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No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Can Anyone Hear Us?Voices of the PoorAuthors/Editors: Deepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-SchulteDeepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-Schultehttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-1601-6SectionsAboutPDF (2.1 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This book is the first in a three-part series, about the common patterns that emerged from the poor people ' s experiences in many different places. Chapter 1 sets out the conceptual framework and methodology. Chapter 2 discusses poverty from the perspective of the poor. Chapter 3 examines poor people ' s experience with the state, and includes case studies of access to health care and education. Chapter 4 addresses the nature and quality of poor people ' s interactions with civil society. Chapter 5 considers the household as a key social institution, and discusses gender relations within households and how these relations affect and are affected by larger institutions of society. Chapter 6 focuses on social fragmentation, and includes a discussion of social cohesion and social exclusion. Chapter 7 concludes the analysis and proposes some policy recommendations. The analysis leads to these conclusions: 1) poverty is multidimensional; 2) the state has been largely ineffective in reaching the poor; 3) the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the lives of the poor is limited, forcing the poor to depend primarily on their own informal networks; 4) households are crumbling under the stresses of poverty; and 5) the social fabric - poor people ' s only " insurance " - is unraveling. FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited by¿Qué factores influyen en la pobreza monetaria en las regiones más pobre y menos pobre del Perú en el año 2021? 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No AccessEducationJul 2010Design Thinking for Social InnovationAuthors/Editors: Tim Brown, Jocelyn WyattTim BrownSearch for more papers by this author, Jocelyn WyattSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1020-797X_12_1_29SectionsAboutView ChaptersPDF (0.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Designers have traditionally focused on enchancing the look and functionality of products. 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2021Knowledge interoperability and re-use in Empathy Mapping: an ontological approachExpert Systems with Applications, Vol.180Outcomes of Community-Based Youth Empowerment Programs Adopting Design Thinking: A Quasi-Experimental StudyResearch on Social Work Practice, Vol.31, No.722 March 2021De candidato a pós-graduando em Design no Brasil: mapeamento da jornada do usuário1 October 2021Sustainable solution to address waste management and energy challenges in rural IndiaAddressing Sanitation and Health challenges in rural India through socio-technological interventions: A Case Study in OdishaGuest editorialEuropean Journal of Marketing, Vol.55, No.920 September 2021Designing food experiences for well-being: a framework advancing design thinking research from a customer experience perspectiveEuropean Journal of Marketing, Vol.55, No.927 May 2021An innovation intermediary for Nairobi, Kenya: Designing student-centric services for university-industry Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, Vol.13, August the of service in tourism and Vol.31, August Research A Design Thinking Approach to on Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol.18, September Innovation Design and Sustainability of in Vol.13, No.173 September of in the design thinking of a Skills and Creativity, Sosyal August 2021Design thinking and innovation: the of Business July 2020Design thinking approach to for the Journal of August Uygulamaları Bilimler August 2021Innovating for through collaborative innovation of Cleaner Production, OF DESIGN AND OF AND of the Design Society, July of Social Innovation through The Case of in Vol.13, August COVID-19 as a for public and The need for robust governance to turbulent Management Review, Vol.23, September and practice of Design Thinking: of and business Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation, Vol.9, May Learning to Support Decision-Making and Creative in Instructional Design Vol.65, No.46 April in Learning through the of Design Thinking in a Vol.13, July methodology design: participatory processes for of Research, a approach to food as in Student case of using a to support Technology as an The and of in Regional Open Innovation Vol.13, June Services during the in of Design, December 2022Supporting and Living through Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol.18, April de Vol.26, the new on the in public & a April of Design Thinking to in a Vol.13, April Courses of Design on the Light on to Social and Vol.13, April 2021Using human-centred design to develop an female Vol.7, January case study of an of Business No.214 May Innovation in Education and Social Service and Approaches to Social in Education, March Design Thinking Approach for March to the of energy in Research & Social Science, A Conceptual Framework for the and of Youth of and Health, Vol.18, evaluation of innovation: A case of for in Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, Vol.13, July Novel for Digital Assessment Using A Human-Centered Design Approach (Preprint)JMIR February mental health and in and mental framework for in of Cleaner Production, to Design Thinking to Creative and in Journal of & Design Education, August Theory in An Journal, March 2021Designing and for with January with design thinking: a case study from Journal of Environmental Education, Vol.52, January and the of Design: of Design and Design in No.122 May to Design with A for Design and July Case and the of Design Thinking in Public Education in August to Co-Created Digital to Support Activities for Socially Youth in February Innovation and Exchange a Lessons Learned from a Design Thinking Challenge in May October Sustainable Business and January Analysis of Agile Development Methodology Through Design June Sustainable Design to Environmental of Design November Case for Design May Learning in Design Thinking to April 2021Design Thinking as a Strategy to Learning in Education Across South April Inspection Management with October design methodology for A to community health and health in the Health of and Science, Vol.5, February 2021Using Design Thinking to the Educational of August factors of service design methodology for manufacturing Business & Management, Vol.8, February 2021Design and of an app for September 2021Design Innovation Methodology – Design in Journal, of the Health Mental Health Intervention for in and for a Research Vol.10, June Design Approach to Social a of Public and October Design Thinking in an Interdisciplinary Learning December Design Thinking to Design Thinking to Food Innovation for January of Design Thinking and to Food and January 2021Design Thinking to Engage in Food The January 2021Systemic and Design Towards Participatory The Journal of Design, and Innovation, Vol.7, Design Thinking October Research and Design Thinking for the Health and Social A para de de Vol.16,

HomeCirculationVol. 83, No. 1An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. Free AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBAn updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. K M Anderson, P W Wilson, P M Odell and W B Kannel K M AndersonK M Anderson Office of Scientific Affairs, American Heart Association, Dallas, TX 75231. , P W WilsonP W Wilson Office of Scientific Affairs, American Heart Association, Dallas, TX 75231. , P M OdellP M Odell Office of Scientific Affairs, American Heart Association, Dallas, TX 75231. and W B KannelW B Kannel Office of Scientific Affairs, American Heart Association, Dallas, TX 75231. Originally published1 Jan 1991https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.83.1.356Circulation. 1991;83:356–362 Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Hespe C, Giskes K, Harris M and Peiris D (2022) Findings and lessons learnt implementing a cardiovascular disease quality improvement program in Australian primary care: a mixed method evaluation, BMC Health Services Research, 10.1186/s12913-021-07310-6, 22:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2022. Lemke E, Vetter V, Berger N, Banszerus V, König M and Demuth I (2022) Cardiovascular health is associated with the epigenetic clock in the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II), Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111616, 201, (111616), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2022. 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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation across various domains, including medicine. We present a comprehensive evaluation of GPT-4, a state-of-the-art LLM, on medical competency examinations and benchmark datasets. GPT-4 is a general-purpose model that is not specialized for medical problems through training or engineered to solve clinical tasks. Our analysis covers two sets of official practice materials for the USMLE, a three-step examination program used to assess clinical competency and grant licensure in the United States. We also evaluate performance on the MultiMedQA suite of benchmark datasets. Beyond measuring model performance, experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of test questions containing both text and images on model performance, probe for memorization of content during training, and study probability calibration, which is of critical importance in high-stakes applications like medicine. Our results show that GPT-4, without any specialized prompt crafting, exceeds the passing score on USMLE by over 20 points and outperforms earlier general-purpose models (GPT-3.5) as well as models specifically fine-tuned on medical knowledge (Med-PaLM, a prompt-tuned version of Flan-PaLM 540B). In addition, GPT-4 is significantly better calibrated than GPT-3.5, demonstrating a much-improved ability to predict the likelihood that its answers are correct. We also explore the behavior of the model qualitatively through a case study that shows the ability of GPT-4 to explain medical reasoning, personalize explanations to students, and interactively craft new counterfactual scenarios around a medical case. Implications of the findings are discussed for potential uses of GPT-4 in medical education, assessment, and clinical practice, with appropriate attention to challenges of accuracy and safety.

India has been the world's largest source for immigrant physicians since the country gained independence in 1947.Around 69,000 Indian-trained physicians worked in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia in 2017, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which is equivalent to 6.6 percent of the number of doctors registered with the Medical Council of India (MCI).The country, which boasts the world's highest number of medical schools, also has become a leading source for nurses (typically trailing only the Philippines).Nearly 56,000 Indian-trained nurses work in the same four countries, equal to about 3 percent of the registered nurses in India.The allure of working abroad is strong for both physicians and nurses; researchers estimate anywhere from 20 percent to 50 percent of Indian health-care workers intend on seeking employment overseas for a range of reasons.Several countries have encouraged Indian health-worker migration in recent years.In the United Kingdom, for example, a fasttracked visa for medical professionals was announced in November 2019.The visa would aim to address shortages in the country's National Health Service (NHS).More than 15,000 doctors in the NHS as of 2017 had received their primary medical qualification in India, and Indians represented the top non-British nationality for NHS staff as of early 2019.Even as Indian medical professionals are drawn internationally by affirmative policies and perceived better opportunities, less than optimal conditions at home also drive their decision to leave.Among the factors: the central government's lack of investment in

Background: Aims and objectives of current study were to assess the pattern of mobile phone usage and prevalence of nomophobia amongst third year medical students in north India. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted amongst 130 medical students of third year MBBS of Sri Aurobindo institute of medical sciences, Indore. A pre-formed pre-tested questionnaire was used. Data were analyzed statistically by simple proportions.Results: Response rate was 90.76%. Female preponderance (65 females out of 118 respondents) was seen in our study. Most of the students were in the age group of 22-24 years. All of them were having possession of at least one mobile phone with activated internet services in 87% of students. 34% were having two mobile phones, while 4% had more than two mobiles. 61% students had to recharge the internet services once a month, 28% twice a month, while 11% students had to recharge it more than three times a month. 73% of students were nomophobics. 21% of nomophobics experienced rinxiety. 83% of students experienced panic attacks when their mobile phone was misplaced. Headache and lethargy were the commonest side effects that were experienced by 61% of students.Conclusion: Our study gives a brief idea about the woeful outcomes of nomophobia. There is a definite need of further studies in this field.

BACKGROUND: Students' perceptions of their educational environment have a significant impact on their behavior and academic progress. The aim of this study was to assess the perceptions of medical students concerning their educational environment at Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences in Iran. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, questionnaires were distributed to 210 medical students and 182 were analyzed (response rate = 86.6%); twenty-eight questionnaires were excluded because they were incomplete or unreturned for analysis. Data were collected using a DREEM questionnaire which comprised 50 items based on the Likert scale (scores could range from 0 to 200). There were five domains to the questionnaire including students' perceptions of learning, students' perceptions of teachers, students' academic self-perceptions, students' perceptions of atmosphere and students' social self-perceptions. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 software. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 21.7 years (SD = 2.7); 38.5% were male and 61.5% were female. Students' perceptions of learning, students' perceptions of teachers, students' academic self-perceptions, students' perceptions of atmosphere, students' social self-perceptions and total DREEM score were 21.2/48, 24.2/44, 15.8/32, 23.8/48, 14.5/28 and 99.6/200, respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female students in educational environment subscales, but there were significant differences between students enrolled on a basic sciences and pathophysiology course and those enrolled on a clinical course in terms of perceptions of learning, academic self-perceptions, perceptions of atmosphere and overall perceptions of educational environment (p < 0.05). The latter group rated each of the aforementioned aspects more highly than the students studying basic science and pathophysiology. CONCLUSION: Overall, respondents assessed the educational environment as average. Therefore, improvements are required across all five domains of the educational environment.

Ceylon Medical Journal (CMJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published quarterly by the Sri Lanka Medical Association in the last week of March, June, September and December each year. The mission of the CMJ is to promote the science and art of medicine and betterment of public health. The Journal publishes original papers and commentaries which have relevance to medicine and allied sciences. The CMJ is committed to maintaining and conforming to the editorial and ethical standards recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.

BACKGROUND: Self-directed learning (SDL) is defined as learning on one's own initiative, with the learner having primary responsibility for planning, implementing, and evaluating the effort. Medical education institutions promote SDL, since physicians need to be self-directed learners to maintain lifelong learning in the ever-changing world of medicine and to obtain essential knowledge for professional growth. The purpose of the study was to measure the self-directed learning readiness of medical students across the training years, to determine the perceptions of students and faculty on factors that promote and deter SDL and to identify the role of culture and curriculum on SDL at the Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. METHODS: Guglielmino's SDL Readiness Scale (SDLRS) was administered in 2015 to six student cohorts (452 students) at admission, end of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th year of training, and at the beginning of internship in the undergraduate medicine (MBBS) program. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare SDL scores between years of training. 5 student focus groups and 7 interviews with instructors captured perceptions of self-direction. Transcripts were coded and analyzed thematically. RESULTS: The overall mean SDLRS score was 212.91. There was no significant effect of gender and age on SDLR scores. There was a significant drop in SDLRS scores on comparing students at admission with students at subsequent years of training. Qualitative analysis showed the prominent role of culture and curriculum on SDL readiness. CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of SDL in medicine, the current curriculum may require an increase in learning activities that promote SDL. Strategies to change the learning environment that facilitates SDL have to be considered.

Scientific peer review is pivotal in health care research in that it facilitates the evaluation of findings for competence, significance, and originality by qualified experts. While the origins of peer review can be traced to the societies of the eighteenth century, it became an institutionalized part of the scholarly process in the latter half of the twentieth century. This was a response to the growth of research and greater subject specialization. With the current increase in the number of specialty journals, the peer review process continues to evolve to meet the needs of patients, clinicians, and policy makers. The peer review process itself faces challenges. Unblinded peer review might suffer from positive or negative bias towards certain authors, specialties, and institutions. Peer review can also suffer when editors and/or reviewers might be unable to understand the contents of the submitted manuscript. This can result in an inability to detect major flaws, or revelations of major flaws after acceptance of publication by the editors. Other concerns include potentially long delays in publication and challenges uncovering plagiarism, duplication, corruption and scientific misconduct. Conversely, a multitude of these challenges have led to claims of scientific misconduct and an erosion of faith. These challenges have invited criticism of the peer review process itself. However, despite its imperfections, the peer review process enjoys widespread support in the scientific community. Peer review bias is one of the major focuses of today's scientific assessment of the literature. Various types of peer review bias include content-based bias, confirmation bias, bias due to conservatism, bias against interdisciplinary research, publication bias, and the bias of conflicts of interest. Consequently, peer review would benefit from various changes and improvements with appropriate training of reviewers to provide quality reviews to maintain the quality and integrity of research without bias. Thus, an appropriate, transparent peer review is not only ideal, but necessary for the future to facilitate scientific progress.

BACKGROUND: Examining the knowledge, attitude, perceptions and practices (KAP) of the medical students regarding antibiotic resistance (ABR) and use can help us in devising suitable educational interventions for them, tailored according to their earlier held knowledge, beliefs, capabilities and experience. METHODS: A cross sectional, questionnaire based survey was conducted among the second year medical students of a teaching hospital, whereby their KAP regarding antibiotic use and resistance was assessed by using a five point Likert scale, whose responses ranged from 'strongly agree' to 'strongly disagree,' 'always' to 'never and 'very important' to 'unimportant'. The data was analyzed by using simple descriptive statistics. Wherever it was relevant, the Chi-square test was used to determine any significant difference. RESULTS: The response rate was 100 per cent. The number of respondents who agreed that ABR was an important and a serious public health issue in our teaching hospital (n= 66, 68 per cent), was significantly less (p < 0.001) as compared to the number of respondents who agreed that ABR was an important and a serious issue which the country (n = 86, 88.65 per cent) and the world (n = 88, 90.7 per cent) were facing. Only 77.3 per cent (n= 75) of the respondents were aware that bacteria were not responsible for causing colds and flu, while the remaining 22.7 per cent (n = 22) were not knowledgeable about this fact. More than 80 per cent rated the adverse effect profile of the antibiotic and the risk of a superinfection as the important factors which deserved consideration. Cost of the antibiotic was considered to be an important factor deserving consideration by only 56.7 percent (n=55) of the participants. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey revealed that most of the students were aware of the antimicrobial resistance and its consequences. The only concern was their casual attitude regarding the antibiotic use. Further educational interventions are necessary to improve their understanding and perceptions on antibiotic resistance, as well as their attitude towards antibiotic use.

This paper covers a total of 82 bibliometric studies on single journals (62 studies cover unique titles) published between 1998 and 2008 grouped into the following fields; Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences (12 items); Medical and Health Sciences (19 items); Sciences and Technology (30 items) and Library and Information Sciences (21 items). Under each field the studies are described in accordance to their geographical location in the following order, United Kingdom, United States and Americana, Europe, Asia (India, Africa and Malaysia). For each study, elements described are (a) the journal’s publication characteristics and indexation information; (b) the objectives; (c) the sampling and bibliometric measures used; and (d) the results observed. A list of journal titles studied is appended. The results show that (a)bibliometric studies cover journals in various fields; (b) there are several revisits of some journals which are considered important; (c) Asian and African contributions is high (41.4% of total studies; 43.5% covering unique titles), United States (30.4% of total; 31.0% on unique titles), Europe (18.2% of total and 14.5% on unique titles) and the United Kingdom (10% of total and 11% on unique titles); (d) a high number of bibliometrists are Indians and as such coverage of Indian journals is high (28% of total studies; 30.6% of unique titles); and (e) the quality of the journals and their importance either nationally or internationally are inferred from their indexation status.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR) is an official publication of Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research. It is an open access online and print International Journal published monthly. Website: www.ijpsr.com Projected Impact Factor (2012): 2.44, ICV 2012: 5.50, 2011: 5.07, 2010: 4.57 DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232 SJ Impact Factor (2012): 3.226 Global Impact Factor (2013): 0.533, (2012): 0.452 Indexing - EMBASE- Elsevier's

BACKGROUND: The pandemic of Corona Virus (COVID-19) hit India recently; and the associated uncertainty is increasingly testing psychological resilience of the masses. When the global focus has mostly been on testing, finding a cure and preventing transmission; people are going through a myriad of psychological problems in adjusting to the current lifestyles and fear of the disease. Since there is a severe dearth of researches on this issue, we decided to conduct an online survey to evaluate its psychological impact. METHODS: From 26th to 29th March an online survey (FEEL-COVID) was conducted using principles of snowballing, and by invitation through text messages to participate. The survey collected data on socio-demographic and clinical variables related to COVID-19 (based on the current knowledge); along with measuring psychological impact with the help of Impact of Event-revised (IES-R) scale. RESULTS: There were a total of 1106 responses from around 64 cities in the country. Out of these 453 responses had at least one item missing; and were excluded from the analysis. The mean age of the respondents was around 41 years with a male female ratio of 3:1 and around 22% respondents were health care professionals. Overall approximately one third of respondents had significant psychological impact (IES-R score > 24). Higher psychological impact was predicted with younger age, female gender and comorbid physical illness. Presence of physical symptoms and contact history predicted higher psychological impact, but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: During the initial stages of COVID-19 in India, almost one-third respondents had a significant psychological impact. This indicates a need for more systematic and longitudinal assessment of psychological needs of the population, which can help the government in formulating holistic interventions for affected individuals.

Objective: Indian Traditional Medicine, the foundation of age-old practice of medicine in the world, has played an essential role in human health care service and welfare from its inception. Likewise, all traditional medicines are of its own regional effects and dominant in the West Asian nations; India, Pakistan, Tibet, and so forth, East Asian nations; China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and so forth, Africa, South and Central America. This article is an attempt to illuminate Indian traditional medical service and its importance, based on recent methodical reviews.Methods: Web search engines for example; Google, Science Direct and Google Scholar were employed for reviews as well as for meta-analysis.Results: There is a long running debate between individuals, who utilize Indian Traditional Medicines for different ailments and disorders, and the individuals who depend on the present day; modern medicine for cure. The civil argument between modern medicine and traditional medicines comes down to a basic truth; each person, regardless of education or sickness, ought to be educated about the actualities concerning their illness and the associated side effects of medicines. Therapeutic knowledge of Indian traditional medicine has propelled various traditional approaches with similar or different theories and methodologies, which are of regional significance.Conclusion: To extend research exercises on Indian Traditional Medicine, in near future, and to explore the phytochemicals; the current review will help the investigators involved in traditional medicinal pursuit.

Asian Indians are at high risk for the development of atherosclerosis and related complications, possibly initiated by higher body fat (BF). The present study attempted to establish appropriate cut-off levels of the BMI for defining overweight, considering percentage BF in healthy Asian Indians in northern India as the standard. A total of 123 healthy volunteers (eighty-six males aged 18--75 years and thirty-seven females aged 20--69 years) participated in the study. Clinical examination and anthropometric measurements were performed, and percentage BF was calculated. BMI for males was 21.4 (sd 3.7) kg/m(2) and for females was 23.3 (sd 5.5) kg/m(2). Percentage BF was 21.3 (sd 7.6) in males and 35.4 (sd 5.0) in females. A comparison of BF data among Caucasians, Blacks, Polynesians and Asian ethnic groups (e.g. immigrant Chinese) revealed conspicuous differences. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed a low sensitivity and negative predictive value of the conventional cut-off value of the BMI (25 kg/m(2)) in identifying subjects with overweight as compared to the cut-off value based on percentage BF (males >25, females >30). This observation is particularly obvious in females, resulting in substantial misclassification. Based on the ROC curve, a lower cut-off value of the BMI (21.5 kg/m(2) for males and 19.0 kg/m(2) for females) displayed the optimal sensitivity and specificity, and less misclassification in identification of subjects with high percentage BF. Furthermore, a novel obesity variable, BF:BMI, was tested and should prove useful for interethnic comparison of body composition. In the northern Indian population, the conventional cut-off level of the BMI underestimates overweight and obesity when percentage BF is used as the standard to define overweight. These preliminary findings, if confirmed in a larger number of subjects and with the use of instruments having a higher accuracy of BF assessment, would be crucial for planning and the prevention and treatment of various obesity-related metabolic diseases in the Asian Indian population.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to review the literature regarding the barriers to sampling, recruitment, participation, and retention of members of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups in health research and strategies for increasing the amount of health research conducted with socially disadvantaged groups. METHODS: A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted. Searches of electronic databases Medline, PsychInfo, EMBASE, Social Science Index via Web of Knowledge and CINHAL were conducted for English language articles published up to May 2013. Qualitative and quantitative studies as well as literature reviews were included. Articles were included if they reported attempts to increase disadvantaged group participation in research, or the barriers to research with disadvantaged groups. Groups of interest were those described as socially, culturally or financially disadvantaged compared to the majority of society. Eligible articles were categorised according to five phases of research: 1) sampling, 2) recruitment and gaining consent, 3) data collection and measurement, 4) intervention delivery and uptake, and 5) retention and attrition. RESULTS: In total, 116 papers from 115 studies met inclusion criteria and 31 previous literature reviews were included. A comprehensive summation of the major barriers to working with various disadvantaged groups is provided, along with proposed strategies for addressing each of the identified types of barriers. Most studies of strategies to address the barriers were of a descriptive nature and only nine studies reported the results of randomised trials. CONCLUSIONS: To tackle the challenges of research with socially disadvantaged groups, and increase their representation in health and medical research, researchers and research institutions need to acknowledge extended timeframes, plan for higher resourcing costs and operate via community partnerships.