a complex volatile profile, with multiple terpenoids detected in the samples. Genome-wide characterization of the terpene synthase (TPS) family revealed that the TPS-a subfamily forms a gene cluster on chromosome 6, likely resulting from tandem duplication events followed by relaxed selection pressure in tandem repeat regions. Functional assays showed that only AtsTPS2 and AtsTPS8 exhibit sesquiterpene synthase activity. Under HS-SPME-GC-MS conditions, AtsTPS8 produced germacrene B (which is detected as γ-elemene), whereas AtsTPS2 produced germacrene A (which is detected as β-elemene), these detected signals were interpreted as products of heat-induced rearrangement during analysis. AtsTPS2 was selected for further study. Site-directed mutagenesis identified Lys461 as a critical residue regulating catalytic efficiency; compared with the wild type, the K461A mutant increased the yield of the detected product by 145%. Transient overexpression of AtsTPS2 in A. tatarinowii led to a 2.02-fold increase in the abundance of the detected product peak, and increased mosquito repellency to 83%. Furthermore, the MYC family transcription factor AtsMYC5 was found to repress AtsTPS2 expression by directly binding to its promoter. This study identifies AtsTPS2 as a sesquiterpene synthase in A. tatarinowii, clarifies its catalytic properties and AtsMYC5-mediated transcriptional regulation, and suggests that the corresponding sesquiterpene pathway contributes to mosquito repellency in this species.

Garlic-flavored light soy sauce is a representative composite seasoning whose taste formation depends not only on fermentation-derived components in light soy sauce but also on the time-dependent transfer of garlic-derived taste substances. However, evidence regarding the dynamic migration of non-volatile taste-active compounds-particularly free amino acids (FAAs)-and their roles in taste formation during soaking remains limited. This study aimed to elucidate the time-dependent migration of garlic-derived FAAs during soaking and their contribution to taste formation, and to assess a practical soaking endpoint. Samples at different soaking times were evaluated using electronic tongue analysis and targeted FAA quantification. The soaking procedure was used to establish a controlled experimental model rather than to represent an industrial standard protocol. Taste activity values (TAVs) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) with variable importance in projection (VIP) values were used to identify key taste-active and discriminating amino acids and to assess a practical soaking endpoint. Electronic tongue analysis showed that sourness and bitterness gradually decreased, whereas sweetness and umami exhibited an overall increasing trend with soaking time; the 30- and 40-day samples exhibited highly similar global taste profiles, indicating stabilization of the taste profile. A total of 16 FAAs were detected: total FAAs reached a maximum at day 20, whereas glutamic acid accumulated continuously and reached its highest level at day 30. TAV analysis indicated multiple taste-active amino acids, with glutamic acid making the greatest contribution, and OPLS-DA (VIP values) likewise highlighted glutamic acid among the discriminating variables. These taste shifts were consistent with the time-dependent migration and accumulation of garlic-derived taste-active FAAs, particularly glutamic acid. Under the tested conditions, glutamic acid is the key driver of umami enhancement and taste stabilization in the garlic-light soy sauce soaking system. A soaking period of approximately 30 days can be considered a practical soaking endpoint to achieve a relatively stable and reproducible taste profile, supporting process optimization and standardization of garlic-flavored light soy sauce.

Natural seawater electrolysis represents a promising approach to green hydrogen production. However, it faces major challenges such as kinetically sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and competing chlorine evolution reaction. In this study, a sulfur(S)-doped high entropy spinel ((FeCoNiCuCrAlZn)3O4-S) electrocatalyst was synthesized on nickel foam (NF) via a hydrothermal method as the anode for seawater splitting. The obtained (FeCoNiCuCrAlZn)3O4-S/NF electrode exhibited a low OER overpotential of 266 mV at 10 mA·cm-2 and maintained stable operation for over 200 h at a current density of 100 mA·cm-2. When it was employed in an anion exchange membrane electrolyzer as the anode, a current density of 500 mA·cm-2 at a voltage of 2.3 V was achieved with a stable operation for over 40 h in 1.0 M KOH natural seawater, showing a great potential for achieving high-efficiency and low-cost seawater splitting. It is considered that the superior OER performance of (FeCoNiCuCrAlZn)3O4S is attributed to sulfur-induced electronic structure reconfiguration, which boosts the intrinsic activity of active sites and accelerates reaction kinetics. This provides valuable insights for designing efficient and stable non-noble metal electrocatalysts for seawater splitting.

School-based food relief (SBFR) programs respond to students' immediate food needs by alleviating hunger. In Queensland, Australia, SBFR was expanded during the COVID-19 pandemic emergency response to address a perceived increase in food insecurity. This paper reports on an evaluation of programs supported by the Y Queensland, which aimed to highlight successful delivery practices and determine whether food insecurity improved. An explanatory mixed-method, multi-case study methodology was used to explore the effects of the program across four schools from the perspectives and experiences of the school staff. A descriptive survey supplemented the case study methodology to collect information from all other schools receiving SBFR support regarding program operations, types of SBFR provided, perceived program impact, and continued need for support. A total of 56 surveys and six in-depth interviews were collected from staff working in 46 schools supported by the program. The evaluation identified five key characteristics of effective program delivery: welcoming physical environments, relationships that promote social connection, inclusion of all to reduce stigma, adaptability to feedback and observation, and collaboration with the community. Programs with strong delivery characteristics improved food security and school connectedness, impacts that were especially valuable during COVID-19 disruptions. This study demonstrates how successful SBFR programs can operate as adaptable, equity-focused interventions that create supportive environments, reduce stigma, and strengthen social connectedness while addressing food insecurity during a public health emergency.

This paper examines the erosion of Public Key Cryptography (PKC) security under adaptive adversarial optimisation driven by artificial intelligence. The problem addressed is the growing mismatch between algorithm-centric cryptographic security models and operational attack realities, where adversaries exploit implementation-level observability rather than breaking cryptographic primitives. The methodology integrates a reproducible bibliometric analysis of Web of Science records, qualitative evidence from twenty expert interviews and three industry workshops, and a technical synthesis of AI-enabled attack mechanisms across the cryptographic lifecycle. Results show that existing research is structurally concentrated on algorithmic robustness, with no significant focus on AI-driven attack vectors, while 82% of practitioners attribute private key compromise to AI-augmented optimisation and side-channel inference. The paper's contribution is fourfold: (1) identification of a systemic research gap in AI-enabled cryptographic attacks; (2) development of an adaptive adversarial threat model spanning key generation to validation; (3) empirical validation of implementation-layer compromise mechanisms; and (4) formulation of AI-aware cryptographic resilience requirements extending beyond post-quantum approaches. The findings demonstrate that cryptographic security must be reconceptualised as an adaptive, system-level property rather than a function of algorithm strength alone.

This review critically evaluates the recent progress in selectively functionalised graphene and its derivatives for the efficient removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from aquatic systems. It begins by outlining the structural, electronic, and surface properties of graphene and its derivatives that underpin their environmental relevance. Functionalisation strategies are categorised into covalent and noncovalent approaches. Covalent modification introduces hydroxyl, epoxy, carboxyl, diazonium, nitrene, and peroxide groups onto the graphene lattice, enabling precise control over surface chemistry and reactivity. Noncovalent functionalisation, based on hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and π-π stacking, preserves the sp2 carbon framework while tailoring their interfacial affinity. Herein authors highlight how engineered surface chemistry enhances PAHs adsorption, a surface-dominated process governed by porosity, surface energy, and specific molecular interactions. Notably, graphene oxide functionalised with 9-aminoanthracene achieved removal efficiencies of 94%, 79%, and 74% for naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and phenanthrene, respectively, with sustained performance over repeated adsorption-desorption cycles. Owing to their hydrophobic and planar structures, PAHs strongly interact with graphene via π-π stacking. As carcinogenic and mutagenic priority pollutants, PAHs present serious environmental risks. The article further integrates the theoretical insights, addresses concerns of secondary contamination, and discusses challenges related to selectivity, regeneration, and long-term stability for sustainable remediation.

In this work, we explored the catalytic decomposition of methanol to syngas at 300 °C using intermetallic Ni3Sn2 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized via a chemical route. Our study employed a comprehensive approach combining operando Ambient Pressure soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy with a suite of ex situ techniquesincluding X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopyand density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Consistent with the behavior observed in Ni3Sn2 single crystals, we found that the Ni-Sn bonds stabilize the unique electronic structure of the intermetallic Ni active sites, even under strongly oxidizing conditions. Additionally, the nanoparticles exhibit a distinctive morphology characterized by a SnO x -rich protective shell, which further enhances the stability of the Ni sites. These stabilized sites enable the selective decomposition of CH3OH into H2 and CO while effectively suppressing coke formation, a major limitation of conventional metallic Ni catalysts, which are currently a benchmark for this reaction. Our findings suggest a promising strategy for the design of scalable, stable, and cost-effective Ni-based catalysts, unlocking the full potential of methanol as a liquid, portable hydrogen carrier.

Transferrin is one of the major soluble serum proteins and is responsible for iron transport. Industrially, it is significant as a component of mammalian cell culture media, where a safe and stable supply is necessary. However, because transferrin is a glycoprotein containing 19 disulfide bonds, it is difficult to produce as a recombinant protein in bacteria, and at present it is mainly sourced from animals. In glycoprotein production, stability of the N-glycan profile is crucial, as glycans play important roles in diverse biological processes and influence the efficacy of glycoproteins. In this study, we aimed to produce recombinant human transferrin (rhTF) with stable N-glycan profiles. We generated transgenic rice calli expressing human TF (hTF) as a secretory glycosylated protein. rhTF was successfully produced as a soluble protein in the liquid culture medium of transgenic rice calli and subsequently purified. We confirmed that rhTF contained two plant-specific N-glycans and that these profiles were consistent across production batches. Purified rhTFs promoted the proliferation of cultured animal cells and human iPS cells, similar to serum-derived transferrin. Our results demonstrate new possibilities for producing recombinant glycoproteins with stable N-glycan profiles using a plant cell culture-based secretory protein expression system.

While surface engineering dominates the design of alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts, the critical role of subsurface architecture remains largely unexplored due to synthetic challenges. Herein, we present a "precursor hereditary" strategy that modulates the pH-dependent speciation of molybdate clusters to precisely dictate the migration kinetics of metal atoms during thermal reduction, thereby enabling the formation of a customized depth profile with optimized electronic structure. The resulting compositional gradient significantly downshifts the d-band center, balancing hydrogen adsorption/desorption energetics. Consequently, the optimized catalyst exhibits an ultralow overpotential of 61 mV at 200 mA cm-2 and outstanding kinetics. Notably, in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE), it delivers an industrial-level current density of 1.5 A cm-2 at 1.88 V and operates stably for 2 500 h with a negligible degradation rate (28 µV h-1). This work establishes a universal paradigm for manipulating atomic-scale depth profiles to bridge the gap between fundamental surface science and practical electrolyzer applications.

Achieving global carbon neutrality by 2050 requires technologies capable of capturing CO2 at atmospheric concentrations. Membrane-based direct air capture (DAC) offers an energy-efficient route, and facilitated transport membranes (FTMs) using ionic liquids (ILs) are promising owing to their structural diversity with tunable reactivity. This study examines the influence of diamine-functionalized IL carrier structure and process conditions on CO2 separation in DAC-relevant environments. FTMs are prepared by impregnating a porous polymer support with blended ILs composed of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][AcO]) and various diamine-functionalized ILs. The relationship between CO2 solubility and CO2 permeability of the FTMs shows an optimum solubility range that affords high CO2 permeability. When CO2 solubility is excessive, CO2 permeability becomes relatively low. Suppressing the solubility through molecular modification by introducing hydroxyethyl groups or adjusting the diamine spacer effectively shifts the solubility value into a suitable range that enables higher CO2 permeability. Further decrease in the solubility results in low permeability. The effects of both temperature and humidity on the separation performance are also assessed, and optimal temperature conditions and mixing ratios are identified for superior CO2 permeability. These findings clarify the chemical structure-performance relationships and inform the design of efficient FTMs for DAC applications.