Repetitive head impacts from soccer heading may cause subclinical brain alterations, but the magnitude and consistency of neuroimaging abnormalities remain uncertain. A systematic review and meta-analysis of brain MRI studies in soccer players was performed. Diffusion MRI was the primary outcome; magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and structural MRI morphometry were secondary outcomes. Thirteen independent studies were included. Five diffusion MRI studies (n≈300 players) were synthesised using Fisher's z. Soccer heading exposure was associated with significant white-matter microstructural alteration (pooled Fisher's z - 0.73, 95% CI - 1.02 to - 0.44), corresponding to an equivalent correlation of r≈ - 0.62 and a standard mean difference of approximately - 1.5. Between-study heterogeneity was moderate (I2≈68%). Individual studies reported increased radial or axial diffusivity (Hedges g up to + 3.00) or reduced fractional anisotropy (z range - 0.27 to - 1.40). Four morphometry studies showed small, non-significant differences in cortical thickness or volume (pooled Hedges g - 0.10, 95% CI - 0.22 to 0.10). Four MRS studies demonstrated predominantly increased choline- and myo-inositol-related metabolites (Hedges g ≈0·3-0·8), with minimal or inconsistent N-acetylaspartate change. Soccer heading is associated with moderate-to-large effect sizes in diffusion MRI metrics of white-matter microstructure, whereas metabolic and structural MRI findings are smaller, less consistent, and of uncertain clinical significance. This meta-analysis provides the first quantitative evidence that soccer heading is associated with a robust, moderate-to-large diffusion MRI signal of white-matter microstructural alteration. It further shows that diffusion MRI is more sensitive than spectroscopy or structural morphometry for detecting subclinical brain effects of repetitive head impacts.
Heading date is a pivotal agronomic trait that governs regional adaptation and grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The CCT domain‑containing protein OsBBX19 (also known as OsCCT22) has been previously identified as a heading‑date regulator. In this study, we further report the molecular functional characterization of OsBBX19. Overexpression of OsBBX19 delayed heading under both short-day conditions (SDs) and long-day conditions (LDs). GUS staining and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that OsBBX19 was constitutively expressed across various organs, and that its overexpression significantly suppressed the expression of Hd3a, RFT1, and Ehd1 while increasing Ghd7 expression, suggesting that OsBBX19 is associated with the Ghd7-Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 flowering pathway. We also demonstrated that OsBBX19 physically interacts with CONSTANS-like protein interacting protein 1 (CPIP1). Haplotype analysis revealed significant indica-japonica differentiation of OsBBX19, and the frequency of Hap3 and Hap5 increased during the improvement process of indica rice. Collectively, our results provide additional insights into the molecular mechanism by which OsBBX19 regulates heading date in rice, offering potential genetic resources for breeding optimization. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-026-01681-6.
Cortical areas involved in self-motion perception process cues from multiple sensory modalities, primarily visual and vestibular, alongside choice-related activity. Neurons in these regions often respond to combinations of these factors - demonstrating a high degree of mixed selectivity. Moreover, self-motion is inherently dynamic, with each cue - visual and vestibular - comprising a mix of distinct motion signals, such as velocity and acceleration, that evolve over time. Here, we developed a time-varying targeted dimensionality reduction (tTDR) method to expose these dynamic motion and choice-related signals in neuronal populations. We applied this approach to recordings from the ventral intraparietal cortex (VIP), dorsal medial superior temporal cortex (MSTd), and parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC), in six male rhesus macaques, performing a task of heading discrimination. Distinct configurations of dynamic signals were seen in the population activity across the different cortical areas. VIP exhibited all components - namely, velocity and acceleration, for visual and vestibular cues, along with strong choice-related signals that rose early and remained elevated throughout the stimulus period, well before the choice was reported. By contrast, MSTd and PIVC had weaker and later choice-related activity. MSTd primarily exhibited visual signals (velocity more than acceleration) with weak vestibular signals. PIVC predominantly exhibited vestibular signals (velocity and acceleration), yet visual signals were nonetheless present. The distinct configurations of time-varying parameters across VIP, MSTd, and PIVC, likely reflect different functional specializations in heading discrimination.Significance statement This study extends the targeted dimensionality reduction method to incorporate time-varying stimulus components. Applied to neuronal data recorded during heading discrimination, this enabled dissociation of velocity, acceleration, and choice signals in population activity, revealing clear differences between cortical areas: VIP, MSTd, and PIVC. VIP reflects motion parameters across modalities, with early and robust supramodal choice signals; MSTd predominantly encodes visual velocity with weaker vestibular and choice-related activity; and PIVC specializes in vestibular motion, with reliable encoding of both velocity and acceleration, with modest visual and late-onset choice activity. These findings reveal complementary specializations across multisensory cortical areas that together support robust heading perception and flexible decision-making.
Non-heading Chinese cabbage (NHCC) is a highly economically valuable leafy vegetable widely grown in Asian regions. However, it undergoes rapid leaf yellowing and wilting during postharvest storage, which subsequently cause rapid quality decline and loss of nutritional components. Abscisic acid (ABA) promotes postharvest leaf senescence, while hydrogen-rich water (HRW) is widely used in postharvest preservation due to its excellent antioxidant properties; yet, the mechanism through which they interact to regulate postharvest senescence in NHCC remains unclear. Herein we found that exogenous HRW effectively delayed dark- and ABA-induced postharvest leaf senescence in NHCC, significantly maintained chlorophyll content, inhibited oxidative damage, and preserve nutritional components such as soluble sugars and vitamin C. The underlying mechanism was HRW inhibiting chlorophyll degradation by repressing the expression of chlorophyll catabolic genes like NYC1, NYE1, and PPH1. Meanwhile, HRW effectively lowered the accumulation of MDA and H2O2, elevated both the enzymatic activities and transcript abundance of SOD and CAT, and downregulated the transcript levels of RbohB, RbohC, RbohD, and RbohE, thereby maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. In addition, HRW negatively regulated ABA biosynthesis by inhibiting the transcript levels of ABA1, ABA2 and ABA3, while promoting the transcription of CYP707A1, CYP707A2 and CYP707A3. It also dampened the transcript abundance of ABA signaling components including PYL5, ABI1, and ABF3, thus blocking ABA signal transduction and alleviating its senescence-promoting effect. Collectively, this study confirms that HRW mitigates leaf senescence induced under dark and ABA conditions in NHCC via multiple synergistic pathways.
Clarifying nitrogen accumulation and utilization in nitrogen-efficient rice under different ecological conditions can provide a theoretical basis for breeding such rice varieties and optimizing fertilizer management. We conducted a two-factor split-plot field experiment under two contrasting light conditions: low-light and overcast conditions in Dayi, Sichuan, and sufficient-light conditions in Yongsheng, Yunnan. The main plot factor consisted of three nitrogen application levels: no nitrogen application (N0), reduced nitrogen (120 kg·hm-2, N120), and conventional nitrogen (180 kg·hm-2, N180). The subplot factor included 10 rice varieties classified into three nitrogen efficiency types: low-nitrogen high-efficiency type, high-nitrogen high-efficiency type, and other type. We quantified nitrogen accumulation, allocation, translocation, and utilization characteristics by measuring plant dry matter weight and nitrogen content at the full heading and maturity stages. The results showed that nitrogen uptake, accumulation, and utilization in rice are jointly influenced by rice variety, nitrogen fertilizer level, and their interaction effect. Under the ecological conditions of Dayi, low-nitrogen high-efficiency rice performed optimally under the N120 treatment, exhibiting the highest nitrogen content in various organs at maturity. Specifically, leaf nitrogen content was 68.8% higher than that of high-nitrogen high-efficiency rice and 6.8% higher than that of other type. Compared to other type, low-nitrogen high-efficiency rice showed increases of 27.3%-37.7% in pre-heading nitrogen accumulation in stem-sheaths and leaves, and 16.7%-44.4% in the contribution of pre-heading stem-sheath and leaf nitrogen to grains, ultimately leading to a 14.4%-18.9% increase in total nitrogen accumulation. In Yongsheng, high-nitrogen high-efficiency rice performed outstandingly under the N180 treatment, with higher nitrogen content in various organs than other type, showing an average increase of 13.1% at the full heading stage and 8.5% at the maturity stage, respectively. At the maturity stage, nitrogen allocation to panicles increased by 5.2% compared to other type. The nitrogen translocation contribution rate of pre-heading leaves increased by 19.0%-27.5% compared to the other two rice types, ultimately raising total plant nitrogen accumulation by 13.3%-23.8%. In Dayi, the low-nitrogen high-efficiency rice, and in Yongsheng, the high-nitrogen high-efficiency rice, exhibited significantly higher nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity, nitrogen agronomic utilization efficiency, and nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency compared to other type. In summary, low-nitrogen high-efficiency rice combined with reduced nitrogen application (N120) is suitable for regions with low-light and overcast conditions such as Dayi, while high-nitrogen high-efficiency rice combined with conventional nitrogen application (N180) is applicable to regions with sufficient light and temperature like Yongsheng. 明确不同生态条件下氮高效水稻氮素积累与利用特性,可为氮高效水稻选育与氮肥高效管理提供理论基础。本研究在弱光寡照的四川大邑和光照充足的云南永胜两种生态条件下开展两因素裂区设计的田间试验,主区设不施氮肥(N0)、氮肥减量(120 kg·hm-2,N120)和氮肥常量(180 kg·hm-2,N180)3个水平,副区为低氮高效、高氮高效和其他型3类共10个不同氮效率水稻品种,测定齐穗期和成熟期植株干物质量与氮含量,分析氮素积累、分配、转运和利用特征。结果表明:水稻氮素吸收、积累和利用受水稻品种、氮肥水平及其互作效应的共同影响。在大邑,低氮高效水稻在N120处理表现最优,成熟期各器官含氮量最高,其中叶片含氮量分别较高氮高效和其他型提高68.8%和6.8%;穗前茎鞘和叶片氮素积累量较其他型水稻提高27.3%～37.7%,穗前茎鞘与叶片氮素对籽粒的贡献率提高16.7%～44.4%,最终使植株氮素总积累量提高14.4%～18.9%。在永胜,高氮高效水稻在N180处理表现突出,各器官含氮量均高于其他型水稻,齐穗期和成熟期分别平均提高13.1%和8.5%;成熟期穗部氮素分配较其他型提高5.2%;穗前叶片氮素转运贡献率比另外两类型水稻提高19.0%～27.5%,最终使植株氮素总积累量提高13.3%～23.8%。大邑的低氮高效和永胜的高氮高效水稻的氮肥偏生产力、农学利用率和氮素回收利用率显著高于其他型。低氮高效水稻配合减量施氮(N120)适用于大邑等弱光寡照地区,高氮高效水稻配合常量施氮(N180)适用于永胜等光温充足地区。.
Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling plays a critical role in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain development. GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3 (OsGSK3), a negative regulator of BR signaling, suppresses the transcriptional activity of OsBZR1 through phosphorylation. In this study, we employed a phosphoproteomic approach to construct an OsGSK3-mediated regulatory network. Within this network, we identified FLOWERING CONTROL LOCUS A (OsFCA) as a positive regulator of BR signaling and grain length, with m-Osfca mutants exhibiting significantly lower sensitivity to brassinolide treatment. Importantly, OsGSK3 interacts with and phosphorylates OsFCA on serine residues S43 and S45, and then forms condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation. Phosphorylated OsFCA promotes the translocation of the OsGSK3-OsFCA complex into the cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm, OsGSK3 and OsFCA no longer exist in a condensate state. This mechanism provides precise regulation of grain length in rice. Notably, Osfca mutants are late-flowering, with OsFCA promoting heading under long-day conditions by repressing the expression of Grain number, plant height and heading date 7 (Ghd7) while activating that of Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), Heading date 3a (Hd3a), and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1), which is potentially modulated by OsGSK3. This study clarifies the BR signaling transduction network by identifying OsFCA as a positive BR signaling component that regulates grain development and heading date, providing theoretical foundations for molecular breeding design in rice.
Evidence indicates females may be more susceptible to sports-related concussion with worse and prolonged symptom severity according to menstrual cycle phase. We investigated whether menstrual cycle phases influence non-concussive heading kinematics in elite female footballers, and whether these impacts affect an athlete's cognition. Five eumenorrheic elite female footballers (Mage = 23 ± 4 years) participated in a 16-week proof-of-concept study wherein menstrual cycle phases were tracked, and cognition was monitored. Participants performed a weekly controlled heading drill by heading a ball thrown from 5 m away. Head accelerations were measured using custom-moulded PROTECHT instrumented mouthguards. 256 headers revealed no significant differences in head acceleration across the various phases of the menstrual cycle. However, change in cognitive performance was related to heading completion and menstrual phase. Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle may influence cognition independent of head impact biomechanics among elite female athletes, under controlled conditions. We note that our study also demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the mouthguard equipment employed here, as well as the ease with which the protocol was received by the athletes. These outcomes should be considered when implementing future research with larger cohorts and the inclusion of match-related heading.
Bacterial canker disease (BCD), mainly caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) and P. amygdali pv. morsprunorum (Pam), threatens the Pacific Northwest (PNW) cherry industry. One major cause of young tree death in the PNW is heading-cut infections by Pseudomonas in newly established orchards. While copper has long been used for cut-wound protection, copper resistance in pseudomonads is widespread in the PNW. This study evaluated alternative chemicals and cultural strategies for management of cut-wound infections. Lime sulfur (LS) exhibited concentration- and time-dependent bacteriostatic activity in vitro, with 5-10% LS efficiently reducing Pss and Pam populations within 6h. Clove oil at concentrations equal to or above 0.0625% completely eliminated both pathogens within 30 s. To evaluate the efficacy of alternative chemicals, field trials in 2024 revealed that kasugamycin and oxytetracycline significantly reduced canker development when heading-cuts were performed under hot, dry weather conditions as compared with copper- and latex-paint-based treatments. When heading-cuts were done under cool, humid conditions, oxytetracycline, Actigard, and kasugamycin exhibited better cut-wound protection in terms of canker length. Canker development was more rapid and occurred at a higher frequency in trees pruned under cool, humid conditions compared to those pruned during hot, dry conditions. In 2025 field trials, kasugamycin (Kasumin) again suppressed canker progression, while addition of Vacciplant or additional chemical treatment offered no benefit. Furthermore, when plant tissues were removed at least 12.7 cm below visible cankers, no pathogen can be recovered. Our results indicate that chemical application and weather conditions during heading cut might be crucial in preventing cut-wound pseudomonads infection.
Previous studies have shown that straw returning combined with potassium (K) fertilization improves grain yield and K use efficiency (KUE) in transplanted rice. However, in rice-wheat rotation systems, the synergistic effects of wheat-straw returning and optimized K fertilization on yield, rice quality, and KUE of direct-seeded rice remain poorly understood. In particular, the relationships among photosynthetic material production, source-sink coordination, and K balance, in relation to grain yield and rice quality, have not been clearly elucidated. A two-factor field experiment was conducted using super hybrid indica rice Fyou 498 to investigate the combined effects of wheat-straw management and K fertilization on yield, rice quality, and KUE in mechanically direct-seeded rice. Two straw treatments were set: no wheat-straw returning (M0) and wheat-straw returning (M1), with each straw treatment crossed with five elemental K application rates: 0, 62.5, 125, 187.5, and 250 kg K ha-1. Wheat-straw returning showed a statistically significant effect. Compared with M0, M1 significantly increased the photosynthetic potential from jointing to full heading by 1.83%-22.34%, improved postheading dry matter accumulation by 2.06%-36.56%, and increased yield by 1.06%-14.36%. Under M1 combined with 125 kg K ha-1, dry matter accumulation increased by 9.76%-86.53%, K translocation amount and contribution rate stem sheath (leaf) increased by 0.78%-38.34%, yield improved by 4.79%-19.95%, KUE increased by 3.61-15.15 kg kg-1, grain chalkiness reduced by 0.03%-2.97%, taste value increased by 0.64-5.14, and soil K depletion was reduced by 39.25-52.13 kg ha-1. Notably, correlation analysis showed that an increase in the contribution rate of K translocation from the stem sheath from full heading to maturity (r = 0.50*-0.96**) is a key pathway for achieving synergistic high yield, high quality, and high KUE in direct-seeded rice under combined wheat-straw returning and K fertilizer application. This optimized management strategy of wheat-straw incorporation (fresh straw incorporation rate: 5,050-5,440 kg ha-1, straw moisture content: 28.9%-30.1%) combined with 125 kg K ha-1 represents a promising approach for sustaining rice production in rice-wheat rotation systems under humid subtropical monsoon pedoclimatic conditions, delivering synergistic improvements in grain yield, rice quality, resource-use efficiency, and economic benefits for mechanically direct-seeded rice.
Leaf angle serves as a crucial determinant of rice plant architecture. The erect leaf phenotype is widely regarded as ideal for achieving high yields. We observed that OsCSN8 overexpression induced leaf erectness at the heading stage, indicating that OsCSN8 regulated leaf angle. This study focused on OsCSN8, a core subunit of COP9 signalosome (CSN), analyzing leaf angle phenotypes in OsCSN8 mutants under varied phytohormone treatments. Integrating Western blot, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation, and Yeast Two-Hybrid data elucidated the molecular mechanism: OsCSN8 modulates the second complete leaf angle by interacting with OsBZR1, a central brassinosteroid (BR) signaling transcription factor. Furthermore, at the heading stage, OsCSN8 affected the leaf angle of rice flag leaf by regulating the thickness of adaxial parenchyma and the number of cell layers. These findings reveal the functional role of OsCSN8 in the regulation of rice leaf angle and offer valuable genetic resources for breeding programs focused on agronomic trait improvement.
The florigen protein TaFT1 coordinately regulates heading time and spikelet number per spike (SNS), serving as a key yield determinant in wheat. However, how its stability is post-translationally controlled in the shoot apical meristem remains unclear. Here, we identify the F-box protein WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 (WAPO1), allelic to a major SNS quantitative trait locus (QSns.cau-7A), as a direct ubiquitin E3 ligase targeting TaFT1 for degradation. A crucial missense mutation (C47F) in the F-box domain of WAPO1 has a significant impact on the SNS. The elite allele WAPO-A1b (from large-spike germplasm AS420, encoding 47F) exhibits stronger binding affinity and ubiquitination activity toward TaFT1 compared with the allele WAPO-A1f (from cultivar Lunxuan987, encoding 47C). Enhanced degradation of TaFT1 by WAPO-A1b in the shoot apical meristem impairs the TaFT1-TaFDL transcriptional complex, thereby downregulating the floral identity gene VRN1/WAP1 and increasing SNS without delaying heading. Notably, the favourable WAPO-A1b allele has been positively selected in modern breeding, and its ectopic activation significantly boosts grain yield in field trials. Our work elucidates a post-translational pathway that fine-tunes spike architecture and highlights WAPO-A1b as a valuable genetic target for high-yield wheat breeding.
With the continuous advancement of smart agriculture, multi-modal remote sensing based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offers new technical approaches for monitoring and managing crop moisture in fields. However, significant challenges remain in developing high-precision field-scale crop Plant Moisture Content (PMC) prediction models and translating them into actionable irrigation strategies. This study focuses on winter wheat, employing field experiments with PMC and water use efficiency (WUE) as indicators of crop water status. Vegetation indices (VIs) derived from UAV data were used to construct a leaf area index (LAI) inversion model. Crop Height was extracted from oblique photogrammetry point cloud data. By combining the Penman-Monteith equation with dual crop coefficients, an improved evapotranspiration (ET) model was developed, utilizing multispectral data from UAVs, thermal infrared data, point cloud-derived plant height, and LAI inversion results. Further utilizing VIs, temperature indices (TIs), and machine learning algorithms (Random Forest Regression (RFR), Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), and Support Vector Regression (SVR), we established PMC prediction models for winter wheat at different growth stages. These models, integrated with WUE, form the basis for an irrigation scheduling optimization framework at the field scale. Results indicate that VIs, the difference between canopy temperature and air temperature (ΔT), Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI), and ET exhibit varying correlations with PMC during three critical growth stages of winter wheat, with ET showing the highest correlation during the jointing and heading stages (absolute correlation coefficient |r| ≥ 0.639). Compared to PMC prediction models constructed with different combinations of VIs, ET, VIs+ET, and VIs+TIs, the model employing the RFR algorithm with multimodal inputs (VIS+TIs+ET) demonstrated the best performance. The model's predictive accuracy gradually improved across all growth stages, peaking during the grain-filling stage, with the coefficient of determination(R2) of 0.900 and a normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) of 2.688%. Optimal WUE varied across growth stages under different irrigation treatments. The highest values were achieved at the jointing stage under treatment W3 (PMC = 81.8%), and at the heading and grain-filling stages under treatment W1 (PMC = 76.8% and 64.0%, respectively). The study suggests that stage-specific irrigation scheduling based on PMC thresholds can improve overall water use efficiency. This study shows that integrating multi-modal UAV data with machine learning and an improved ET model enables high-precision PMC monitoring, supporting data-driven irrigation scheduling in precision agriculture.
Nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (N-DAMO) is a critical pathway for mitigating methane (CH4) emissions from paddy fields. The characteristics of N-DAMO activity and functional microbial communities under combined organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer remain unclear. We conducted an experiment with three fertilization treatments, including inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (NPK), combined organic manure and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (MNPK), and straw return combined with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (SNPK). We collected soil samples during rice (Nanjing 9108) key growth periods (booting, heading, and maturity periods). Through laboratory slurry incubation combined with stable isotope tracing, high-throughput sequencing, and quantitative PCR (qPCR), we systematically analyzed the variations in N-DAMO activity, gene abundance and community structure of the functional microorganism NC10 bacteria under different fertilization treatments. The results showed that N-DAMO activity ranged from 2.20 to 6.58 nmol CO2·g-1·d-1. The N-DAMO activity at the heading stage under MNPK and SNPK was significantly higher than that under NPK, while there were no significant differences among treatments during other growth periods. The gene abundance of NC10 bacteria ranged from 8.36×106 to 2.77×107 copies·g-1 dry soil. Under MNPK and SNPK, the gene abundance of NC10 bacteria was significantly higher than that under the NPK, with 53.9% and 27.7% increases, respectively. There were no significant changes in NC10 bacterial community structure among three fertilization treatments. Correlation analysis revealed that soil water content and NH4 +-N were the primary environmental factors influencing N-DAMO activity in paddy fields. In conclusion, MNPK treatment resulted in the highest NC10 bacterial gene abundance and enhanced N-DAMO activity, exhibiting the greatest potential to mitigate CH4 emission from paddy fields among the three fertilization treatments. 亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化(N-DAMO)是控制稻田甲烷(CH4)减排的重要途径。目前有机肥与无机氮肥配施下稻田N-DAMO活性及功能微生物变化特征尚不清楚。本研究设置无机氮肥(NPK)、粪肥配施无机氮肥(MNPK)和秸秆还田配施无机氮肥(SNPK)3种施肥处理,在水稻(南粳9108)典型生育期(孕穗期、抽穗期、成熟期)采集土壤样品,利用室内泥浆培养试验结合稳定同位素示踪、高通量测序及荧光定量PCR技术,系统分析不同施肥处理下N-DAMO活性和功能微生物NC10细菌基因丰度及群落结构变化特征。结果表明:土壤N-DAMO活性为2.20～6.58 nmol CO2·g-1·d-1,在抽穗期MNPK和SNPK处理下N-DAMO活性显著高于NPK处理,其他生育期各处理间差异不显著。NC10细菌基因丰度在8.36×106～2.77×107 copies·g-1,MNPK和SNPK处理下NC10细菌基因丰度显著高于NPK处理,增幅分别为53.9%和27.7%;但3种施肥处理下NC10细菌群落结构未发生显著改变。相关性分析发现,土壤含水率和铵氮含量是影响稻田N-DAMO活性的主要环境因子。综上,MNPK处理NC10细菌基因丰度最高,并且在一定程度上促进了N-DAMO活性,在3种施肥处理中减缓稻田CH4排放的潜力最高。.
In the originally published article [1], a line of text was inadvertently omitted under the "MTT Assay" and "Future Perspective" headings, and a portion of the subsequent paragraph was unintentionally truncated, resulting in the omission of sentences essential for the complete interpretation of the content. The original article can be found online at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40192048/. Details of the error and a correction are provided below: ORIGINAL 3.4. MTT Assay To evaluate the anticancer activity of the four isolates against the MDA-MB-231 cell line, an MTT assay was performed. Adriamycin was used as the standard for comparison due to its well-established efficacy in breast cancer treatment. The percentage of cell inhibition was calculated based on the absorbance values presented in Table 4, with lower absorbance indicating higher cell exhibited moderate inhibition of cell proliferation, which significantly increased with higher doses. Among the isolates, Laccaic Acid A showed the highest activity, with an IC50 value less than 100 nM which is significantly lower CORRECTED 3.4. MTT Assay To evaluate the anticancer activity of the four isolates against the MDA-MB-231 cell line, an MTT assay was performed. Adriamycin was used as the standard for comparison due to its well-established efficacy in breast cancer treatment. The percentage of cell inhibition was calculated based on the absorbance values presented in Table 4, with lower absorbance indicating higher cell viability reduction. All isolates demonstrated promising anticancer activity in a dose-dependent manner, as depicted in Fig. (5). Specifically, at lower concentrations, the isolates exhibited moderate inhibition of cell proliferation, which significantly increased with higher doses. Among the isolates, Laccaic Acid A showed the highest activity, with an IC50 value less than 100 nM which is significantly lower than that of Adriamycin, highlighting its potent anticancer properties. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused. ORIGINAL FUTURE PERSPECTIVES Future research should focus on in vivo studies to validate the therapeutic efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of laccaic acids in animal models. Broader testing across various cancer cell lines, exploration of synergistic effects, and detailed molecular investigations of apoptotic pathways are essential. Developing advanced drug delivery systems to enhance bioavailability and studying structural derivatives to improve potency could further advance clinical translation. Ultimately, clinical trials will be necessary to establish their potential as CORRECTED FUTURE PERSPECTIVES Future research should focus on in vivo studies to validate the therapeutic efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of laccaic acids in animal models. Broader testing across various cancer cell lines, exploration of synergistic effects, and detailed molecular investigations of apoptotic pathways are essential. Developing advanced drug delivery systems to enhance bioavailability and studying structural derivatives to improve potency could further advance clinical translation. Ultimately, clinical trials will be necessary to establish their potential as safe and effective anticancer agents for human use.
The evaluation of genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) through multi-environment trials (METs) is an essential prerequisite in breeding improvement programs targeting wide adaptation. In this study, a panel of newly developed barley genotypes was examined under field conditions at five experimental sites across Iran's warm climatic zone during the 2023-2025 growing seasons. The pooled analysis of variance clearly demonstrated that effects of genotype (G), environment (E), and GEI influenced all measured traits, including the number of days to heading (DH), days to physiological maturity (DM), grain filling period (GFP), plant height (PH), 1000-kernel weight (TKW), and grain yield (GY). Analytical outputs obtained from the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model, as well as the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) approach, highlighted the substantial contribution of genotype × environment interaction to variation in grain yield. Insights from genotype-trait (GT) biplot analysis indicated that TKW and GFP were positively associated with GY. When genotypes were ranked using the multi-trait stability index (MTSI), G5 (1.689), G4 (1.914), G20 (2.380), and G14 (2.508) achieved the highest scores, reflecting superior performance and stability across test environments. A comprehensive evaluation strategy integrating classical AMMI, BLUP, Bayesian AMMI, and genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot methodologies was employed to identify genotypes that combine productivity with stability. Across all derived stability parameters, including the weighted average of absolute scores (WAAS) and its yield-weighted counterpart (WAASY), genotype G4, derived from the pedigree [Sahra/3/Bda/Rhn-03//ICB-107766], consistently outperformed other candidates. This genotype exhibited a robust yield response, high stability, and broad environmental responsiveness. Independent validation using the stability Mahalanobis distance (SM) index and Y × WAASY biplot visualization further substantiated these findings. In conclusion, genotype G4 represents a strong candidate for subsequent validation trials and potential varietal release in the warm agroecological regions of Iran and other areas with comparable climatic conditions.
BackgroundCerebrovascular dysfunction can contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and trigger angiogenesis. To date, no prior systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) study has attempted to qualitatively and quantitatively review existing literature examining angiogenic factors in AD.ObjectiveIn this review, we aimed to identify markers of angiogenesis in biofluids that can differentiate between individuals with AD and healthy older adults, and inform the role of angiogenesis in AD.MethodsUsing Medline (1946 to August 4, 2021), the literature was systematically searched for articles according to PRISMA guidelines. Angiogenesis and AD terms were searched as keywords and mapped to MeSH headings. A total of 18 studies (including 28 dependent effect sizes) were included in the meta-analysis. Hedges' g was selected as the effect size of interest.ResultsA random-effects model including all eligible biofluid studies revealed a small and nonsignificant overall effect size (combined Hedges' g = -0.26, 95% CI [-1.45, 0.92], p = 0.647), with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98.6%, p < 0.0001). Moderator analysis revealed no significant difference based on which specific angiogenic biomarker was examined (i.e., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) versus others).ConclusionsVEGF-related marker levels were not significantly different in AD and normal aging. Based on our findings, few studies have examined fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-related markers; however, we believe they warrant further investigation. Identifying novel angiogenic biomarkers could elucidate the role of vascular mechanisms in AD and reveal potential therapeutic targets.
The development of early-maturing rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties is critical for enhancing regional adaptability, requiring precise flowering time regulation without compromising yield. We show that natural variation in OsFTL1, encoding a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein, integrates circadian and photoperiod pathways to control heading date. The agronomically valuable OsFTL1 allele from the NIL(qHD1b) line consistently accelerates flowering by approximately one week compared to the OsFTL1 allele from ZH8015 in multi-environment trials while preserving yield, with transgenic analyses confirming its dosage-dependent flowering promotion. At the molecular level, we demonstrate that OsFTL1 functions as a florigen downstream of the central integrator Ehd1, defining a florigenic branch parallel to Hd3a and RFT1. OsFTL1 physically interacts with the flowering repressor Ghd7, which competitively inhibits its association with the 14-3-3 protein GF14c, thereby post-translationally regulating florigen activation complex formation. The circadian oscillator OsCCA1 directly activates OsFTL1 through polymorphic MYB binding sites, with the NIL(qHD1b) promoter showing enhanced responsiveness due to an additional site. Population genetic analyses revealed strong selection on OsFTL1 regulatory variation during japonica's northern expansion, with distinct haplotypes exhibiting different promoter activities and cis-element compositions. Collectively, our study elucidates how OsFTL1 coordinates the trade-off between early maturity and yield through integrated environmental and endogenous signals, establishing a novel regulatory paradigm for ecological adaptation in rice and providing allele-specific strategies for molecular design breeding.
Household air pollution (HAP) represents a significant global health concern. Children are particularly vulnerable to HAP. Despite the known risks, there exists a "perception gap" between societal understanding and scientific evidence regarding HAP's impacts. This systematic review aims to explore societal perceptions regarding HAP and its impacts on children's respiratory health. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across relevant databases including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Open Searches. The search strategy incorporated both Medical Subject Headings and search terms, focusing on "perception," "household air pollution," "children," and "respiratory health". Studies were included if they reported qualitative data on societal actors' perceptions of HAP's impact on children's (0-18 years) respiratory health. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened, followed by data extraction and quality assessment of included studies using CASP and AACODS tools. The findings across these publications were synthesized through thematic analysis. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, revealing three key themes: (1) Perceived impact of HAP on children's respiratory health, (2) Perceived obstacles to implementation of solutions, and (3) Perceived drivers of change in behaviour to reduce exposure. The 'perceptions' highlight some important gaps in societal actors' view of HAP and awareness of its impact on children's respiratory health, particularly in rural areas. Financial constraints, low awareness, limited access to cleaner fuels and cultural practices are thought to be the key barrier amongst societal actors and stand as hurdles to change. Despite these, there is realization amongst societal actors of the need for practical solutions to mitigate HAP exposure. This points to the need for intervention strategies that not only targets HAP, but parallelly addressees' community's cultural norms, economic and educational realities. This review underscores the criticality of integrating societal insights with scientific evidence to tailor HAP mitigation strategies effectively. It reiterates the necessity for interventions to be culturally sensitive, economically feasible, and compatible with societal actors' expectations to improve children's respiratory health.
Plant defence elicitors have emerged as promising tools and a sustainable alternative to enhance crop resilience. In barley, the potential benefits of elicitors on agronomic performance remain insufficiently understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the defence elicitor Plant Stimulator and Protector 1 (PSP1) on the Fusarium graminearum-barley pathosystem in the Argentine Pampas, considering application timing. Field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 using two contrasting commercial two-row spring barley genotypes. The PSP1 was applied at three phenological stages: tillering (T1), stem elongation (T2), and heading (T3), with plots artificially inoculated with F. graminearum (DC.55). Disease parameters, yield components, commercial grain traits and industrial malting quality variables were assessed. The results showed that applications close to heading resulted in low, non-significant reductions in FHB incidence (≤10%) and severity (≤5%) relative to earlier applications. Grain yield components were largely unaffected by PSP1, whereas malting quality showed a clear change in response to defence activation. Late applications tended to negatively affect malt extract, friability, and the Kolbach index (≤5%), as well as FAN and filtration time (≤25%) compared to the control. In contrast, malt protein, grain size, and wort pH increased. Under low-moderate FHB pressure, PSP1 application timing was a key determinant of barley agronomic and technological outcomes, with earlier applications linked to better malting quality. These results provide novel field-based insights into elicitor use in barley, supporting the design of future multi-environment studies to optimize the deployment of elicitor-based strategies.
Supporting people with substance use disorder to work has become a key policy objective internationally. Meanwhile, interventions, such as Individual Placement and Support (IPS), have evolved to facilitate this. This article utilises the concept of emotional labour to explore the feelings and emotions experienced by people receiving treatment for alcohol and other drugs (AOD) who engaged with IPS and secured paid work. Data were generated (January 2024 to August 2025) during a mixed methods evaluation of IPS in community AOD services across England. Forty-eight new IPS clients participated in a longitudinal qualitative telephone interview study. Interviews (up to four per participant) were audio recorded and transcribed. Participants who secured paid work at any of their interviews were identified (n=16) and their interview transcriptions (n=57) were indexed and analysed inductively via Iterative Categorisation. All data relating to participants' feelings and emotions were grouped under one of six headings: "The desire to work"; "Emotional challenges to job seeking and starting work"; "Managing uncertainty in the pre-work phase"; "Positive feelings and emotions about working"; "Negative feelings and emotions about working"; and "Feelings about future employment". Analyses pointed to both positive and negative effects of emotional labour and highlighted an 'emotions journey'. People in treatment for AOD can become happy and satisfied employees. However, they need to be prepared for the complex feelings associated with seeking and securing employment. Professionals working in AOD and specialist employment services, such as IPS, are well positioned to assist clients through this emotional process.