This study presents an integrated investigation of the machinability of heat treated AISI 1040 steel under annealed, normalized, and oil quenched conditions. The effects of heat treatment parameters, namely austenitizing temperature and soaking time, together with machining parameters including cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, were evaluated in terms of tool life and surface roughness. Experiments were designed using a Taguchi L27 orthogonal array, and the responses were analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression modeling, and optimization techniques. The results showed that temperature, cutting speed, and feed rate significantly influenced tool life, whereas feed rate was the most dominant factor affecting surface roughness in all heat treatment conditions. Annealed AISI 1040 steel exhibited the highest tool life and the best overall machinability because of its relatively softer ferrite-pearlite microstructure, while oil quenched specimens showed the lowest tool life due to the formation of hard martensitic phases. Normalized specimens displayed intermediate behavior, indicating a balanced combination of strength and machinability. The developed regression models showed good predictive capability for both tool life and surface roughness within the investigated parameter range. SEM analysis further confirmed that the observed variations in machinability were closely associated with microstructural evolution caused by different heat treatment routes. The study provides useful guidance for selecting suitable heat treatment and machining parameters to improve productivity, tool performance, and surface quality during machining of AISI 1040 steel.
Majority of midlife women experience menopausal symptoms through the period of menopausal transition. Variation in the severity of these symptoms experienced by them also restriction on physical activity (PA) due to menopause in women. Association between the severity of menopausal symptoms and PA according to menopause status among midlife rural women. An analytical cross-sectional study was done on 300 midlife rural women (aged 35-60 years), selected through purposive sampling from nine villages under Agastheeswaram Primary Health Center, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari, India. A sub-sample (25%) was selected for assessment of PA during four menopausal stages using a structured interview schedule with a background variable questionnaire, Green Climacteric Scale, and long form of "International PA Questionnaire." Mean age was 45.54 ± 6.34 years. Majority of women experienced severe psychological symptoms (89.7%) and severe physical symptoms (86.0%), while 89.0% reported moderate vasomotor symptoms. Overall, 89.4% of participants were severely affected by menopause-related symptoms. Regarding PA levels, 36.4% of women in early menopausal transition and 26.7% late menopausal transition met World Health Organization exercise guidelines. Among postmenopausal women, 42.1% early postmenopause and 37.5% late postmenopause. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between PA and symptom sub-scores ( P = 0.037) and psychological symptom sub-scores ( P = 0.047). A weak but statistically significant negative correlation was observed between total activity scores and both physical symptoms and vasomotor symptoms ( P < 0.001). The quality of life in women during their mid-life can be improved by PA. It can also play a protective role in lessening climacteric symptoms.
Obesity in women is known to be associated with compromised ovarian function. The oocytes are characterized by elevated cytoplasmic oxidative stress and poor cytoplasmic organization under such conditions, which might affect their tolerance to exogenous stresses such as the freeze-thaw process. This study investigates the cryosusceptibility of oocytes derived from mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Three-weeks-old female mice were divided into a control group (fed a normal chow diet) and an obese group (fed with HFD for 12 weeks). Oocytes from both groups were subjected to vitrification and thawing. Post-thaw survival, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) distribution, ER stress, and the maturation potential of GV stage oocytes were evaluated. Despite increased lipid accumulation and higher ROS levels observed in the oocytes of obese mice, the post-thaw survival rate of GV oocytes was comparable between the groups. However, obesity induced alterations in mitochondrial and ER distribution. Additionally, MII oocytes derived from vitrified-thawed germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes of obese mice showed a significantly higher percentage of spindle defects. A notable increase in ER stress markers GRP78 and ATF4 was detected in frozen-thawed GV oocytes compared to the control group. These findings suggest that maternal obesity does not significantly affect the cryosurvival of oocytes, but it does compromise oocyte quality after vitrification, underscoring the need for optimized cryopreservation strategies in obese patients undergoing ART.
V2O5 and Fe2O3 doped phosphotellurite glasses were synthesized and investigated experimentally for density, structure, temperature and frequency dependent dielectric properties, ac conductivity and, radiation shielding parameters were computed. Electric modulus and impedance spectra exhibited a non-Debye type relaxation behavior. Conductivity master curves demonstrated that the dielectric relaxation and conductivity depend on composition and unaffected by temperature. By fitting measured conductivity to Jonscher's universal power law, conductivity (ac and dc) and frequency exponent were extracted. Conductivity and activation energy passed through maximum and minimum respectively for 0.2 mol fractions of Fe2O3 indicating occurrence of mixed transition effect. Overall electric studies suggest that the present glasses are promising candidates for energy storage devices and solid-state electrolytes. For the energy range 0.015-15 MeV, various gamma and neutron shielding parameters were computed using the Phy-X software. They were analyzed and compared with literature and found that these glasses are most useful for radiation shielding.
Following the 1989 universal infant vaccination mandate, Saudi Arabia achieved significant reductions in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) prevalence. The spatiotemporal dynamics of HBV notifications were performed to identify the "unfinished success" of the national elimination program. We conducted a retrospective analysis of national HBV notification data (2019-2023). Gini coefficients measured inequality while Pareto analysis identified high-concentration foci. Vaccination program impact (VPI) was estimated by comparing pediatric (0-14 years) to adult notification rates (NR). Population attributable fraction (PAF) and VPI modeled the leverage of targeted versus universal screening strategies. A 75.6-fold higher NR in adults (30.24/100,000) than children (0.40/100,000; P < 0.001) was observed, with a Gini of 0.43 indicating high age-based inequality. PAF showed 98.2% of the national burden is concentrated in adults (15+ years). VPI was 98.7% [95% CI: 98.1%-99.1%], preventing an estimated 2,507 pediatric cases in 2023. The national NR exhibited a V-shaped trajectory: a 50.7% decline during the COVID-19 pandemic followed by a complete rebound by 2023, identifying the decline as a surveillance artifact. Saudi males had a 1.5-fold higher NR than females (58.45 vs. 37.93/100,000; NR Ratio = 1.54; P < 0.001). Geographically, Pareto analysis confirmed 78.5% of the burden concentrated in four regions, with Jazan as the primary hotspot (NR: 72.53). While infant vaccination has reached diminishing returns against the adult reservoir, we propose pivoting to a "Precision Public Health" approach, prioritizing targeted screening and linkage-to-care for Saudi adult males within identified geographic hotspots.
Hospital noise causes speech interference between patients and staff, leading to miscommunication, uncertainty, irritation, frustration, and medical errors. Speech transmission index (STI) is a metric ranging from 0 to 1 representing the transmission quality of speech with respect to its comprehension and intelligibility. The objective of this study was to assess the speech intelligibility in a tertiary care hospital. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a 1600-bedded tertiary care hospital. STI for public address systems-Pro - an application meeting the existing IEC-60268-16:2011 standards for speech intelligibility, was used to measure STI of 30 sites in the hospital during the day and night, both during the weekdays and the weekends. An STI measure of ≥0.75 was deemed good for speech transmissibility. The mean STI measured was 0.62 (standard deviation ± 0.17). Among indoor sites, STI ranged between 0.25 at the outpatient department (OPD) registration and 0.95 at the first floor of the OPD block. During the weekdays, OPD registration recorded the poorest STI (0.25) during the daytime. The poorest STI at night was observed at the emergency registration (0.48) and the emergency room (0.52). Out of the 23 indoor sites, 3 sites reported poor speech intelligibility, while 13 sites reported only fair speech intelligibility. Findings from sites, like the OPD registration, medicine wards, and emergency, were of concern. Interventions to reduce background noise and improve the acoustic environment need to be considered.
暂无摘要（点击查看详情）
Trichophyton indotineae has recently emerged as a major etiological agent of treatment-resistant dermatophytosis, particularly in India and Iran. Resistance to terbinafine is predominantly associated with point mutations in the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene. This study investigated the antifungal susceptibility of clinical dermatophyte isolates from Iran and characterized SQLE mutations in terbinafine-resistant strains. Over a six-month period, 176 clinical dermatophyte isolates comprising 134 T. indotineae and 42 non-indotineae species were collected and identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing to eight antifungal agents was assessed according to CLSI M38 guidelines. MIC ranges, MIC₅₀, MIC₉₀, and geometric mean MICs were calculated. SQLE gene sequencing was performed for isolates exhibiting reduced terbinafine susceptibility. Out of 176 dermatophyte isolates, 66 (37.5%) demonstrated terbinafine MICs ≥ 0.5 µg/mL. Among these 66 isolates, 64 were T. indotineae (out of 134 total T. indotineae isolates, 47.76%), and 2 were T. tonsurans (out of 21 total T. tonsurans isolates, 9.52%(. High-level terbinafine resistance (MIC ≥ 16 µg/mL) was observed in 50% (32/64) of T. indotineae isolates. Among the 66 resistant isolates, only three were wild-type: one T. indotineae and two T. tonsurans. The most prevalent SQLE alterations were the double mutation Phe397Leu + Ala448Thr (34.38%) and the single mutation Leu393Ser (32.81%), followed by the 1192 C→A substitution (10.94%). Notably, Ala448Thr also occurred in phenotypically susceptible isolates, yet correlated with increased MICs of itraconazole and voriconazole. Fluconazole showed poor activity (geometric mean MIC: 43.5072 µg/mL), whereas posaconazole exhibited the highest in vitro activity. Terbinafine remained effective for non-T. indotineae species, but is ineffective for T. indotineae-associated dermatophytosis due to widespread resistance. None of the isolates identified as T. interdigitale/mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton benhamiae were resistant to TRB. This multicenter survey reveals high terbinafine resistance in Iranian T. indotineae isolates, linked to SQLE mutations and azole cross-resistance. Routine antifungal susceptibility testing, molecular screening, and alternative therapies are essential, prioritizing non-terbinafine options for T. indotineae (while it remains effective against other dermatophytes). Continued surveillance, accurate species identification, and tailored management are critical to control recalcitrant dermatophytosis. A serious, hard-to-treat skin fungal infection (known as tinea) is becoming widely resistant to a common first-choice medicine. This study shows over 47% of cases are resistant, meaning doctors must use alternative treatments.
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision loss among patients with diabetes. Anti-VEGF agents such as aflibercept have long been the cornerstone of treatment, though frequent dosing imposes a significant burden. faricimab, a bispecific antibody targeting both VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2, has emerged as a novel alternative with the potential for extended durability. Evidence from Indian populations remains limited, warranting comparative evaluation. This randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care institute from January 2024 to June 2025. Seventy-four treatment-naïve DME patients were randomized equally to receive either intravitreal faricimab (6.0 mg) or aflibercept (2.0 mg). All patients received three loading doses at 4-week intervals followed by as-needed retreatment based on functional and anatomical criteria. Primary outcomes included changes in best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness at 48 weeks. Secondary outcomes were injection frequency and safety profile. Both groups were comparable at baseline. At 48 weeks, mean BCVA improvement was similar (AFL: -0.366 logMAR; FAR: -0.374 logMAR, p=NS). CMT reduction was equivalent between groups (AFL: -119 µm; FAR: -132 µm, p=NS). Faricimab achieved significantly longer mean dosing intervals (12.86 vs. 9.47 weeks, p<0.001) with fewer injections required at maintenance phase. Safety profiles were similar, with only mild, transient adverse events reported. Faricimab demonstrated equivalent efficacy and safety to aflibercept in treatment-naïve Indian DME patients, with the added advantage of reduced injection burden and longer treatment intervals.
Tibetans have lived in India as refugees since 1959, and addressing their health needs is a moral responsibility. Community healthcare for refugees often neglects oral health, giving it lower priority than other health issues, particularly among underprivileged groups. Age is a significant sociodemographic factor, as oral health tends to deteriorate in the elderly due to tooth loss and periodontal problems. Due to insufficient comprehensive data, a need was felt for conducting this study in Shimla city. To assess oral health status and treatment needs among elderly Tibetan refugees in Shimla city and establish valid baseline data. A cross-sectional study was conducted (May-October 2022) among the entire elderly Tibetan population (≥60 years) in Shimla. Oral health status and treatment needs were recorded using the World Health Organization Oral Health Assessment Form (2013). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Among the study population, 49% were males and 51% were females, mostly in the 60-69 age group. Dental caries prevalence was 78.4%, and the mean DMFT score was 17.69, significantly higher among males compared to females. Periodontal disease was observed in 63.7% of participants, with a higher prevalence in the 60-69 age group. The study revealed poor oral health among the elderly Tibetan refugee population. Treatment needs increased steadily with age, highlighting the need for targeted oral health care services for this vulnerable population.
Advancements in stem-cell biology and tissue engineering (TE) are transforming the field of oculoplastic surgery by offering innovative solutions for eyelid, orbital, and periocular reconstruction. Stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), provide regenerative potential through their ability to differentiate into ocular adnexal tissues and modulate wound healing via paracrine effects. Tissue-engineered constructs, combining biocompatible scaffolds, cellular components, and growth factors, enable the development of functional replacements for eyelid skin, tarsus, conjunctiva, and lacrimal structures. These technologies enhance esthetic and functional outcomes, reduce donor-site morbidity, and may overcome limitations of traditional grafts and flaps. Current applications include periocular volume augmentation, eyelid reconstruction, and management of anophthalmic sockets, with ongoing research directed toward bioengineered lacrimal glands and dynamic eyelid substitutes. Although challenges remain, such as optimizing scaffold integration, vascularization, and long-term safety, stem-cell and TE approaches hold significant promise for personalized, restorative, and regenerative strategies in oculoplastic surgery.
Tooth number anomalies including hypodontia, hyperdontia, and hypohyperdontia-represent the most common developmental disturbances of dentition in children. Their prevalence varies by population, and early diagnosis is essential for comprehensive treatment planning. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of tooth number anomalies among paediatric patients aged 9-15 years in Aydın province, Türkiye. This retrospective study evaluated panoramic radiographs of children who presented to the Department of Paediatric Dentistry at Aydın Adnan Menderes University between December 2013 and July 2022. A total of 8,647 radiographs meeting the inclusion criteria were analysed. Hypodontia, hyperdontia, and hypohyperdontia were recorded. Tooth number anomalies were detected in 935 patients (10.8%). Hypodontia was the most prevalent anomaly (8.8%), followed by hyperdontia (1.9%) and hypohyperdontia (0.2%). Females showed a significantly higher prevalence of hypodontia ( P < 0.05), while no sex-related differences were found for hyperdontia or hypohyperdontia. A total of 1,475 missing teeth were identified, with mandibular second premolars being the most frequently absent. Among the 239 supernumerary teeth detected, the maxillary anterior region was the most commonly affected. Most patients with tooth number anomalies exhibited no additional dental anomalies; pegged laterals (3.3%) and taurodontism (0.3%) were observed only in hypodontia cases. Tooth number anomalies are relatively common among children in Aydın, with hypodontia representing the predominant condition. These findings underscore the importance of early detection and timely management to prevent functional and aesthetic complications. Further large-scale and genetic studies are needed to clarify etiological patterns and regional variations.
Residential greenness has been associated with reduced risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but its association in the context of COVID-19, a condition associated with increased IBD risk, remains unclear. We evaluated whether the protective association between greenness and IBD persisted among individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We conducted a nationwide cohort study of 6,900,341 individuals with confirmed COVID-19 in South Korea, using linked data from the National Health Insurance Service, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, and satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from NASA's Terra MODIS (MOD13A3, version 6.1). Individuals were categorized into low (0.2 to <0.4), moderate (0.4 to <0.6), or high (≥0.6) NDVI groups. The primary outcome was incident IBD (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) ≥30 days after infection, defined using ICD-10 codes. Inverse probability of treatment weighting balanced covariates, and weighted Cox models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Higher residential greenness was associated with lower risk of developing IBD following COVID-19 infection, with aHRs of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.90-0.97) for moderate and 0.71 (0.68-0.74) for high NDVI compared with low. Subtype analyses showed more consistent associations for ulcerative colitis (aHR 0.91 [95% CI, 0.87-0.96] for moderate; aHR 0.60 [0.57-0.63] for high NDVI). For Crohn's disease, associations were weaker and limited to individuals exposed to high NDVI (aHR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.85-0.96]). Associations were more apparent among individuals with mild COVID-19 and were stronger among females, adults aged 40 to 59 years, and those with pre-existing comorbidities. Higher residential greenness was associated with a lower incidence of IBD after COVID-19. Maintaining access to greenness during periods of restricted mobility may help counteract infection-related inflammation.
To compare intraoperative blood loss and surgical success between potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser-assisted and conventional cold steel endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (enDCR). Design: Prospective, non randomized comparative interventional study. Setting: Single tertiary referral center. Patients: Adults with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction were prospectively enrolled between March 2023 and June 2024. Intervention: Patients were assigned to either KTP laser-assisted enDCR or cold steel enDCR, differing only in the method of nasal mucosal incision. In both groups, bone removal and lacrimal sac opening were performed with cold steel instruments, and mucosal flaps were secured using 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate adhesive. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was surgical success at 9 months. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative blood loss and adhesive-related complications. A total of 73 procedures were analyzed (cold steel: 36; KTP: 37). The KTP group demonstrated significantly lower median intraoperative blood loss compared to the cold steel group (0.05 g vs. 0.36 g; P < 0.001). Surgical success rates at 9 months were comparable between the two techniques (94.6% in the KTP group vs. 97.2% in the cold steel group; P = 1.000). No complications related to the cyanoacrylate adhesive were observed. Selective use of the KTP laser for mucosal incision, combined with cyanoacrylate flap fixation, significantly minimizes intraoperative bleeding while achieving high surgical success rates comparable to traditional cold steel enDCR.
District hospitals are integral part of India's public healthcare delivery system, yet national-level assessment of their efficiency is lacking. This research assesses the technical efficiency of district hospitals in India and identifies key determinants influencing their performance. Data envelopment analysis was utilized to measure the efficiency scores of district hospitals. The estimates of input and output variables from district hospitals were sourced from the primary data comprising 27 district hospitals across nine Indian states. Input variables included human resources for health, physical medical infrastructure, and the economic value of all other resources consumed to deliver health services, whereas the output variables comprised hospital workload indicators such as number of hospitalizations, surgeries, and outpatient episodes. Tobit regression investigated the factors influencing hospital efficiency. 85.2% of the district hospitals ( n = 23) under the variable returns to scale model and 74.1% of the hospitals ( n = 20) under the constant returns to scale model had efficiency scores above the threshold of 0.9, suggesting high operational efficiency. Mean technical efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE), and scale efficiency scores were 0.88, 0.94, and 0.93, respectively. The hospitals serving larger proportions of very young or elderly populations exhibited lower TE (β = -0.017). The hospitals located in tier 2 (β = 0.653) and tier 3 cities (β = 0.600) exhibited higher PTE than those in tier 1 cities. Most district hospitals are performing efficiently; thus, increasing output would require a higher budget. Progress toward universal health coverage necessitates either enhanced inputs or more district hospitals.
The burden of periodontal disease is high among pregnant women because of hormonal imbalance and poor oral hygiene practices. Studies have reported that periodontal diseases are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes; hence, the present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of family-centered behavioral counseling intervention among pregnant women in their early antenatal period. The test group received family-centered behavioral counseling, and standard oral hygiene instructions were given to the control group. Family-centered behavioral and educational counseling intervention was found to be effective in improving the oral hygiene and periodontal status during the early antenatal period among pregnant women.
To evaluate the effectiveness of three povidone-iodine disinfection protocols on donor corneoscleral rim contamination and to identify factors influencing microbial contamination during corneal procurement. Prospective interventional study. This single-center study at the National Eye Bank of Taiwan included 830 corneas from 440 donors. Three povidone-iodine protocols were compared: soaking after draping (single-soaking method 1 [SSM1]), soaking before draping (SSM2), and soaking both before and after draping (double-soaking method [DSM]). Corneoscleral rim cultures were obtained post-procurement, with conjunctival cultures performed before and after each disinfection step in DSM. Grafts with gentamicin-resistant isolates were re-cultured after hypothermic storage. Donor and procurement variables were analyzed for association with contamination. The primary outcome was rim contamination; secondary outcomes included conjunctival culture positivity, persistence of resistant isolates, and associated risk factors. Of 830 corneas, 350 underwent SSM1, 364 SSM2, and 116 DSM. Rim contamination rates were similar (SSM1: 3.1%, SSM2: 3.0%, DSM: 2.6%; P > 0.05). In DSM, conjunctival positivity significantly decreased from 36.1% to 19.8% after double-soaking ( P < 0.001). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequent isolate. One gentamicin-resistant strain was identified but did not persist after storage. No donor or procedural factors correlated with rim contamination, and no post-transplant infections occurred. Double-soaking significantly reduced conjunctival microbial load and showed a favorable trend toward reducing rim contamination. These findings support its use as a simple, low-risk strategy to lower ocular surface bioburden and enhance graft safety, while confirming the effectiveness of current disinfection and storage practices.
Scabies is a highly transmissible disease caused by the mite, Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis . Although any age group can be affected, it is common in children. Infestation by the mite usually leads to itching, which can be very disabling with effects on sleep, concentration, and other daily activities. In addition, secondary bacterial skin infections (e.g., impetigo) are common. Treatment options include 5% permethrin cream and oral ivermectin. In small community-based trials, mass drug administration of ivermectin has been shown to substantially decrease the prevalence of both scabies and secondary impetigo; however, their effect at a large scale is untested.
Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is a vital protein that preserves genomic integrity by regulating cellular responses to DNA damage and replication stress. Because of its key role in cell cycle control, Chk1 has become an attractive target for cancer therapy. Advanced computational methods were used to identify new Chk1 inhibitors, combining REINVENT4 for de novo molecule creation and DeLA-Drug for analogue design. A library of potential molecules was developed from known active compounds using the Mol2Mol generator in REINVENT4. Drug-like properties were verified through ADMET analysis with pkCSM. Three promising candidates, namely, CHD1, CHD2, and CHD3, were selected based on their superior binding free energies (ΔGbind values of -8.92, -6.32, and -5.25 kcal/mol, respectively) compared to the co-crystal ligand 5CV (-4.92 kcal/mol). These candidates were further assessed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MM-GBSA binding free-energy calculations, and the best compound was also subjected to absolute free-energy perturbation (FEP) analysis. The selected compounds were predicted to exhibit high conformational diversity and strong dynamic stability, as demonstrated by free-energy landscape and principal component analyses. The binding disrupted the intramolecular hydrogen-bond network in Chk1 and encouraged the formation of new hydrogen bonds. These results provide a strong foundation for optimizing and developing new Chk1 inhibitors as potential anticancer agents.
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy and safety outcomes of argon laser treatment for trichiasis, a common eye condition that can lead to blindness. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for studies on argon laser treatment of trichiasis, without language restriction, up to March 2025. We computed random-effect meta-analysis and meta-regressions on putative influencing factors. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. The meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024546074). Twenty-seven articles were included in the systematic review, and 20 in the meta-analysis, for a total of 1044 patients. The prevalence of trichiasis recurrence at the end of follow-up was 4.1% (95% CI 2.7 to 5.5%), ranging from 0% to 37.7%, reflecting substantial heterogeneity between studies (I2 91.5%). After only one session, the prevalence of trichiasis recurrence was 35.8% (25.9 to 45.7%, I2 91.5%). The prevalence of lid complications was 0.1% (-0.2 to 0.5%). Reported complications included notching (0.1%; 95% CI, -0.2% to 0.5%), hypopigmentation (0.0%; 95% CI, -0.1% to 0.2%), and rash (0.0%; 95% CI, -0.3% to 0.3%). The prevalence of pain was 0.0% (-0.1 to 0.2%). The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach, and most outcomes were rated as low certainty due to limitations in study design and heterogeneity. Argon laser for trichiasis is an effective procedure, but several sessions may be necessary. The safety profile of this technique is very good with few and mild complications.