搜索结果：Give

This article contributes to the growing debate on algorithms in digital health, which has expanded alongside the integration of algorithmic technologies into diverse healthcare practices and contexts. Although much of the existing literature adopts a deterministic perspective, focusing on the impact of algorithms on society, we propose a different approach. Drawing on the concept of algorithmic choreography, we show how humans and algorithmic technologies "gear together" in shared performances. Based on an ethnographic study in a nursing home for people with dementia, we examine a telemonitoring algorithmic system designed to prevent adverse events and how it enters into relations with the humans inhabiting this healthcare organization. The system gives rise to two distinct choreographies: night monitoring, in which staff use it for real-time observation of residents' movements and quantified decision-making, where algorithmically generated indexes support longitudinal assessments of residents' health status. We argue that in both choreographies, humans remain central rather than passive recipients of innovation. Care professionals give or withhold agency from algorithms, sustain their functioning and engage in collective improvisations through which human-nonhuman interactions are continually reshaped.

Most insect pollinator species use floral resources exploited by many conspecifics and heterospecifics. In systems where floral resources limit pollinator populations and give rise to competition, understanding whether competition varies across the growing season is a fundamental question in explaining how species co-exist and how communities are structured. Recent work on nectar depletion rates in plant-pollinator communities has demonstrated the value of measuring nectar depletion rates as a proxy for competition among pollinators. One hypothesis on pollinator competition, hereafter, "equilibrium hypothesis," predicts that nectar depletion rates should be constant across the growing season within a given community. In contrast, an alternative hypothesis, hereafter, "dynamic hypothesis" suggests the opposite. To test these hypotheses, we sampled nectar depletion and floral abundance across an early successional plant community over the bulk of a growing season in central Kentucky, USA in spring/summer, 2023. We predicted that a dynamic ecosystem such as that studied here would most likely be characterized by dynamic depletion rates. Initially in the growing season, nectar depletion rates within this early successional vegetation community were moderate (e.g., 50%-70%) but steadily climbed to 85% as the growing season advanced. Plant species varied widely in depletion rate: invasive Lamium purpureum being the least depleted (48% depleted) and native Asclepias syriaca the most (95% depleted). After correcting for species-specific abundance, Vicia sativa and Lonicera japonica produced the greatest volume of nectar over the first 7 weeks, after which time Asclepias syriaca and Monarda fistulosa yielded a 2-3× increase in available nectar for pollinators. These data add to a growing body of literature suggesting that the dynamic hypothesis explains patterns of competition in early successional plant-pollinator communities. Importantly, future work should aim to examine nectar depletion dynamics within more stable ecological communities and those with few exotic species.

Wild primates spend a significant portion of their lives in resting sites that are critical for survival, providing protection from predators and against weather extremes. The small-bodied and heterothermic dwarf lemurs (Cheirogaleus spp.) inhabit diverse environments in Madagascar, where they face high predation risk and thermoregulatory constraints. These lemurs variably use nests and tree holes as resting sites, and tree holes and underground locations as hibernacula, depending on the species and habitat. Here, we compare resting-site ecology in the sympatric Sibree's (C. sibreei) and furry-eared (C. crossleyi) dwarf lemurs at Tsinjoarivo forest. Whereas C. sibreei is an ecological specialist restricted to the cold rainforests of eastern Madagascar above 1500 m, C. crossleyi is an ecological generalist widely distributed across the eastern rainforests and forest fragments of the central highlands. We collate data collected between 2007 and 2019 on a total of 62 radio-collared dwarf lemurs tracked at different times of the year. We demonstrate that C. sibreei exclusively used tree holes as resting sites, showed greater resting-site fidelity, began hibernating earlier in the season, and only showed evidence of torpor once underground. In contrast, C. crossleyi occupied more and diverse resting sites in the active season, including tree holes, nests, and even exposed branches, and entered hibernation later, with many individuals expressing torpor while in nests, i.e., before switching to underground hibernacula. Adapted to cold rainforests, C. sibreei prioritizes resting sites with greater thermal insulation and a long, stable hibernation season of up to seven months. C. crossleyi opts for greater flexibility in both resting-site ecology and torpor expression. Although Tsinjoarivo is likely the coldest habitat occupied by C. crossleyi, perhaps pushing this species to the limits of their thermal tolerance, their ecological flexibility may give them a competitive edge over C. sibreei given ongoing habitat degradation at this site.

The results from qualitative studies have revealed that some African migrants subject their young girls to female genital cutting (FGC) before or after migrating to high-income countries, such as the USA and the UK. This raises important questions as to why some African migrants continue to adhere to FGC after migration, given that the practice is socially rejected in destination countries and, in some cases, already criminalised in countries of origin. Little has been documented on the motivational factors for African migrants to continue promoting the practices even after migrating to Europe and North America. Consequently, we investigated the strategies used by Ghanaian families in motivating commitment to FGC norms and practices among their relatives in Europe and North America. Using a narrative qualitative research approach, we interviewed 13 family members in rural Ghana who strongly supported FGC and have family members who have migrated to Europe and North America. The interviews were analysed in NVivo using the narrative thematic analysis strategy. The interviews revealed both targeted and non-deliberate strategies, such as pressure from family members, building confidant relationships, and encouraging participation in African community associations. Family members became confidants and a source of connection for their relatives who felt isolated or experienced racism. However, they capitalised on the bonds and trusting relationships to influence their relatives to support FGC through daily conversations. The findings give important insights into how norms are promoted across borders, highlighting the need to strengthen existing transnational collaborative efforts to address FGC, including cross-border legislation.

Isonicotinic acid (Py-4-COOH) acts as a bifunctional ligand, which was previously used to react with the precursor complex (Re(CO)4)3(C3N3S3) (C3N3S3 = trithiocyanurate trianion), leading to a versatile building block of trinuclear [(Re(CO)3)3(C3N3S3)(Py-4-COOH)3] (1). Indeed, complex 1 was capable of further reacting with Cu(II) ions upon deprotonation to give nonanuclear [(Re(CO)3)3(C3N3S3)(Py-4-COO)3]2Cu3(H2O)9 (1-Cu), composed of two trinuclear [(Re(CO)3)3(C3N3S3)(Py-4-COO)3] units connected by three Cu(II) ions through carboxylate coordination, resulting in a trigonal-prismatic cage. In continuation of our previous work, we used other first- and second-row transition metal ions, i.e., Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II), instead of the Cu(II) ion to react with deprotonated complex 1 to give a series of various structural architectures. To this end, nonanuclear 1-Fe, 1-Co, and 1-Ni, octadecanuclear 1-Cd, and icosanuclear 1-Zn cages have been isolated and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction studies. In fact, complexes 1-Fe, 1-Co, and 1-Ni all show a similar trigonal-prismatic structure. However, complex 1-Fe is composed of a non-equilateral triangle with Fe⋯Fe distances of 3.284(2)-3.376(2) Å as well as a μ3-O atom inside the Fe3 triangle with mixed valences of +2 and +3, whereas complexes 1-Co and 1-Ni involve symmetrical and unsymmetrical linear M(II)⋯M(II)⋯M(II) arrangements with angles of 180.0 and 172.7° as well as M(II)⋯M(II) distances of 3.089(2) and 3.026(3)/3.035(3) Å, respectively. Consequently, octadecanuclear 1-Cd and icosanuclear 1-Zn cages were constructed using Cd(II) or Zn(II) ions in a similar reaction process. Actually, complex 1-Cd contains two slightly distorted trigonal-prismatic units connected by Cd(II)⋯O bonds (carboxylate units) with bond distances of 2.336(6) and 2.471(6) Å. Surprisingly, complex 1-Zn exhibits a complicated and rare icosanuclear structural architecture. It is noted that various structural architectures can be built up through a complex-as-a-ligand strategy depending on different metal ions used in this study. Moreover, complexes 1-Cd and 1-Zn exhibit room-temperature luminescence at 541 and 535 nm, respectively. Finally, magnetic studies of complexes 1-Fe and 1-Ni reveal distinct exchange behaviors. In addition, complex 1-Fe exhibits strong antiferromagnetic coupling with exchange constants of -110.8 and -109.6 cm-1 for the Fe(II)⋯Fe(III) interactions and -44.7 cm-1 for the Fe(III)⋯Fe(III) interaction, whereas in contrast, complex 1-Ni shows ferromagnetic coupling with exchange constants of 3.33 and 0.14 cm-1 for the Ni(II)⋯Ni(II) interaction.

The food enzyme pectin lyase (1,4-6-O-methyl-α-d-galacturonan lyase, EC 4.2.2.10) is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain CCTCC M 2023341 by Suntaq International Limited. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme was considered free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in two food manufacturing processes. The dietary exposure was estimated to be up to 1.926 mg Total Organic Solids (TOS)/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not indicate a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 2000 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, resulted in a margin of exposure of at least 1038. A search for the homology of the amino acid sequence of the pectin lyase to known allergens was made and no match was found. The Panel considered that a risk of allergic reactions upon dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but that the likelihood is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns, under the intended conditions of use.

We propose that anti-migrant sentiments (AMS) are a stressor to which psychiatrists and psychiatric trainees in Australia are particularly susceptible, given the significant proportion of specialist international medical graduates that comprises the Australian psychiatric workforce. We conceptualise this stressor as a potential contributor to allostatic load (AL) - a term used to describe multi-system physiological dysregulation in individuals exposed to chronic stress. We illustrate how the AL concept can be utilised to understand and address how AMS can have tangible biological impacts on psychiatric doctors in Australia and also give rise to broader workforce implications.

The food enzyme α-amylase (4-α-d-glucan glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.1.) is produced with the non-genetically modified Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain LMG-S 32676 by Kerry Ingredients & Flavours Ltd. The safety of this food enzyme was evaluated previously, and it did not give rise to safety concerns when used in six food manufacturing processes. Subsequently, the applicant has requested to extend its use to include three additional processes. In this assessment, EFSA updated the safety evaluation of this food enzyme when used in a total of nine food manufacturing processes. As the food enzyme-Total Organic Solids (TOS) are removed in two processes, the dietary exposure to the food enzyme-TOS was estimated for the remaining seven food manufacturing processes. It was calculated to be up to 2.566 mg TOS/kg body weight per day in European populations. Based on the revised dietary exposure and the previous evaluation, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the revised intended conditions of use.

Metacognition, the capacity to monitor and evaluate one's own decisions, has become a central topic in psychological and neuroscientific research. While research has largely focused on metacognitive sensitivity, defined as the ability to discriminate between correct and incorrect decisions, considerably less attention has been devoted to metacognitive bias, defined as the systematic tendency to report higher or lower confidence irrespective of objective accuracy. Here, we argue that this imbalance has limited current theories of metacognition. Instead, greater focus on metacognitive bias can deepen our understanding of internal models of confidence, revealing how inter-individual differences give rise to distinct internal representations of the world, even when external information is processed in comparable ways. This perspective reframes metacognitive bias as a regulatory mechanism that balances flexibility and stability in self-evaluation, rather than a failure of calibration. Given its theoretical and empirical relevance, we emphasize the importance of estimating this construct within a Signal Detection Theory (SDT) framework. We propose the meta-criterion (meta-c), derived from the model introduced by Maniscalco and Lau, as a principled and quantitative index of metacognitive bias. Unlike purely descriptive measures, meta-c captures fine-grained individual differences along a continuous scale, opening to the possibility of defining more conservative versus more liberal confidence policies. We foresee metacognitive bias as one of the central axes along which the next generation of metacognitive research will develop.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly heterogeneous tumor, with some cell populations overexpressing genes that give them a survival advantage. One such gene is NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), which protects cells from oxidative stress. Although NQO1 overexpression shields cells from endogenous oxidants, the enzyme can also bioactivate certain compounds, including the naphthoquinone β lapachone (β lap). This activation triggers repeated cycles of oxidative stress that ultimately drive cell death. Here, we investigated whether NQO1 overexpression could be exploited as a selective vulnerability to induce toxicity in GBM cells. NQO1-expression status in the U87 GBM cell line, multiple patient-derived GBM cell lines, and normal human astrocytes (NHA) were evaluated. Dose-response studies, NAD+ quantification, and immunoblot were utilized to evaluate the link between NAD+ synthesis and β-lap toxicity. We demonstrate NQO1 is highly expressed in multiple GBM cell lines, and β-lap induces selective cytotoxicity in these cells while sparing low NQO1-expressing cells including NHA. β-lap induces acute NAD+ depletion and DNA damage. However high NQO1-expressing GBM cells may regenerate NAD+ and evade β-lap toxicity. We identified the NAD+ salvage pathway to be the primary pathway responsible for maintaining NAD+ levels in GBM. We demonstrate that targeting this pathway with the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor FK866 prevents NAD+ regeneration after β-lap exposure and enhances β-lap cytotoxicity in NQO1-expressing GBM. Altered NAD+ metabolism in GBM represents a potential metabolic vulnerability. Our results suggest targeting NQO1-expressing GBM with NQO1 bioactivatable compounds in combination with NAMPT-inhibitors, is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of GBM.

An MRI scanner was designed and built to encode k $$ k $$ -space points in the spin echoes occurring between 18 0 ∘ $$ 18{0}^{\circ } $$ pulses in an echo train by using blipped B 0 $$ {B}_0 $$ gradient pulses applied just prior to those spin echoes. The proposed MRI scanner is a modification of an original design that used TRansmit Array Spatial Encoding (TRASE), a built-in B 0 $$ {B}_0 $$ gradient, and a thin RF coil defining a single axial slice. However, for TRASE, the thin profile coil needed a spatially uniform B 1 $$ {B}_1 $$ phase, and this proved difficult to achieve. We therefore replaced the RF encoding coil with a low-power B 0 $$ {B}_0 $$ gradient coil. This removed the need for a uniform spatial B 1 $$ {B}_1 $$ phase for the single slice RF coil to achieve Fourier image encoding. The pulse sequence then sent all 18 0 ∘ $$ 18{0}^{\circ } $$ transmit RF pulses through the one remaining single slice RF coil with B 0 $$ {B}_0 $$ gradient pulses applied between the RF pulses. The spin echoes between the RF pulses were received and used to define the k $$ k $$ -space points in one transverse direction. Image encoding in the perpendicular transverse direction was accomplished via frequency encoding within the built-in transverse B 0 $$ {B}_0 $$ gradient. Mineral oil phantoms were used to establish a proof-of-concept for the blipped-gradient imaging approach. The phantom images give a proof-of-concept level verification of the blipped-gradient MRI design. With work to address engineering imperfections, a blipped-gradient approach could be used to achieve the extreme Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) requirements for a spaceworthy MRI.

Initiating life-supporting invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is a complex yet crucial decision, characterised by prognostic uncertainty and a wide range of outcomes, with profound consequences for patients, families, and healthcare systems. Older persons are at increased risk of poor outcomes. In Japan, IMV use is relatively intense in older persons. Moreover, in contrast to other countries, IMV initiation is often considered irreversible. IMV initiation in such a context is crucial, yet understudied. We used Q methodology, a hybrid quantitative and qualitative technique, to explore viewpoints on initiating IMV in older persons among Japanese physicians. A purposive sample of 42 physicians ranked 39 opinion statements on a quasi-normally distributed grid. The statements ranged from patient to societal level considerations, and participants explained their rankings in interviews. By-person factor analysis identified shared ranking patterns, interpreted as distinct viewpoints and supported by interview data. An additional question addressed ways to improve decision making. Three distinct viewpoints were identified. While the patient's expressed or inferred wishes were prioritised in all three, differences emerged in how these were weighed against family preferences and physicians' clinical judgment. This may give rise to dilemmas when preferences diverge, as current regulatory frameworks and guidelines leave room for interpretation. To improve decision making, respondents pointed to clearer guidelines enabling reassessment and reconsideration. Greater clarity and guidance may support these deliberations and promote greater consistency, particularly regarding the role of the family, requests for potentially low-value treatment, and the use of time-limited trials before definitive decisions.

The realization of fractional Chern insulators opens the possibility of exploring fractionally charged excitations1-7 and anyonic statistics8-11 in the absence of a magnetic field. A central question is whether lattice-based systems can give rise to radically new states, distinct from those observed in traditional fractional quantum Hall systems12-20. Here we investigate a type of moiré flat-band system composed of Bernal bilayer graphene and rhombohedral tetralayer graphene. We discover an unprecedented richness of quantum anomalous Hall insulators with Chern numbers from |C| = 1 to |C| = 7 at a moiré filling factor v = 1 and around v = 3. Remarkably, we observe an exotic fractional Chern insulator with C = 7/3 around v = 2/3, which is beyond all known fractional Chern insulators described by either the Jain sequence or current high-Chern theory21-27. Our work expands the understanding of fractionally charged excitations beyond the Landau-level basis and offers a moiré platform for exploring anyons.

Whale watching is frequently presented as a benign form of wildlife interaction, yet its ethical and ecological acceptability depends on two conditions: vessel practices must minimize disturbance to free-ranging cetaceans, and tours must provide meaningful conservation-oriented education. This study assessed whale-watching operations in the New York City Metropolitan Area using three complementary frameworks: the Whale SENSE "On the Water" evaluation, the World Cetacean Alliance (WCA) Best Practice Guidance, and a Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) framework for interpretation. Eight trips representing the active full-time commercial sector in the study area were observed between May and November 2022. The results have revealed that certified operators generally performed better than uncertified operators, but the difference was not large enough to demonstrate that certification alone ensured welfare-protective practice. Educational content was often present but shallow, with limited discussion of cetacean threats, conservation measures, and legal protections, while higher-order engagement and multilingual accessibility were notably weak. Vessel behavior showed a similar pattern: certified operators achieved higher average scores, yet close approaches, inconsistent adherence to conservative speed and maneuvering guidance, and occasional unacceptable practices were still recorded. Overall, some operations still expose whales to avoidable disturbance and fail to meet the educational standards that give ecotourism its conservation value. Responsible whale watching should therefore be evaluated not only by whether vessels find whales and satisfy tourists, but also by whether operators demonstrably protect animal welfare and cultivate informed conservation attitudes. As such, this study offers a regionally novel benchmark for future comparative research, management evaluation, and the development of more responsible cetacean ecotourism.

DNA duplexes bearing a central block of six phenanthroline-derived nucleobase analogs (P) with thymine (T) or cytosine (C) in the complementary position were investigated with respect to their ability to act as ligands for the selective binding of Hg2+ and Ag+ ions to give heterobimetallic arrays. In particular, P-Hg2+-T and P-Ag+-C base pairs were anticipated to form, so that predefined arrays of these metal ions should be accessible via suitable design of the oligonucleotide sequence. Binding stoichiometries were derived from thermal denaturation curves in the presence of varying amounts of metal ions and via ESI(-) mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, the data indicate that duplexes cannot contain more than two consecutive P-Hg2+-T base pairs, possibly prevented by a local accumulation of positive charge. When both Hg2+ and Ag+ ions are present, neighboring P-Hg2+-T base pairs are prevented entirely. This is achieved by Ag+ ions binding to all P:C sites and to as many P:T sites as necessary. In conclusion, DNA duplexes can be used to generate heterobimetallic arrays of metal ions by using appropriate metal-mediated base pairs, provided care is taken to prevent the accumulation of excessive positive charge along the helical axis.

Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) was recently observed in photoexcited donor-chiral bridge-acceptor molecules, but a predictive theory able to explain available experiments is still lacking. Here, we show that torsional modes modulating hopping and spin-orbit coupling give rise to a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction between the transferred electron and the one sitting on the donor, producing high spin polarization for realistic parameters. Our model introduces a low-energy scale in the spin dynamics that explains the magnetic field dependence observed in EPR measurements and predicts a nontrivial temperature dependence, as demonstrated by numerical simulations. The present theory lays the foundations for future test bed experiments and for the design of applications in spintronics and quantum technologies.

Labor pain is a multidimensional experience associated with physiological, cultural, psychological, and contextual factors. This study aimed to examine the association of personality-related characteristics, cultural beliefs, obstetric characteristics, and proxy indicators of post-disaster context with labor pain perception among women giving birth in Hatay after the 2023 T&#xfc;rkiye earthquakes. This prospective observational study was conducted with 314 women admitted to Hatay Training and Research Hospital between February and June 2025. Participants were between 38 and 42 gestational weeks, had a singleton healthy fetus, were admitted in active labor, and were expected to give birth vaginally. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire, the Ten-Item Personality Inventory, and the Visual Analog Scale. Labor pain was assessed at 6 cm, 8 cm, and full cervical dilatation (10 cm). VAS scores increased significantly across cervical dilatation points, from 5.04 &#xb1; 0.81 at 6 cm to 7.01 &#xb1; 0.82 at 8 cm and 8.06 &#xb1; 0.93 at full cervical dilatation (10 cm). Repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant within-person increase in pain intensity across the three assessment points, F(2, 626) = 996.444, p < 0.001, partial &#x3b7;2 = 0.761. Age was not significantly correlated with VAS pain score at full cervical dilatation. In exploratory unadjusted comparisons, VAS scores at full cervical dilatation differed according to education level, official marriage status, previous birth history and mode, attendance at antenatal education, and praying to relieve labor pain. In the multivariable regression model, higher Extraversion and higher education level were associated with lower VAS scores, whereas attendance at antenatal education, greater importance given to traditional rules, previous assisted vaginal/cesarean birth, and current place of residence were independently associated with VAS scores. Conscientiousness was not significantly associated with VAS scores in the adjusted model. Earthquake experience was not significantly associated with VAS scores. Labor pain perception was associated with selected sociodemographic, obstetric, and cultural characteristics. The findings support the importance of individualized, culturally sensitive, and trauma-informed midwifery care in disaster-affected regions. Personality-related findings should be interpreted cautiously because the corrected reliability analysis showed low internal consistency for Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to Experience, although Extraversion showed high internal consistency and Conscientiousness showed relatively better but still limited internal consistency. Disaster-related findings should also be interpreted cautiously because post-disaster context was assessed using only limited proxy indicators; current place of residence was independently associated with VAS scores in the adjusted model, whereas earthquake experience was not. Because of the observational design, causal interpretations cannot be made.

Male germline development is characterized by a unique perinatal phase in which primordial germ cells (PGCs) differentiate into gonocytes (prospermatogonia) and subsequently give rise to spermatogonia. This chapter outlines the cellular, molecular, and epigenetic programs that orchestrate this transition, establishing the foundation of the lifelong spermatogenic lineage. Gonocytes undergo a transient G0/G1 arrest tightly regulated by retinoic acid (RA) metabolism, CDK inhibition, TGF family signaling, and the RNA-binding protein NANOS2, which integrates somatic cues to suppress meiosis and enforce male fate. Concurrently, gonocytes experience genome-wide de novo DNA methylation driven by NSD1-mediated H3K36me2 deposition and the DNMT3A/DNMT3L/DNMT3C machinery, accompanied by piRNA-directed transposon silencing and paternal imprint establishment. These processes collectively reshape the chromatin landscape and stabilize the male germline epigenome. The subsequent gonocyte-to-spermatogonia transition (GST) involves FGF, GDNF, and RA signaling, as well as dynamic histone demethylation, to generate spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Aberrant regulation of these pathways can arrest differentiation and predispose germ cells to transformation, as seen in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), whose precursor cells retain gonocyte-like features. We further discuss the interplay between transposon control, imprinting, and chromatin architecture that underpins gonocyte identity. Emerging single-cell and small-input omics approaches are now redefining this transient developmental state, providing new insight into how epigenetic reprogramming and signaling convergence establish the male germline.

The posterior region of the human superior temporal gyrus and sulcus (pSTG/S) has been observed to play a critical role in a variety of neural functions. The mechanisms that underlie this functional heterogeneity and the extent to which functional subregions overlap are unknown. Leveraging the results of clinically-guided direct cortical stimulation and intracranial recordings in five patients undergoing invasive monitoring for epilepsy surgery, we identify subregions of functional overlap and divergence for auditory category encoding and speech production. Our results showed auditory category encoding sites (VOICE+) distributed across STG/S and primary auditory cortex, while sites that produced disruption to speech production on stimulation (STIM+) were located more posteriorly on STG/S, extending into the parietal lobe. We identified sites common to both functions (OVERLAP) in 4/5 participants. Among channels exhibiting functional overlap, 84.6% were located in the STG/S and, crucially, the majority were localized to the pSTG/S. A Bayes factor analysis revealed evidence in favor of similar auditory category sensitivity between VOICE+ and OVERLAP channels in 2/4 participants. Our findings highlight the particularly flexible nature of the human pSTG/S and provide support for hypotheses that a shared mechanism of dynamic encoding of acoustic information may give rise to the range of functions attributed to this region.