The study of somatotypes of the constitution is an important point in planning of the improvements of measures among the population in various regions of Russia. The purpose of the work was to reveal features of age dynamics of somatotypes of the constitution in students of youthful age of the Baikal Region by means of somatotyping according to scheme by Nikityuk B. A. and Kozlova A.I (1990) with taking into account their functional group of health. There were examined 1286 Slavic young males, natives of the Irkutsk region, aged of 17-20 years, from them, according to data of the medical examination 996 were referred to the 1st (main) and 290--to the 2nd (preparatory) functional group of health for physical exercises. There were established significant differences in somatotypes of the constitution in young men of the 1st and 2nd functional groups of health. In both functional groups there is noted a significant amount of young males with transitional somatotypes that testifies to incompleteness of growth processes of their organism. The obtained results of a somatotyping are used in the educational process for a training individualization on physical culture of students of IRGTU, and also in construction of independent physical--improving programs.
There was performed a chronometer study of the workload of passenger train drivers in the work in the areas of circulation differing in the complexity of the track profile and in working in various modes of conducting the train. As a result of the chronometer study of the workload of passenger train drivers in the work in the areas of circulation differing in the complexity of the track profile there was determined the structure of the workload of the operational activity of drivers and revealed the dependence of the increase in the number of control actions in the complication of the track profile. Analysis of data obtained as a result of the study of patterns of the activity in the manual mode and with the use of the automatic driving system showed a marked decrease in active control actions, but also revealed the growing problem of physical inactivity among train drivers. In addition, the issue of the preservation of movement and motor skills when working with systems of automatic driving trains requires a more detailed study.
In the article there is given a hygienic assessment ofpolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination of soils of the city of Serpukhov of the Moscow region. For the first time there was investigated the PCB's ability to migrate in the system "soil-earthworms", and were calculated bioaccumulation factors at the different level of soil contamination. There was performed a comparative evaluation of the accumulation of given contaminants by higher terrestrial plants and representatives of soil paedobionts (Lumbricidae worms), and revealed clear differences in these processes. There was shown the possibility of the use of earthworms as a highly sensitive bio-indicators in monitoring for soil contamination by persistent organic pollutants, even at low concentrations.
Hygienic standardization (HS) of chemicals remains to be the one of the effective ways to ensure chemical safety of the population. At that hygienic standards (such as maximum allowable concentrations--MACs) are interrelated and aggregated into the coherent systems. Therefore, the task of the study was in establishment of the logic of inter- standard relations between the existing standards and actualization of legitimate relations of the interrelations such as MACwz/MACatm, (i.e., to systematize standards) and so as CL₅₀/MACwz (reflecting the ratio of reliability). In the suggested systemic approach the benchmark indices of the proposed HS system are the values of the MACwz. Standards for other media, including atmosphere air may be only some compartments of MACwz. The performed studies and calculations allowed to justify and implement the system approach into the practice of HS in Ukraine. There is need for further search for additional solutions in nonreachability of LC₅₀ in the experiment, justification of standards for the population in the absence of MACwz, comparison with the data of normative databases of other countries. It is necessary to introduce the value of permissible deviation from the requirements of the systemness, to embody conditions (1)-(7) into the general principle of the prohibition of greater deviation and to harmonize acting and newly introduced standards within frameworks of modern ideology and methods of HS of harmful substances. This opens up broad prospects for the new phase of HS and a significant increase in the reliability of results obtained by the various methods and in different laboratories.
There are given modern views on the role of genetic polymorphism on the detoxification of chemical substances and individual sensitivity in workers to the development of diseases associated with xenobiotics metabolism disorders. In the search for genetic markers of occupationally caused diseases it is promising to study allelomorphs of genes responsible for the polyfunctional response of the human body, including genes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation. There is substantiated the expediency of compilation and introduction of genetic passports for stuff occupied at hazardous chemical enterprises.
In the review there highlighted contemporary concepts about the relation between the air pollution by the particulate matter (PM) and human morbidity and mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases. There are considered results of the short- and long-term PM impact on the human cardiovascular system in the dependence on size, origin, chemical composition, and concentration in the air. Authors performed the formalized description of the action and possible effects of PM on vascular endothelium presented as an example of systemization. Summarizing data respective knowledge collected in the literature were used in the article as an example.
Monitoring of environment in regions of the location of waste landfills includes the implementation of the control over a sanitary condition of soils. The main origins of the spread ofpollutants into soils are the solid particles from aerosol emissions from the functioning of landfills transmitted to surrounding territories. Within zones of the impact of three largest waste landfills in the Saratov region (Aleksandrovsky, Guselsky in the city of Saratov and Balakovsky in the city of Balakovo) there were taken 152 soil samples. According to results of the estimation in soil concentration of gross and motile forms of heavy metals of the first (Zn, Cd, Ni) and the second danger classes (Cu, Cr, Pb) there was performed the analysis of coefficients of danger- K0 and total coefficients ofpollution - Zc. There was executed the assessment of both a sanitary and hygienic condition of soils and degree of danger ofpollution. The most contrast areal features of the distribution of the danger coefficient - Ko in soils are characteristic for motile forms of heavy metals. For all three studied objects persistently there is stood out the dangerous and areal pollution of soils by association of Ni and Cu . The danger ofpollution of soils by gross forms of heavy metals is minimum. The coefficient of total pollution of Zc exceeds admissible level on motile forms of heavy metals only for the soils surrounding the Balakovo landfill. In zones of the impact of waste landfills there are located the processed lands with an adverse sanitary and hygienic condition of soils. In the region of the Guselsky object soils of the processed agricultural grounds are dangerously polluted by motile forms of Ni and Cu. In vicinities of the Balakovo waste landfill considerable areas of private gardening enterprises are dangerously polluted by the motile forms of Ni, Cu and Zn.
This article was written on the base of the analysis of data of protocols of annual serological sturdies of the post-vaccination immunity status in indicator groups of populations, the analysis of samples of drinking water air and soil with the assessment of the socio-economic development of mono-towns and rural settlements. In the article there is reflected the comprehensive assessment of environmental factors and specific features of the formation of socio-economic conditions of rural communities and mono towns. There was performed a comparative assessment of the status of post-vaccination immunity to infections controlled by specific means of prevention, in different age groups in mono towns and rural settlements. There was established a dependence of the formation of post-vaccination immunity on the state of environmental factors.
The wide circulation of Klebsiella bacteria in water ofwater objects of different climatic zones of Russia and various function is established. So bacteria of the Klebsiella strain are in superficial sources of the centralized water supply depending on extent of their biological and chemical pollution; underground waters at the unprotected water-bearing horizons; in drinking water at insufficiently effective system of its cleaning and disinfecting. Klebsiella circulating in water was shown to keep properties of pathogenicity and a virulence, possess resistance both to modern preparations and disinfecting agents (chlorine, an ultraviolet to radiation). Bacteria of the Klebsiella strain have high penetration in the water-bearing horizons. At strains of Klebsiella there is allocated considerable pathogenic potential (adhesive, invasive, phosphatase, lecithinase, DNA-ase, hemolytic activity) and genetic markers of pathogenicity of cnf-1. The etiologic role of bacteria of Klebsiella and an infecting (100, COE/dm3) dose emergence of acute intestinal infections (AII) is established. Detection of Klebsiella in water objects and especially in water of drinking appointment, in the absence of total coliform bacteria (TCB) contributes to the epidemic danger of water use.
There are reported data of the analysis of parameters of the general morbidity (hypertension, chronic diseases, organs of respiratory and digestive system, adiposity, vertebral osteochondrosis) in dependence on age and work experience of dockers-mechanizators in seaport at various working conditions. Morbidity rate indices were calculated on results of the profound medical examination at annual periodic surveys of workers. There were analyzed ecological and ergonomic indices of working conditions, including an estimation of physiological intensity of the work. The general hygienic assessment of working conditions was executed on the basis of the measurement of rates of gains in the risk of diseases depending on age and the experience of work (an annual gain of risk). The divergence of these rates was used for the determination of occupational and nonoccupational fractions of the general morbidity in employees working in harmful conditions.
Using data of the branch statistical reporting of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service in Sumy region and Sumy Regional State Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, the incidence rate, modern risk factors for the development and spreading of acute infectious diarrheas were determined in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine. Under the current conditions incidence rate indices of acute intestinal infections and food toxicoinfections are within the range of 159.8-193.6 per 100 thousands. pop. Seasonal and epidemical rises are associated with a species of the agent. In the etiological structure of acute diarrheal infections there are dominated viruses, of food toxicoinfections--Klebsiellae pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae (p < 0.05). Predictors of the complication of epidemiological situation of Shigella infections are the gain in the detection of bacterially contaminated samples of milk and dairy products (r = 0.75), for food toxicoinfections caused by Klebsiellae pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae--pastry with cream and cooking meat products (r = 0.64; r = 0.75). Epizootic situation in the region affects on the salmonellosis incidence rate of the population (r = 0.89). There were revealed correlations between the selection of E. coli bacteria from swabs taken from the enterprises of catering, in child care centers and the levels of incidence rates of salmonellosis, acute intestinal infections of unknown etiology (r = 0.59; r = 0.60). Timely detection and sanitation of Shigella carriers are a powerful instrument to reduce the incidence rate of shigellosis (r = 0.83).
The solubility in the SAS - Vilagin - water systems has been investigated at 25 °С for the purpose of the delivery of liquid disinfectants for various surfaces. There are established SAS as effective homogenisers for the stratified system “Vilagin - water”, not effecting on the bactericidal activity of Vilagin. With the aid of the software Optimum there were elaborated compositions in the system “Vilagin - Perlastan AL-30-water” which seem to be optimal on both the content and disinfectant activity (a degree of disinfecting of 99.99%) mixtures in the were developed with the help of computer program Optimum. The pattern of the concentrate is presented as: Perlastan AL-30 - 89.1-95.0; Vilagin - 5-10.9; water - 0-1.6(mas.%). The efficacy of dermal antiseptics - detergents (disinfecting efficiency not less than 60%). Developed gel-like compositions are effective in small concentrations in short terms, possess low toxicity, multifunctionality, good solubility in water, a long period of storage of concentrates.
On the example of urban soils of the city of Voronezh there was revealed dependence of the degree of the disturbance of complexes of filamentous microorganisms on soil contamination levels. For the complex of micromycetes in the recreational area of the city disturbances are reversible and correspond to the adaptive range of "stress". In the transport an irreversible transition originates to the adaptive range of "resistance". There are accumulated toxigenic, opportunistic and allergenic fungi species that is harmful to the health of the urban population. The complex of soil actinomycetes is more sustainable. Microbiological indices (lists of indicative species of fungi) should be used for the monitoring of urban soils.
The paper presents a comprehensive sanitary - hygienic assessment of working conditions for female workers in dairy enterprises located in different climatic regions. On the basis of this assessment, a set of preventive measures aimed at improvement of the working conditions and the health state offemale workers may be developed and implemented.
On the territory of Kazakhstan there are uranium deposits, many ofwhich are in mothballed since times of perestroika. Often, the mines are flooded and represent a “time-delay bomb”. Inside of mines various there are accumulated gases of both organic and inorganic nature, periodically thrown out and adversely affecting on the health of local populations. The aim of the study was the investigation of the state of the environment of Esilsky district of the Akmola region by common pollutants and chemicals. As the basic variable for the investigation of ambient air there was accepted the maximum one-time concentration of suspended substances, phenol, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide. The results were evaluated in relation to the MPC for the analyzed substance in the air according to maximal single MPC (MPCms) and daily average MPC (MPCda). The content of metals in the water was determined with the use of spectrophotometer PD-303S. Evaluation of the results was executed in relation of the MPC of substances in water, by means of the comparison with the requirements of Federal standards for drinking water, samples from drinking water sources. There were executed calculations of the overall index of water pollution (IWVgen), the index of water pollution by heavy metals (IWVhm). Chemical analysis of soil was carried out with the use of spectrophotometer PD- 303S (Japan), the photometer expert-003 “Ekoniks”. Evaluation of the results was carried out with the respect to the MPC in the soil, the toxicity of all components. Summarizing soil pollution index was evaluated for metals contained in the soil at the level of more than or equal to 1 MAC. The settlement Krasnogorskiy and the village of Kalachi were found to be characterized by a low level of air pollution, increased rigidity of drinking water exceeded the maximum permissible concentrations of copper by 3.45 times and chloride by 1.17 times in the soil cover.
In the article there are presented data on characteristics ofpeculiarities of the functional state of medical 1-6 years students of higher educational institutions. The results were obtained with the aid of variation pulsometry. Students were shown to have typical elevated tone of the sympathetic nervous system, especially for students of the 1, 3, 5 and 6 courses, that is confirmed by the amplitude mode (AMo), characterizing the sympathetic activity of autonomous nervous system (ANS), which is an average of the students 1 year accounted for 38.6 ± 1.89%, for students of the 3 course - 38.5 ± 1.72%, for students of the 5 year (40.9 ± 3.25 %) and the students of 6 course (46.7 ± 2.59%). There was determined the trend to the centralization of the heart rate control, as evidenced by a reduced proportion of high-frequency waves (HF) by 29.2% to 35.2%, exceeding by 3.6 to 14.4 times in waves of the very low frequency (VLF) relative to the average standard values; the high proportion of students from 41% to 52%, with a mismatch of the sympathetic and parasympathetic compartments of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of biological processes of adaptation. For medical students of higher education institutions there are typical functional reserves reduced from 20.5 % to 97.6% and a decrease in the proportion of students with a satisfactory adaptation by 40.4% from the 1 to the 6th year.
The aim of the study was a comparative description and assessment of seasonal dynamics of organoleptic characteristics, degree of salinity and chemical composition of the water from some reservoirs in Uzbekistan. Organoleptic indices and parameters of salinity of water from Kattakurgansky reservoir in the spring and summer were established to be practically within the range of MPC. Indices of chemical composition of water of the Kattakurgan reservoir were below the upper limit of MPC. In water samples of Tuyamuyunsky reservoir organoleptic indices and parameters of water salinity in summer were higher than the MPC. Indices of the chemical composition of water in the summer time were below upper limits of the permissible level, there were noted reliable inter-seasonal differences on the content of chlorides and sulfates. Organoleptic indices and the degree of mineralization of water samples of Charvaksky reservoir were within the range of MPC. All parameters of the chemical composition of water of Charvaksky reservoir were lower than the upper MPC limit, regardless of the place of sampling and the time of year.
The study have been conducted in settlements located near oilfields of the Nizhnevartovsk area, the Khanty-Mansi autonomous district (Russian Federation). There were examined 802 persons aged of from 18 to 56 years not proximately employed in processes of the oil extraction. Control group was consisted of329 residents of the north of Tomsk Region living in the area without any polluting environment industry. By using such methods of analysis as micronucleus test in human buccal cells, the xenobiotic biotransformation of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphism, as well as the assessment of oil contamination of local drinking water there was executed the hygienic assessment of ecology in the settlements located near oil fields. The elevated rate of cytogenetic disorders was established to be observed most of all in the residents of this region, as well as in persons recently moved to this area. Most significant deviations from the control according to the micronucleus test were detected in individuals with the GSTM1 (0) /GSTT1(0) genotype. In the control group no such consistent pattern was seen.