A common cause of injury, disability, mortality, and health-related costs, falls affect a third of adults aged 65 years and older. Falls Management Exercise (FaME) is an evidence-based, progressive falls prevention programme, shown to significantly reduce falls and concerns about falls among community-dwelling older adults. Despite the proven benefits of FaME, there are inconsistencies in implementation fidelity and programme delivery. Variances in attendance, adherence and dose, required to ensure efficacy, can negatively impact real-world effectiveness of FaME. This scoping review aims to address the paucity of evidence synthesis on FaME implementation. Identifying key characteristics relating to intervention delivery, implementation and behaviour change strategies, participant uptake, adherence, meeting of effective dose, attrition, and fidelity. Adopting an approved methodology for conducting scoping reviews, seven electronic databases were searched using the Population, Context and Concept inclusion criteria. These relate to; older adults (≥60 years), 'community-dwelling' and FaME. From an initial 10,888 papers, 26 research papers (13 studies), were included in the full text review, of which ten papers (six studies) used technology in delivering FaME. Key themes: challenges in meeting recruitment target and uptake of FaME, particularly underserved ethnic and socioeconomic populations; significantly fewer older men participating in FaME when compared to older women; issues of poor adherence and meeting of effective dose, especially with home-based exercise components; high rates of attrition and the value of Instructor qualities in delivering FaME. Studies which included technology-assisted implementation reported increased participation by older men, with programmes performing better in terms of adherence, attrition and exercise dose. With digital health technologies showing promising effects on persistent challenges to adherence, dose, and attrition, technology-assisted implementation of FaME has potential to effectively support a wider uptake of FaME among community-dwelling older adults who decline or withdraw participation. Further research is needed to increase our understanding of under-served community-dwelling older adults experiences, and perceptions about FaME and falls prevention. We need to further explore the acceptability of technology-assisted implementation of FaME, and feasibility for supporting a wider roll-out of FaME across the United Kingdom. Not applicable.
Through a survey on celebrity worship, binge eating, desire for fame and self-control, we recruited a sample of 748 Chinese adolescents (aged 11-17) to explore the gendered mechanisms linking celebrity worship to binge eating through the chain mediation of desire for fame and self-control. The results revealed a significant mediating role of self-control in the relationship between celebrity worship and binge eating behaviors in both genders. Moreover, this effect was more pronounced in girls than in boys. Additionally, among boys, higher levels of celebrity worship was associated with greater desire for fame, which was in turn associated with lower self-control and higher levels of binge eating. This study highlights the mediating roles of desire for fame and self-control in the relationship between celebrity worship and binge eating, as well as the gender differences.
As the U.S. population ages and interest in community-based approaches to death and dying grows, end-of-life doulas (EOLDs) are reshaping how individuals, families, and communities experience dying. Drawing on 23 interviews with practicing doulas, we identify the FAME model: facilitator, advocate, mediator, and educator. As facilitators, doulas make end-of-life plans actionable through practical, emotional, and existential support; as advocates, they amplify the voices of dying individuals and their families within healthcare institutions; as mediators, they navigate interpersonal dynamics and emotional tensions; and as educators, they demystify death and clarify options that are often unknown or misunderstood. Beyond identifying these roles, the FAME model delineates role boundaries, conceptualizes doula work in functional rather than spatial terms, and provides clearer language for articulating the scope of practice within this emerging field. Ultimately, we explore how doulas bridge Mallon's micro model, Abel's circles of care, and compassionate communities frameworks through micro-level caregiving, meso-level community engagement, and macro-level social change.
The Women in Behavior Analysis Hall of Fame was created to identify and honor outstanding women who have contributed to the field. Six stellar and impactful women were inducted into the 2022 class: Ellen Reese, Barbara Etzel, Beth Sulzer-Azaroff, Frances Horowitz, Julie Vargas, and Gwendolyn Cartledge. This paper provides details on the individual accomplishments, accolades, and impacts of these women, as described during the Hall of Fame induction ceremony.
Health equity research has recently been criticized by both liberals and conservatives in the U.S. This research holds potential to serve all U.S. populations by examining mechanisms of resilience. Resilience may broadly be defined as the development of the ability to withstand adversity that leads to the prevention or recovery from disease. This is an invited paper stemming from a Society for Equity Neuroscience (SEQUINS) inaugural Hall of Fame lecture in May of 2025. The authors use research focused on Mexican Americans in the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) project to illustrate how health equity research may be informative for all U.S. populations. BASIC is a community-based project with strong collaborations in the community. Over the 25 years of BASIC's existence, the stroke disparity among Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic White Americans has largely vanished with respect to incidence, recurrence, and outcome (neurologic, functional, and cognitive). This suggests that resilience mechanisms among Mexican Americans have improved stroke health outcomes. Using a framework suggested by Taylor and colleagues, the authors propose that these resilience mechanisms may help all Americans regardless of race and ethnicity. Studying resilience offers a novel, hopeful aspect to health equity research that may demonstrate benefits across the U.S. Still, resilience implies the need to suffer first. Improving health outcomes by removing barriers and ensuring adequate healthcare for all Americans should be the goal. Health equity researchers should work closely with communities to design and conduct projects that are important to that community.
The depletion of fossil fuel attracts researchers to search for alternative fuels. Bio-fuels are gaining more attention nowadays due to their less pollution characteristics. Further, more energy can be extracted from it by adding nano-additives. In addition, thermal barrier coating of engine parts provides added advantages. In this current research, an attempt was made to study the influence of lanthanum zirconate thermal barrier coating and iron oxide on behavior of diesel engine driven by algae biodiesel (FAME). The engine was tested with different energy sources. The behavior of the engine was analyzed based on the experimental data by comparing the different fuels' performance. Results showed that the nanoparticles showed significant influence on engine operation. Further, coating provided notable changes in performance of the engine in positive manner. The B20C/Fe2O3 explored the least BSFC (0.32 kg/kW h) plus maximum BTE of 34% by the BP of 5 kW. Further, the emissions were notably controlled in relation to diesel fuel.
Comparative oncology investigates variation in cancer risk across species by analysing relationships between observed tumour prevalence and factors such as body mass, longevity, life-history traits and mutation rates. These patterns underpin hypotheses on cancer defences, conservation strategies and the evolution of multicellularity, so their robustness is critical. Here, we show that species' scientific and public popularity substantially biases these trends. Reanalysing published captive vertebrate datasets, and re-evaluating previously published trends, we found that controlling for popularity eliminated the weak positive associations previously reported between body mass and both tumour and malignancy prevalence, supporting Peto's paradox. The positive link between germline mutation rate and cancer mortality also disappeared. In birds, the effect of clutch size doubled for species with a large clutch size, while in mammals, tumour prevalence was underestimated in less popular species. Finally, the endotheliochorial placentation-mortality association vanished after accounting for confounders. These findings reveal that species popularity can substantially distort comparative cancer analyses and should be systematically controlled in future studies.
Suspected meningitis/encephalitis cases require prompt empirical antimicrobial therapy. Syndromic diagnostics like the FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis (FAME) panel offer rapid results and are increasingly used despite high costs. This study assessed FAME's integration in clinical microbiology laboratories' everyday practice and its impact on early treatment decisions. The FilmArray Meningitis/encephalitis panel Outcome Study (FAMOuS) retrospectively reviewed biological data, treatments before/after FAME, and outcomes from 783 patients across six French hospitals over a 3-year period. FAME results were 80% negative, 7% bacterial, and 13% viral, with no bacterial false negatives. Positive results in samples with <10 leukocytes were exclusively seen in immunocompromised individuals and children under 2. Positive results prompted therapeutic changes in 74% of cases, compared to 50% for negatives. FAMOuS enabled the proposal of a decision-support flowchart to optimize the rational use of FAME and support antibiotic stewardship, with the potential to increase early antibiotic discontinuation and reduce unnecessary testing.IMPORTANCEPrompt identification of infectious causes is essential in suspected meningitis and encephalitis, where timely treatment decisions can be lifesaving. The FAMOuS study evaluated the use of the FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis (FAME) panel across six French hospitals, analyzing nearly 800 patient episodes. The findings demonstrate that FAME offers reliable results that directly influence clinical management-guiding therapeutic adjustments in most positive cases and supporting early antibiotic discontinuation when appropriate. The study highlights specific patient contexts where FAME provides the greatest clinical value and proposes a decision-support flowchart to optimize its rational use. By integrating rapid molecular diagnostics into everyday practice, this work contributes to improved patient care and reinforces hospital antibiotic stewardship strategies.
This study evaluates direct transesterification of wet versus dry biomass for biodiesel production using an MNNG (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)-induced Aspergillus terreus TB21 variant cultivated on a glucose-based lipid accumulation medium (LAM). Biomass was subjected to in situ acid transesterification for FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) recovery. Under glucose-LAM conditions, the TB21 variant showed enhanced lipid productivity compared to the wild type, with FAME yield increasing from 4.90 to 7.46 g L⁻¹ and FAME content from 34.50% to 48.18% in dried biomass. Wet biomass in situ transesterification significantly improved process efficiency, achieving rapid FAME recovery within 5 min under the parameter conditions for transesterification optimised earlier as compared to conventional methods requiring 2-24 h. Under optimized conditions, TB21 produced a maximum FAME yield of 95.16 g L⁻¹ with 82.17% FAME content, exceeding the wild type (66.98 g L⁻¹; 72.73%) and representing substantially higher FAME recovery than that obtained using conventional dry-biomass transesterification. Fatty acid analysis indicated a shift toward biodiesel-favourable composition, with total saturated fatty acids reaching 82.6% and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreasing to 5.05%, contributing to improved oxidative stability. The resulting biodiesel exhibited predicted fuel properties, including cetane number (58), iodine value (88 g I₂/100 g), and kinematic viscosity (4.1 mm² s⁻¹), which were within the acceptable ranges specified by ASTM D6751, EN 14,214, and IS 15,607 standards. The combined strategy of strain improvement and wet biomass direct transesterification enhanced lipid recovery, reduced processing time and provides an efficient approach for sustainable microbial biodiesel production.
To identify genetic variants associated with glucocorticoid (GC)-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) change using genome-wide association study (GWAS) and whole exome sequencing (WES) analyses. A pharmacogenetic study within a clinical trial and cohort study. Five hundred thirty discovery cohort participants were included from the Fluocinolone Acetonide in Diabetic Macular Edema (FAME) trials. Replication was performed in an independent cohort of 588 Mass Eye and Ear/Retina Health Center (MEE/RHC) participants. Participants were exposed to GC, primarily by intravitreal injection. Intraocular pressure was measured at baseline and serially within the first 6 months after GC exposure. Participants' DNA underwent genome-wide genotyping and WES. Genome-wide association study and WES rare variant gene burden analyses were applied to all ancestries and the European participants separately, adjusting for covariates. Expression and splicing quantitative trait loci colocalization analysis using eCAVIAR, and gene-level and pathway analyses using Multi-marker Analysis of GenoMic Annotation were performed. Genetic associations with the maximal change in IOP within 6 months after GC exposure. Genetic associations for maximal IOP change within 6 months after GC exposure were evaluated. For the primary outcome across all ancestries in FAME, 1 variant, rs13425173 within the UBE2E3 locus, reached genome-wide significance (P = 2.88 × 10-8). In the FAME and MEE/RHC meta-analysis, variant rs1040227, also in the UBE2E3 locus, was significantly associated at the genome-wide level (P = 1.23 × 10-8). In the colocalization analyses, the significant FAME GWAS UBE2E3 locus was linked to expression regulation of this gene in 6 tissues including artery aorta. In gene-level analysis, UBE2E3 also demonstrated subthreshold significance (P = 6.6 × 10-6). Five hundred thirty-two FAME and 586 MEE/RHC participants were included in the WES gene burden analysis. One gene, MSTO1, passed false discovery rate correction for the primary outcome in FAME. We have identified genome-wide significant common variants associated with GC-IOP change, as well as genes and rare variants that may influence GC-induced IOP change. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
Falls Management Exercise (FaME) programmes improve physical function and reduce falls rate and risk in older adults, but after completion exercise engagement declines, leading to loss of the health benefits gained. This study aimed to co-design an exercise maintenance intervention for older adults exiting FaME programmes, addressing the critical need to sustain physical activity benefits after programme completion. A three-stage co-design process: Stage 1 involved community-based stakeholder consultations with older adults completing FaME and rehabilitation professionals (n = 16) to identify acceptable intervention components. Stage 2 consisted of professional stakeholder consultations (n = 11) to assess feasibility. In Stage 3, the Normalisation Process Theory guided development of implementation procedures with service-providers (n = 2). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Community-based stakeholders identified core components: information on local physical activity opportunities (88%), motivational strategies (81%), follow-up group meetings (69%), and health education (63%). Professional stakeholders confirmed unanimous agreement for motivational strategies and health education. Concerns emerged regarding affordability of follow-up meetings for service-providers and equity of digital interventions. Follow-up phone calls, text message reminders, self-completed functional fitness assessments and exercise snacks in face-to-face sessions emerged as additional components. KESS is a rigorous, co-designed, stakeholder informed intervention targeting exercise maintenance in older adults after FaME ends. KESS aims to prevent a decline in exercise adherence and consequent increasing risk of falling, observed in FaME programme attendees >6 months after programmes end if appropriate activity is not maintained. KESS is ready for feasibility and acceptability testing.
This study compared these two derivatization methods in the analysis of fatty acids in edible oils. Conventional derivatization has proven time-consuming, as it involves high-temperature, long-term reactions. To simplify the process, room-temperature derivatization, entailing short-term, low-temperature reactions, was devised. No significant differences in most major and individual fatty acids, except in sesame oil, were noted between the two methods (p < 0.05). Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was confirmed by varying the alkaline catalysts, concentrations, and oil-to-methanol ratio. Compared with the controls, all three types of oil achieved the highest FAME production yields when catalyzed with NaOCH3 in both methods. The optimal catalyst concentrations for maximal FAME production across all three edible oils were as determined. Moreover, the ideal oil-to-methanol ratio for maximal FAME production differed for each oil type. In a correlation analysis, total free fatty acids (FFAs) and FAMEs production yield were analyzed a negative correlation. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-026-02153-5.
Tooth drilling is an essential dental procedure, but the varying mechanical properties of enamel and dentin make it difficult for robotic systems to maintain a constant drilling force. Fluctuations in force can increase the risk of tissue damage. This study compares four control strategies for position-controlled robotic arms to determine the best method for constant-force dental drilling under variable tooth hardness. A position-controlled arm with a six-axis force sensor was used for two experiments: (1) static tooth constant-force tracking and (2) dynamic tooth drilling. The target force was set at 5 N. The four control strategies tested were: Original Motion control (OM), TCP/CAN Direct-Drive control (TDDM), Natural Logarithm Function Extrapolation control (NLFE), and Force Adaptive Model-predictive Embedded control (FAME). Performance was measured using dynamic response indices (rise time, settling time, overshoot) and steady-state stability metrics (root mean square error, mean absolute error, peak-to-peak force fluctuation). All four strategies achieved basic force-tracking capability; however, their stability and disturbance resistance differed significantly. In static tests, FAME demonstrated the best stability with the smallest overshoot (13.28%) and the least difference between root mean square error and mean absolute error, indicating balanced force output. In dynamic drilling conditions with vibration disturbances, FAME achieved the shortest rise time (0.76 s) and maintained force within the predefined clinical tolerance range (5 ± 1.1 N) after convergence. In contrast, OM and NLFE had larger oscillations, while TDDM had frequent fluctuations. Overall, FAME showed the best stability, convergence, and resistance to disturbances in both static and dynamic tooth drilling. This approach enhances constant-force control under varying tooth hardness, making it a promising solution for safe and precise robotic dental procedures. FAME may improve force stability during robotic dental drilling, thereby reducing force fluctuation and supporting safer future clinical applications.
Family engagement is critical for patient outcomes in intensive care units (ICUs), yet validated assessment tools are limited in China. This study aimed to translate the FAMily Engagement (FAME) scale into Simplified Chinese (FAME-SC) and evaluate its psychometric properties among family members of adult ICU patients in China. A cross-sectional psychometric validation study was conducted in seven ICUs across four campuses of a tertiary hospital between December 2025 and February 2026. A total of 401 family members were recruited using convenience sampling. The sample was randomly split for exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n1 = 200) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, n2 = 201). Internal consistency, content validity, and construct validity were evaluated. The FAME-SC demonstrated excellent content validity (S-CVI = 0.98; I-CVI = 0.83-1.00) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.896). EFA supported a two-factor solution explaining 63.05% of the total variance, comprising (1) family engagement in care and (2) family perceived support from the healthcare team. CFA confirmed acceptable model fit (χ2/df = 2.214, CFI = 0.949, IFI = 0.949, TLI = 0.936, and RMSEA = 0.078). The FAME-SC demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and appears to be a reliable and valid instrument for assessing family engagement in Chinese adult ICUs. The two-factor structure suggests that family engagement in this context may be organized around participatory involvement and relational support, which may reflect institutional visitation policies and cultural caregiving norms. The FAME-SC provides ICU healthcare providers with a structured tool to assess patterns of family engagement and identify opportunities to strengthen family-centered care practices. Understanding the structure of family engagement may help ICU teams develop culturally responsive strategies to enhance active participation and provide relational and informational support for family members.
Memory is central to flexible, goal-directed behavior. Prior knowledge shapes our current decisions and future plans and guides our attention to selectively prioritize relevant information in our complex, noisy world. Yet, most research on the neural basis of selective attention has focused on novel stimuli and has defined goal relevance based on perceptual features rather than prior knowledge. We investigated how the brain supports selective attention when goal relevance depends on prior knowledge, and compared selection of novel (memory-independent) versus familiar (memory-enhanced) stimuli. Using multiecho fMRI, we recorded brain activity during a selective working memory task involving pictures of famous (familiar) and anonymous (novel) people and places. We manipulated the relevance of fame to task performance: In "fame relevant" task blocks, participants selectively attended to famous while ignoring anonymous stimuli; in "fame irrelevant" blocks, they attended to anonymous while ignoring famous stimuli. Compared to a nonselective, categorization task, the selective working memory task elicited sustained coactivation of frontoparietal control and dorsal attention networks. Task-relevant contrasted with task-irrelevant stimuli elicited transient coactivation of frontoparietal control and default network regions, irrespective of stimulus fame. Within the DN, this effect was driven by both enhanced activation for task-relevant stimuli and suppression for task-irrelevant stimuli, confirming attention-driven neuromodulation. Further, selective working memory coactivated these high-order, heteromodal brain networks while lowering activity in visual regions. Our findings elucidate the neural underpinnings of prior knowledge-guided selection of perceptual inputs for working memory, suggesting differences from those previously reported for perception-guided selection.
The limited oxidative stability of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) constrains their use as biofuels. This study presents a direct, side-by-side comparison of β-carotene and α-tocopherol as natural antioxidant additives in FAME produced from refined rapeseed oil, evaluated under identical thermo-oxidative conditions (100-140 °C). We combine kinetic modelling (first-order and zero-order fits, Arrhenius analysis) with spectroscopic monitoring (UV-Vis for β-carotene; FT-IR for α-tocopherol) and standard oxidation indices (PV, AnV) to link antioxidant depletion to fuel oxidation. Key findings are: (1) β-carotene effectively delays hydroperoxide formation at lower temperatures but degrades rapidly above 120 °C (Ea 6-23 kJ·mol-1), producing secondary products that increase AnV; (2) α-tocopherol shows greater thermal resistance and predictable, dose-dependent protection across the tested range (optimal at 556 µg·mL-1), with higher doses exhibiting potential pro-oxidant effects; (3) activation energies and kinetic orders differ between antioxidants, indicating distinct degradation pathways in the FAME matrix. These results demonstrate that reintroducing natural antioxidants removed during refining can improve biodiesel durability, and that antioxidant selection and dosing must be tailored to expected thermal exposure. The combined kinetic-spectroscopic approach provides a practical framework for optimizing natural additive strategies in biodiesel formulations.
Seafood provides important nutrients to our diets, particularly omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Compared with other common seafood, sea snails represent an underutilized resource that may be exploited to help meet global PUFA demands. However, sea snails exhibit complex fatty acid (FA) profiles, making an accurate and detailed characterization a considerable analytical challenge. By employing an advanced mass spectrometry (MS) technique, i.e., covalent adduct chemical ionization (CACI), we characterized the FA profiles of five commonly consumed sea snail species. A straightforward method was established to distinguish monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from isobaric dimethyl acetals (DMA), verifiable by retention-time models. FAME double-bond positional isomers were further identified by CACI-MS/MS diagnostic ions. Sea snails are abundant in plasmalogens at 82-333 mg/100 g food and long-chain omega-3 PUFA up to 174 mg/100 g food. Therefore, sea snails, particularly saltwater varieties, show promise as mainstream seafood because of their high nutritional values.
Fatty acid (FA) profiling has historically been accomplished via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and can be used in tandem with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) untargeted lipidomics workflows to comprehensively investigate global FA and lipid dynamics. This approach requires both GC-MS and LC-MS platforms, adding expense, acquisition time, and sample consumption, yet lacks the ability to directly correlate fatty acid profiles to intact lipid molecules. To address this issue, we present a workflow to determine FA profiles from lipidomics data sets termed LC-MS fatty acid data extraction (LC-MS FADE). FA data were extrapolated from intact lipid peak areas and expressed as percent fractions. A total of eight disparate lipid extracts, including fetal bovine serum, nutritional yeast, beef liver, canola oil, Viral Producing Cells 1.0, Arabidopsis thaliana, Acheta domesticus, and Escherichia coli K12 were analyzed to assess the accuracy of this strategy. By comparing the LC-MS FADE profile to the GC-MS FAME profile, an average R2 value of 0.89 was obtained, demonstrating that LC-MS FADE can successfully and accurately extract FA profiles. LC-MS FADE data sets displayed improved detectivity by identifying more FAs with improved reproducibility compared to GC-MS FAME data. Significantly, lipid class-specific FA insights were obtained using LC-MS FADE that were not accessible with traditional GC-MS methods. LC-MS FADE can also be applied retrospectively to existing lipidomics data sets, enabling extraction of FA profiles from data not originally intended for FA analysis. This method provides additional insight into FA dynamics in complex untargeted lipidomics data sets and can be readily implemented into lipidomic workflows.
Red ginseng marc (RGM), a byproduct of hot water extraction, contains valuable lipid fractions and bioactive compounds. Conventional extraction methods often require harsh processing conditions and additional solvent removal steps, leading to high operational costs. Dimethyl ether (DME) was used as a green solvent to extract ginseng oil from RGM. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of temperature (303-333 K), pressure (3-7 MPa), and extraction time (20-80 min) on extraction yield, total ginsenoside content, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracted oil. Under optimal conditions (333 K, 7 MPa, 80 min), the extraction yield reached 3.37%, with total ginsenoside content of 4.22 mg g-1 dry RGM, and TPC of 1.09 mg GAE g-1 RGM. DME-extracted ginseng oil also exhibited higher antioxidant activity (9.04 mmol TE g-1 extract) and FAME content (14.93 mg g-1 dry RGM) compared to ethanol and hexane extracts. Notably, DME enabled direct extraction from wet RGM without prior drying. Extraction from wet RGM using DME resulted in higher ginsenoside content and extraction yield, but lower FAME content, compared to dry RGM. These findings highlight the potential of DME as a versatile, energy-efficient solvent for extracting bioactive ginseng oil from both dry and wet RGM, offering practical applications in the food and cosmetic industries.
This study explored a silica catalyst impregnated with APTES [(3-aminopropyl) triethoxy silane] for the transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel. Its aim was to enhance the activity of silica by adding various concentrations of APTES as a modifier, which would impart basic amine functional groups to the silica surface. Synthesis and functionalization of the silica were confirmed through the use of various characterization methods such as SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), FTIR (Fourier Transform Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area analysis. Of the four synthesized catalysts, the highest yield of biodiesel (62.2%) was obtained using the catalyst containing 0.75 g of APTES, used at 65 °C for 5 h with 0.3 g of catalyst. GC (Gas chromatography) showed a promising FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) profile, which suggests the FAME would have good properties essential to low temperatures, as well as aiding in the biodiesel cold flow properties. The catalyst retained over 90% of its catalytic activity after three cycles, demonstrating excellent reusability. Although the maximum biodiesel yield achieved was 62.2%, the consistent activity over multiple runs confirms the material's stability and operational potential.