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No AccessWorld Bank Institute Development Studies1 Feb 2013Granting and Renegotiating Infrastructure ConcessionsDoing it RightAuthors/Editors: J. Luis GuaschJ. Luis Guaschhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5792-1SectionsAboutPDF (3.9 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Little over a decade ago, infrastructure concessions promised to solve Latin America's endemic infrastructure deficit. Awarded in competitive auctions, these concessions were supposed to combine private sector efficiency with rent dissipation brought about by competition. Yet something did not go quite right, as concessions were plagued with opportunistic renegotiations, most of them at the expense of taxpayers. This book is a major contribution toward understanding what went wrong and what should be done differently in the future to reap the potential benefits of infrastructure reform and private participation in infrastructure provision. It begins by analyzing a rich data set on more than 1,000 infrastructure concessions, uncovering a series of puzzling stylized facts. It then considers alternative explanations for the patterns it has uncovered, and concludes with a series of insightful policy proposals aimed at avoiding the common mistakes and make concessions to efficiently contribute to economic growth and poverty reduction. Previous bookNext book FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byPrivate Finance of Public InfrastructureAnnual Review of Financial Economics, Vol.14, No.1Addressing Adverse Selection in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Procurement: An Agent-Based ApproachPublic Works Management & Policy, Vol.27, No.46 July 2022The Impact of Renegotiations on Public Values in Public–Private Partnerships: A Delphi Survey in ChinaJournal of Management in Engineering, Vol.38, No.5PPP Distress and Fiscal Contingent Liabilities in South Asia11 August 2022Managing the Fiscal Risks Wrought by Ppps: A Simple Framework and Some Lessons from Chile16 June 2022Improving Public–Private Partnerships for Renewable Electricity Infrastructure in Lower- and Middle-Income CountriesJournal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol.148, No.5Fiscal Risks from Early Termination of Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure15 April 2022Rational Inattention in Non-Profit Public-Private Partnerships: The Las Vegas Monorail Bankruptcy Case3 January 2022Port Development, Regulation and Financial Approach28 January 2022Motivation for Analysis and Evaluation of Logistic Costs29 March 2022Methodology: Definition and Selection of Variable to Measure Logistic Cost29 March 2022Introduction14 May 2022Doing It by the Book: Political Contestability and Public Contract RenegotiationsThe Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Vol.5815 December 2021Double Moral Hazard and Risk-Sharing in Construction ProjectsIEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol.68, No.6Under/Over‐Investment and Early Renegotiation in Public‐Private Partnerships*The Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol.69, No.42 February 2022Renegotiations and Renewals of Public ContractsReview of Industrial Organization, Vol.59, No.32 July 2021Variation Negotiation in PPP Toll-Road Projects: Option ApproachJournal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, Vol.13, No.4Partnership Communities, Vol.2621 October 2021What can public administration scholars learn from the economics controversies in public-private partnerships?Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, Vol.43, No.46 August 2021Public-Private Partnerships in South Asia: Managing the Fiscal Risks from Hidden Liabilities While Delivering Efficiency Gains7 October 2021The Determinants of Time Overruns in Portuguese Public ProjectsJournal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol.27, No.2Evaluating the performance of local SoEs as output‐maximizing entities: The case of Friuli Venezia GiuliaAnnals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol.92, No.217 September 2020Agency problems in public-private partnerships investment projectsEuropean Journal of Operational Research, Vol.290, No.3How PPP Renegotiation Behaviors Evolve with Traffic Changes: Evolutionary Game ApproachJournal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol.147, No.5Public-private partnerships in Mexico: Challenges and opportunities at local levelCompetition and Regulation in Network Industries, Vol.22, No.118 January 2021PREDICTING THE LITIGATION OUTCOME OF PPP PROJECT DISPUTES BETWEEN PUBLIC AUTHORITY AND PRIVATE PARTNER USING AN ENSEMBLE MODELJournal of Business Economics and Management, Vol.22, No.2Introduction19 February 2021Defining PPP Renegotiations19 February 2021Theory on PPP Renegotiations19 February 2021Renegotiation Analysis19 February 2021How (Not) to Foster Innovations in Public Infrastructure Projects*The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol.123, No.131 August 2020Contextualizing a Human Rights Perspective for Water Ethics: From Exploitation to Empowerment and Beyond21 October 2020Renegotiation Case Studies19 February 2021Public-Private Partnership in the World Economy: Possible Negative ConsequencesBaikal Research Journal, Vol.11, No.37 December 2020Gauging the stakeholders' perspective: towards PPP in building sectors and housingJournal of Housing and the Built Environment, Vol.35, No.418 June 2020Critical Failure Drivers in International Water PPP ProjectsJournal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol.26, No.4The Renegotiation on PPP Contracts and Subsidy EfficiencyIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.96010 December 2020Insights for the future of health system partnerships in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature reviewBMC Health Services Research, Vol.20, No.122 June 2020Does Institutional Quality Matter for Infrastructure Provision? 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D3 (Infrastructure Planning and Management), Vol.73, No.5Transaction Costs in Public?Private Partnerships: The Weight of Institutional Quality in Developing Countries RevisitedPublic Performance & Management Review, Vol.40, No.22 December 2016Government motivation-embedded return guarantee for urban infrastructure projects based on real optionsJournal of Civil Engineering and Management, Vol.22, No.712 July 2016Bibliometric Analysis of PPP and PFI Literature: Overview of 25 Years of ResearchJournal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol.142, No.10Transitional Public–Private Partnership Model in China: Contracting with Little Recourse to ContractsJournal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol.142, No.10The Real Option Value of Renegotiation in Public–Private PartnershipsJournal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol.142, No.8Winners and losers in tolled motorway renegotiations: an empirical evaluation of the Spanish pioneersPublic Money & Management, Vol.36, 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August to moral in port Research Part Logistics and Transportation Review, Toll Road Concession in It in the of Infrastructure Systems, Vol.20, in public-private partnership projects through an based on Management and Economics, Vol.32, May renegotiation and and from Latin American transport of Economics, January Political of Privatization Contracts: The Case of Water and in and & Vol.18, April in and an Economics, Vol.17, No.11 May THE AND IN AN PERSPECTIVEAnnals of Public and Cooperative Economics, February as local of the of Civil - The of the January Lessons from January A Survey of Engineering, in and Contract Electronic Contestability and Contract An Analysis of Electronic a project The of Management and Economics, PPP renegotiation a road in GreeceBuilt Environment Project and Asset Management, private partnerships in and Environment Project and Asset Management, in Road of Industrial Organization, Vol.43, No.37 June Governance A Review and Research Resources Management, Vol.27, June Determinants for Renegotiating Public Infrastructure Concessions: Evidence from of Construction Engineering and Management, to Government ContractsJournal of Infrastructure Systems, for the risk of in partnerships for Management Quarterly, Vol.13, in the initial of infrastructure projects: a and of Italian AND OF AND THE of Transportation Public-Private PartnershipsInternational Journal of and Research, May : de Partnerships: Transportation and Local Government Vol.39, Risk and Costs in Public–Private Partnerships: in the US Water Government Vol.39, Public–Private Partnerships: Design and Contracting Government Vol.39, Determinants for Renegotiating Concessions: Evidence from Local Government Vol.39, in Highway Concessions: in of in Engineering and Practice, of Local with Contracts in the Waste and Planning Government and Policy, January the Economic and Financial Model to Infrastructure Contract of Infrastructure Systems, the Development of Public-Private Partnerships in An 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financial of Management, on Public-Private Partnership to This July of costs in an empirical on Italian public contractsApplied Economics, April and Value in Public-Private A Private of Management Review, performance analysis of transport infrastructure in Vol.39, January to the case of the World Policy & Management, Vol.39, International with Rapid and Electronic Design Electronic Policy and Governance Electronic et la Vol.16, April A OF Administration, Vol.89, No.46 July and Participation in of Construction Engineering and Management, of Water Vol.48, February Transportation Public–Private Partnerships: Drivers of and Planning Vol.43, July and Development: A of the of Development OF DISPUTES IN PRIVATE WATER AND FROM of Public and Cooperative Economics, February et de de : de de en de and Policy Review, December & Economics on Electricity Electronic the and of Contracts in Infrastructure of Infrastructure Systems, Vol.16, reform and in & November to revenue in real toll partnership transportation projectsConstruction Management and Economics, and with Review, Vol.17, June for toll in analysis and Money & Management, in and of International Logistics and June Partnerships and the Public Review, December and of Portuguese Policy & Management, No.22 March the of public-private partnership in the water sector: from an of private of Public Procurement, Private Sector in the of Civil and in for European and Business Research, Vol.40, of Economic Reviews, Private Sector in the of Civil Electronic Partnerships and in Electronic the of Public-Private Partnerships in a - A Framework with Electronic Highway Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.122 May Market Infrastructure Project Their Risks and Journal of Vol.15, de : et et design and PPPs for for the Portuguese European Journal of Health Economics, April Partnerships: and the Structure of Review of Resource Economics, Vol.1, Contracts: and Institutional of Industrial Organization, Vol.35, October and Evidence from Transactions in Latin of Industrial Organization, Vol.35, October and Economic of Industrial Organization, Vol.35, October Risk Contract for Implementation and in Policy The Power Science Quarterly, No.31 September and infrastructure An Policy, Vol.17, contract and contract in the German during the Journal of Economics, Vol.40, and Public in Road A Comparative Analysis of Recent Transactions in the and Reviews, private participation in water and Empirical from Latin of International Development, Vol.21, - and Public Utilities Privatization in Developing Bank Economic Review, November Public and Vol.27, No.31 February Regulation and Institutional Design Matter for Infrastructure Sector and Design of Public Private PartnershipsSSRN Electronic JournalThe the of Renegotiation and in Toll Road Electronic JournalThe of to the Transport Electronic with Electronic and Renegotiations in Public-Private PartnershipsSSRN Electronic the of Electronic Infrastructure 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Mental Health Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak in China

American Journal of Psychiatry2020-05-07作者：Junying Zhou, Liu Liu, Pei Xue

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article CommentaryFull AccessMental Health Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak in ChinaJunying Zhou, M.D., Ph.D., Liu Liu, M.D., Pei Xue, M.D., Xiaorong Yang, B.N., Xiangdong Tang, M.D., Ph.D.Junying Zhou, M.D., Ph.D., Liu Liu, M.D., Pei Xue, M.D., Xiaorong Yang, B.N., Xiangdong Tang, M.D., Ph.D.Published Online:7 May 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20030304AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Transmission of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) (1) has now widely and rapidly spread around the world. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced that COVID-19 is a pandemic (2). The rapid transmission and mortality risk of the COVID-19 infection may increase the risk of mental health problems among healthy individuals in the general public and worsen preexisting psychiatric problems in psychiatric patients, although data are still being gathered. A constellation of difficult feelings and psychological distress, including panic, worries, and depression, could be triggered by the fear of possible infection, being quarantined at hospitals and home, social isolation, and even the shortage of protective gear.A number of mental health surveys associated with the COVID-19 outbreak are being conducted in different vulnerable populations, which include infected patients, medical staff, students, and the general population. Liu et al. have reported results from a multicenter survey conducted among 1,563 medical staff members and found that the prevalence of depression and anxiety was 51% and 45%, respectively (3). So far, data on the mental health repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic in outpatient populations have not been available. Thus, we conducted a questionnaire survey, from February 25 to March 9, 2020, among outpatients who sought care in the Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Sleep Medicine in West China Hospital of Sichuan University (Chengdu, China). A self-report questionnaire was completed by outpatients, who provided consent, via the WeChat-based survey program Questionnaire Star. A total of 2,065 out of 3,441 patients completed the survey, including 589 new patients and 1,476 existing patients. The prevalence rates of mental health problems related to the COVID-19 outbreak, including anxiety (defined as a total score ≥5 on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale), depression (defined as a total score ≥5 on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item scale), and insomnia (defined as a total score ≥8 on the Insomnia Severity Index), were 25.5%, 16.9%, and 26.2%, respectively. Furthermore, 20.9% of patients (N=300) with preexisting psychiatric disorders (N=1,434) reported a deterioration of their mental health condition related to the pandemic. In particular, transportation restrictions, isolation at home, and fear of cross-infection in hospitals have inevitably become major concerns and barriers to treatment for these patients during the outbreak. Our survey also showed that 24.5% of new patients, including those with anxiety (N=46), depression (N=37), insomnia (N=79), and psychosis (N=21), could not receive timely diagnoses and treatment. Similarly, 22.0% of existing patients with diagnosed mental disorders, including depression, bipolar disorders, and schizophrenia (N=315), could not receive routine psychiatric care because of suspended hospital visits. Consequently, 18.1% of patients (N=259) have self-reduced medication dosages, and 17.2% of patients (N=247) stopped taking their medication because they could not gain access to prescriptions from physicians during the outbreak. As the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders is 16.6% among adults in China (4), millions of psychiatric patients may face barriers to help seeking for timely management of their mental health condition. The long-term repercussions of the viral pandemic on the management of psychiatric patients warrant further investigation. Nonetheless, our data reiterate the importance of implementing appropriate mental health care measures in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, there have been ongoing measures and concerted efforts in China that emphasize the importance of dealing with the potentially concurrent mental health crisis. On January 26, 2020, the National Health Commission of China released principles for emergency psychological crisis intervention for the COVID-19 pandemic (5). Mental health hotlines were quickly established across China and provided the public with counseling and psychological services. The telephone and Internet have been widely used to deliver mental health care services, and social media platforms (e.g., WeChat, Weibo) have been used to share strategies, guidelines, and education programs for managing potential mental distress. In addition, a series of self-help handbooks for psychological care associated with COVID-19 have been published by the China Association for Mental Health, medical institutions, and universities.Furthermore, a number of hospitals in China have initiated telemedicine services for patients in need during the outbreak of COVID-19. On January 26, 2020, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, as one of the leading hospitals in China, opened a free online outpatient service involving more than 100 medical doctors across specialties. This online outpatient service was created mainly to provide prescriptions to existing patients and to offer consultation to new patients. Our hospital collaborated with commercial courier services to deliver medication to patients' homes at no cost. To date, thousands of patients have received health care provided by this online outpatient service. Interestingly, only 7.4% of patients with mental disorders (N=136) in our survey have sought online help for medical care. Thus, there is a need to promote online mental health care services across China to manage mental health problems during the pandemic.The long-term outcomes of the mental health interventions in both community and hospital settings need further evaluation to determine how we can ameliorate the negative effects of viral outbreaks in the general public, especially among vulnerable patients with mental health problems.Sleep Medicine Center (Zhou, Xue, Tang), Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center (Liu), and Outpatient Department (Yang), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.Send correspondence to Dr. Zhou ([email protected]).The authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.The authors thank the clinic nurses in the Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Sleep Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University.References1 Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al.: Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 2020; 395:565–574Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar2 World Health Organization (WHO): WHO director-general's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19: 11 March 2020 (https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020)Google Scholar3 Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, et al.: Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:e17–e18Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4 Huang Y, Wang Y, Wang H, et al.: Prevalence of mental disorders in China: a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Lancet Psychiatry 2019; 6:211–224Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar5 National Health Commission of China: [Principles for emergency psychological crisis intervention for the new coronavirus pneumonia.] http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s3577/202001/6adc08b966594253b2b791be5c3b9467.shtml (Chinese)Google Scholar FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byRelationship between depression and burnout among nurses in Intensive Care units at the late stage of COVID-19: a network analysis1 April 2024 | BMC Nursing, Vol. 23, No. 1Effects of Long COVID on Psycho-Physical Conditions in the Italian Population: A Statistical and Large Language Model Combined Description27 April 2024 | European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, Vol. 14, No. 5The efficacy of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder according to the mean age of patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis11 December 2023 | Psychology, Health & Medicine, Vol. 29, No. 4Descripción de un Programa de Telesalud Mental en el Marco de la Pandemia de COVID-19 en ColombiaRevista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, Vol. 53, No. 2Longitudinal trajectories of anxiety and depression in subjects with different mental disorders after one year in the COVID-19 pandemicPsychiatry Research, Vol. 334The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Families16 April 2024Effect of anxiety and depression on self-reported adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccine: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China3 March 2023 | BMC Public Health, Vol. 23, No. 1Evaluation of cognitive functions in a group of Egyptian recovered COVID-19 patients22 May 2023 | Middle East Current Psychiatry, Vol. 30, No. 1Trends in telemedicine utilization for mental illness during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of a nationwide database in Korea24 October 2023 | BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 23, No. 1Investigating the dynamic relationship between stigma of fear, discrimination and employees performance among healthcare workers during Covid-19 pandemic31 July 2023 | Cognition, Technology & Work, Vol. 25, No. 4"I Can't See an End in Sight." 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Internet Research, Vol. 22, No. an Outpatient Psychiatric to During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A October 2020 | Journal of Internet Research, Vol. 22, No. disorders in people infected with the coronavirus September 2020 | Journal of Public Health, Vol. No. 4 July authors thank the clinic nurses in the Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Sleep Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan April 2020 online May 2020 in 1 July 2020

Clinical Psychology Neurology Social Psychology

World Development Report 1993

World Bank eBooks1993-06-01作者：World Bank

No AccessWorld Development Report1 Feb 2013World Development Report 1993Investing in Health, Volume1Authors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-0890-0AboutView ChaptersPDF (6.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This is the sixteenth in the annual series and examines the interplay between human health, health policy and economic development. Because good health increases the economic productivity of individuals and the economic growth rate of countries, investing in health is one means of accelerating development. More important, good health is a goal in itself. During the past forty years life expectancy in the developing world has risen and child mortality has decreased, sometimes dramatically. But progress is only one side of the picture. The toll from childhood and tropical diseases remains high even as new problems - including AIDS and the diseases of aging populations - appear on the scene. And all countries are struggling with the problems of controlling health expenditures and making health care accessible to the broad population. This report examines the controversial questions surrounding health care and health policy. Its findings are based in large part on innovative research, including estimation of the global burden of disease and the cost-effectiveness of interventions. These assessments can help in setting priorities for health spending. The report advocates a threefold approach to health policy for governments in developing countries and in the formerly socialist countries. First, to foster an economic environment that will enable households to improve their own health. Policies for economic growth that ensure income gains for the poor are essential. So, too, is expanded investment in schooling, particulary for girls. Second, redirect government spending away from specialized care and toward such low-cost and highly effective activities such as immunization, programs to combat micronutrient deficiencies, and control and treatment of infectious diseases. By adopting the packages of public health measures and essential clinical care dsecribed in the report, developing countries could reduce their burden of disease by 25 percent. Third, encourage greater diversity and competition in the provision of health services by decentralizing government services, promoting competitive procurement practices, fostering greater involvement by nongovernmental and other private organizations, and regulating insurance markets. These reforms could translate into longer, healthier, and more productive lives for people around the world, and especially for the more than 1 billion poor. As in previous editions, this report includes the World Development Indicators, which give comprehensive, current data on social and economic development in more than 200 countries and territories. Previous bookNext book FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byLatin America at the margins? 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Development

Taking a Spiritual History Allows Clinicians to Understand Patients More Fully

Journal of Palliative Medicine2000-03-01作者：Christina M. Puchalski, Anna L. Romer

Journal of Palliative MedicineVol. 3, No. 1 Innovations in End-of-Life CareTaking a Spiritual History Allows Clinicians to Understand Patients More FullyDr. Christina Puchalski and Anna L. RomerDr. Christina Puchalski and Anna L. RomerPublished Online:19 Apr 2005https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2000.3.129AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byVerbalizing spiritual needs in palliative care: a qualitative interview study on verbal and non-verbal communication in two Danish hospices4 January 2022 | BMC Palliative Care, Vol. 21, No. 1Implementation of an Educational Toolkit to Increase Nurse Competence in Spirituality and Spiritual Care of Oncology Patients8 November 2022 | Journal of Holistic Nursing, Vol. 5Posicionamento sobre a Saúde Cardiovascular nas Mulheres – 2022Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Vol. 119, No. 5Experiences of German health care professionals with spiritual history taking in primary care: a mixed-methods process evaluation of the HoPES3 intervention15 October 2022 | Family Practice, Vol. 29Religious and spiritual journeys of LGBT older adults in rural Southern Appalachia25 October 2021 | Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, Vol. 34, No. 4The CASH assessment tool: A window into existential suffering19 May 2021 | Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, Vol. 28, No. 4Integrating religion/spirituality into professional social work practice27 July 2022 | Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, Vol. 41, No. 4The Concept of Spirituality in the Health Sector: Contributions from the Study of Religion27 September 2022 | International Journal of Latin American Religions, Vol. 12Systematic review: The relationship between religion, spirituality and mental health in adolescents who identify as transgender13 September 2022 | Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, Vol. 26„Des Lebens Ruf an uns wird niemals enden“ – Sinnzentrierte Interventionen im Überblick30 August 2022 | Zeitschrift für Palliativmedizin, Vol. 23, No. 05Case discussion: The critically ill older adult in spiritual distressGeriatric Nursing, Vol. 47Australian Patient Preferences for the Introduction of Spirituality into their Healthcare Journey: A Mixed Methods Study3 August 2022 | Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 27Religion, Spirituality, and Ethics in Psychiatric Practice30 March 2022 | Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, Vol. 210, No. 8Spiritual distress in dialysis: A case report21 July 2022 | Progress in Palliative Care, Vol. 211Interprofessional communication training to address spiritual aspects of cancer care19 July 2022 | Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, Vol. 29Spirituality in Serious Illness and HealthJAMA, Vol. 328, No. 2What is the role of spiritual care specialists in teaching generalist spiritual care? 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Psikoterapilerdeki Dini İzler15 December 2018 | Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi, Vol. 22, No. 3Women's Perceptions of Using Short Films to Integrate Spirituality in TherapyJournal of Systemic Therapies, Vol. 37, No. 4Content Validation of Advanced Illness Criteria of a Palliative Care Screening Tool Lauren C. DiLello, Karen Mulvihill, Jennifer Delli Carpini, Riddhi Shah, Julia Hermanowski, and Damanjeet Chaubey29 October 2018 | Journal of Palliative Medicine, Vol. 21, No. 11Understanding, assessing, and in the spiritual of medical and October 2018 | Theology, Vol. 11, No. and of in Living with October 2018 | Journal of & Social Services, Vol. No. for the spirituality as October 2018 | Revista de Vol. 71, No. An of an aged psychiatry March 2018 | Psychiatry, Vol. 26, No. de de vida de de Vol. 25, No. support and with in Care in the Care A Narrative June | Journal of Care Medicine, Vol. No. Care in Cancer: in the of of Clinical Oncology Educational Vol. 3, No. religion/spirituality in clinical practice: A among social and and October | Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 74, No. Spirituality in Care December | Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 57, No. of to spiritual care at the of a phenomenological exploration from the of palliative care February 2018 | Journal for the Study of Spirituality, Vol. 8, No. Existential Distress in Pediatric Cancer December and Patient Spiritual in the through October of Spirituality in November Psychological/Psychiatric, Social, and Spiritual Problems and July and End-of-Life Care in Cancer in Oncology Nursing, Vol. No. Care in Hospice and Palliative Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, Vol. 20, No. and Spirituality: Literature review and Journal of Counseling, Vol. 18, No. of the tool existential communication between and cancer August | European Journal of General Practice, Vol. 23, No. Education and of Christian Nursing, Vol. 34, No. Care Interventions in to and Therapy C. and D. September | Journal of Palliative Medicine, Vol. 20, No. in Patients with A Qualitative September | Journal of Research in Nursing and Vol. 14, No. theory on the and in an exploratory case study September | Vol. 69, No. of the of Spirituality and Palliative Care Research and of Pain and Symptom Management, Vol. No. of a spiritual care training program for staff on November | Palliative and Supportive Care, Vol. 15, No. 4Spiritual distress and spiritual care in advanced heart July | Reviews, Vol. and Spiritual Patient Simulation in Nursing, Vol. No. Vol. 42, No. 4The impact of a spiritual in patients with and and their support December | Vol. 26, No. 3The Importance of a Spiritual History in Healthcare Vol. No. About Substance Use DisordersJournal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, Vol. No. and Spiritual Beliefs of April | Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. No. Care Perceptions of and With of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, Vol. 19, No. in Substance Use What to Know to Practice30 November | in Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 38, No. End-of-Life Care to Religious and Vol. No. of Social Education, Vol. 53, No. Nursing Care and of Christian Nursing, Vol. 34, No. 1The of taking a religious and spiritual July | Psychiatry, Vol. 24, No. religion and spirituality in Vol. No. the role of religious in the at the of of Vol. No. care spiritual March | Supportive Care in Cancer, Vol. 24, No. Spiritual Care and the Role of An Review of Literature and April | Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. No. of the Spiritual Needs of of with Is in the June | Journal of Palliative Medicine, Vol. 19, No. Impact of a Tool for Comprehensive Assessment of Palliative Care on Assessment at and of Pain and Symptom Management, Vol. No. from Healthcare Students to Understand Spiritual Assessment in Clinical Practice29 October | Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. No. Spirituality in January | Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. No. 3Development and of to Assess Nurse Provision of Spiritual August 2014 | Journal of Holistic Nursing, Vol. 34, No. and Validation of the Practice Assessment September 2014 | Research on Social Practice, Vol. 26, No. and the Medical A of July | Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, Vol. 22, No. history taking in palliative care: A controlled September | Palliative Medicine, Vol. 30, No. Is Is Using A and the Life With American in Spiritual March | Journal of in Mental Health, Vol. 11, No. and spiritual in September | International Journal of and Mental Health, Vol. No. 1The of Hospital to and Patients’ Spiritual A May | Journal for the Study of Spirituality, Vol. No. 1The and to March End-of-Life Spiritual March in Holistic Patient Journal of Nursing, Vol. No. of spiritual assessment for older September 2014 | and Vol. No. und der der Care, Vol. No. Spirituality and A for Holistic January | Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. No. and Belief, in Care spiritual history tool by C. 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Health Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Clinical Psychology

Sex and Gender Disparities in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Journal of Women s Health2020-04-01作者：Jewel Gausman, Ana Langer

Journal of Women's HealthVol. 29, No. 4 CommentaryFree AccessSex and Gender Disparities in the COVID-19 PandemicJewel Gausman and Ana LangerJewel GausmanWomen & Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this author and Ana LangerAddress correspondence to: Ana Langer, MD, Women & Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, FXB Building 6th Floor Office 643B, Boston, MA 02115 E-mail Address: [email protected]Women & Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:17 Apr 2020https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8472AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookXLinked InRedditEmail In the case of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, sex-disaggregated data suggest that fewer women are dying from the disease than men.1 However, taking this observation at face value oversimplifies the biological, behavioral, and social and systemic factors that may cause differences to emerge with regard to how women and men experience both the disease and its consequences. As governments react with swift and severe measures in their ongoing fight to control the pandemic's spread, it is important to understand how these actions may disproportionately increase the risks for women both directly and indirectly with regard to sex and gender.Pregnant women are often among the most vulnerable groups during public health emergencies. In some cases, pregnant women face increased biological susceptibility to adverse health outcomes, as in the case of some respiratory infections. With other emergent coronaviruses, such as those responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), pregnant women who became infected were found to be more likely than nonpregnant women to experience severe complications.2 It is still too early to tell whether this will be the case with COVID-19.In the ongoing pandemic, other factors may have a ripple effect that put women at increased risk even if the disease itself does not. As made clear during the 2014 Ebola outbreak, the consequences of large-scale infectious disease outbreaks on uninfected pregnant women can be dire. Routine prenatal care appointments, if not interrupted or discontinued, may put women at increased risk of exposure to the virus. Overwhelmed hospitals struggling to function with staff and supply shortages may not be able to provide the high quality of care that all pregnant women and their newborns deserve, let alone respond to emergency obstetric complications. Furthermore, there is also a risk that life-saving treatments or vaccines will be denied to pregnant women over concern for fetal safety or a lack of data.3,4The fear of infection, concern for the well-being of friends and loved ones, uncertainty, disruption, and social isolation that have become part and parcel of daily life for many around the world will undoubtedly have profound effects on mental health on the population at large, but being pregnant during a global pandemic is likely to be even more frightening for many women. Although containment strategies, such as those that require women to deliver without a companion present, including partners and doulas, that have already been put into place in some cities in the United States,5 or those that separate newborns from their mothers immediately after birth if the mother is infected with COVID-196 may be clinically important to reduce transmission, they may also have profound short- and long-term mental health implications for women. Among women who have young children, previous research in Ethiopia, India, and Vietnam found that women who experience family-related stressful life events, such as illness or death within the household and financial uncertainty, are more likely to experience episodes of severe mental distress.7 With the ongoing need to social distance, family and community networks may struggle and pregnant and postpartum women may feel even more vulnerable and isolated over a lack of social support.The adverse effects of the pandemic in relation to women's reproductive health are not limited to pregnancy or motherhood. As movement restrictions are put into place, supply chains are disrupted, and businesses are shuttered, some women may be at increased risk of unintended pregnancy should it become difficult to obtain their regular contraceptive method or emergency contraceptives, if needed. Furthermore, some states within the United States have begun to impose restrictions on certain medical procedures that they deem to be elective, including abortion, suggesting they must be delayed until after the pandemic is over.8 Spikes in domestic violence during times of crisis are another area of grave concern for women's health, and as governments continue to put into place more extreme measures to enforce social distancing, for some women, more time at home may mean more time spent with an abusive partner. Fewer social interactions may also mean less accountability for perpetrators and fewer opportunities for others to intervene.Gender-related factors may also increase the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women globally. Women constitute a disproportionately high percentage of caregivers in both the formal and informal sectors.9 A large proportion of frontline health care professionals (nurses, community health workers, health technicians, etc.) is women who face a higher risk of infection, morbidity, and death as a result of their profession.9 At the same time, women more frequently serve as the primary caregivers within a household, which may further increase their risk of exposure. In the United States, 65% of unpaid family caregivers are estimated to be women and 80% of them care for someone aged 50 years or older.10 Outside of their caregiving role, women are overrepresented in the informal employment sector. In low-and middle-income countries, two-thirds of women who work do so as part of the informal economy with limited access to health care for themselves and their families.9 Containment and mitigation policies that limit women's ability to perform their duties without offering effective alternatives, such as closing of daycare facilities for their children or not providing paid sick leave, may result in unnecessary exposure to disease and increased family vulnerability.It is urgent that we adopt a gender lens to study the pandemic and its effects, including the policies and actions that are put into place at the global, country, and local levels. This may be especially important in disadvantaged populations and resource-poor communities, where women are especially vulnerable. The public health community must ensure that existing health and social services meant to support women in the face of their unique needs do not disappear in lieu of the all-encompassing focus on stopping the pandemic. Furthermore, we argue that special attention needs to be paid to ensure that informal caregivers are supported, informed, and protected. To avoid making existing gender disparities larger as a result of the pandemic, a special body at the U.S. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention is urgently needed to track sex disaggregated data and analyze policies related to COVID-19 using a gender lens.Author Disclosure StatementNo competing financial interests exist.Funding InformationNo funding was received for this article.References1. Cai H. Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med 2020;pii: S2213-2600(20)30117-X. Medline, Google Scholar2. Favre G, Pomar L, Musso D, Baud D. 2019-nCoV epidemic: What about pregnancies? Lancet 2020;395:e40. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3. Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: What obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;pii: S0002-9378(20)30197-6. Medline, Google Scholar4. Weigel G. Novel coronavirus "COVID-19": Special considerations for pregnant women. Available at: https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/novel-coronavirus-covid-19-special-considerations-for-pregnant-women/?utm_source=Global+Health+NOW+Main+List Accessed March 17, 2020. Google Scholar5. Caron C, Syckle KV. Laboring alone: Some hospitals bar partners because of virus fears. The New York Times. 2020. Google Scholar6. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice advisory: Novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Available at: https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Practice-Advisories/Practice-Advisory-Novel-Coronavirus2019?IsMobileSet=false Accessed March 13, 2020. Google Scholar7. Gausman J, Austin SB, Subramanian S, Langer A. Adversity, social capital, and mental distress among mothers of small children: A cross-sectional study in three low and middle-income countries. PLoS One 2020;15:e0228435. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar8. Tavernise S. Texas and Ohio include abortion as medical procedures that must be delayed. The New York Times. 2020. Google Scholar9. Langer A, Meleis A, Knaul FM, et al. Women and health: The key for sustainable development. Lancet 2015;386:1165–1210. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar10. Feinberg L, Reinhard SC, Houser A, Choula R. Valuing the invaluable: 2011 update, the growing contributions and costs of family caregiving. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute, 2011:32. 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Obstetrics and Gynecology Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Clinical Psychology

Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda

World Bank policy research working paper1999-11-30作者：Ross Levine

No AccessPolicy Research Working Papers21 Jun 2013Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and AgendaAuthors/Editors: Ross LevineRoss Levinehttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1678SectionsAboutPDF (3.4 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:October 1996 A growing body of theoretical and empirical work would push even skeptics toward the belief that the development of financial markets and institutions is critical to economic growth, rather than a sideshow or a passive response to growth. Levine argues that the preponderance of theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence suggests a positive, first-order relationship between financial development and economic growth. There is even evidence that the level of financial development is a good predictor of future rates of economic growth, capital accumulation, and technological change. Moreover, cross-country, case-study, industry-level, and firm-level analyses document extensive periods when financial development (or the lack thereof) crucially affects the speed and pattern of economic development. Levine explains what the financial system does and how it affects, and is affected by, economic growth. Theory suggests that financial instruments, markets, and institutions arise to mitigate the effects of information and transaction costs. A growing literature shows that differences in how well financial systems reduce information and transaction costs influence savings rates, investment decisions, technological innovation, and long-run growth rates. A less developed theoretical literature shows how changes in economic activity can influence financial systems. Without minimizing the role of institutions, Levine advocates a functional approach to understanding the role of financial systems in economic growth. This approach focuses on the ties between growth and the quality of the functions provided by the financial system. Levine discourages a narrow focus on one financial instrument, such as money, or a particular institution, such as banks. Instead, he addresses the more comprehensive, and difficult, question: What is the relationship between financial structure and the functioning of the financial system? More research is needed on financial development. Why does financial structure change as countries grow, for example? Why do countries at similar stages of economic development have different looking financial systems? Are there long-run economic growth advantages to adopting legal and policy changes that create one type of financial structure rather than another? This paper is a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Division, Policy Research Department. Previous bookNext book FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byImpact of digital finance on energy efficiency: empirical findings from ChinaEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol.30, No.28 August 2022Stock market development and nexus of market liquidity: The case of FijiInternational Journal of Finance & Economics, Vol.27, No.47 December 2020Does digital finance affect the quality of economic growth? 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Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician Charter

Annals of Internal Medicine2002-02-05

Perspectives5 February 2002Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician CharterFREEProject of the ABIM Foundation, ACP–ASIM Foundation, and European Federation of Internal Medicine*Project of the ABIM Foundation, ACP–ASIM Foundation, and European Federation of Internal Medicine*Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00012 SectionsAboutVisual AbstractPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail To our readers: I write briefly to introduce the Medical Professionalism Project and its principal product, the Charter on Medical Professionalism. The charter appears in print for the first time in this issue of Annals and simultaneously in The Lancet. I hope that we will look back upon its publication as a watershed event in medicine. Everyone who is involved with health care should read the charter and ponder its meaning.The charter is the product of several years of work by leaders in the ABIM Foundation, the ACP–ASIM Foundation, and the European Federation of Internal Medicine. The charter consists of a brief introduction and rationale, three principles, and 10 commitments. The introduction contains the following premise: Changes in the health care delivery systems in countries throughout the industrialized world threaten the values of professionalism. The document conveys this message with chilling brevity. The authors apparently feel no need to defend this premise, perhaps because they believe that it is a universally held truth. The authors go further, stating that the conditions of medical practice are tempting physicians to abandon their commitment to the primacy of patient welfare. These are very strong words. Whether they are strictly true for the profession as a whole is almost beside the point. Each physician must decide if the circumstances of practice are threatening his or her adherence to the values that the medical profession has held dear for many millennia.Three Fundamental Principles set the stage for the heart of the charter, a set of commitments. One of the three principles, the principle of primacy of patient welfare, dates from ancient times. Another, the principle of patient autonomy, has a more recent history. Only in the later part of the past century have people begun to view the physician as an advisor, often one of many, to an autonomous patient. According to this view, the center of patient care is not in the physician's office or the hospital. It is where people live their lives, in the home and the workplace. There, patients make the daily choices that determine their health. The principle of social justice is the last of the three principles. It calls upon the profession to promote a fair distribution of health care resources.There is reason to expect that physicians from every point on the globe will read the charter. Does this document represent the traditions of medicine in cultures other than those in the West, where the authors of the charter have practiced medicine? We hope that readers everywhere will engage in dialogue about the charter, and we offer our pages as a place for that dialogue to take place. If the traditions of medical practice throughout the world are not congruent with one another, at least we may make progress toward understanding how physicians in different cultures understand their commitments to patients and the public.Many physicians will recognize in the principles and commitments of the charter the ethical underpinning of their professional relationships, individually with their patients and collectively with the public. For them, the challenge will be to live by these precepts and to resist efforts to impose a corporate mentality on a profession of service to others. Forces that are largely beyond our control have brought us to circumstances that require a restatement of professional responsibility. The responsibility for acting on these principles and commitments lies squarely on our shoulders.–Harold C. Sox, MD, EditorPhysicians today are experiencing frustration as changes in the health care delivery systems in virtually all industrialized countries threaten the very nature and values of medical professionalism. Meetings among the European Federation of Internal Medicine, the American College of Physicians–American Society of Internal Medicine (ACP–ASIM), and the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) have confirmed that physician views on professionalism are similar in quite diverse systems of health care delivery. We share the view that medicine's commitment to the patient is being challenged by external forces of change within our societies.Recently, voices from many countries have begun calling for a renewed sense of professionalism, one that is activist in reforming health care systems. Responding to this challenge, the European Federation of Internal Medicine, the ACP–ASIM Foundation, and the ABIM Foundation combined efforts to launch the Medical Professionalism Project (www.professionalism.org) in late 1999. These three organizations designated members to develop a “charter” to encompass a set of principles to which all medical professionals can and should aspire. The charter supports physicians' efforts to ensure that the health care systems and the physicians working within them remain committed both to patient welfare and to the basic tenets of social justice. Moreover, the charter is intended to be applicable to different cultures and political systems.PreambleProfessionalism is the basis of medicine's contract with society. It demands placing the interests of patients above those of the physician, setting and maintaining standards of competence and integrity, and providing expert advice to society on matters of health. The principles and responsibilities of medical professionalism must be clearly understood by both the profession and society. Essential to this contract is public trust in physicians, which depends on the integrity of both individual physicians and the whole profession.At present, the medical profession is confronted by an explosion of technology, changing market forces, problems in health care delivery, bioterrorism, and globalization. As a result, physicians find it increasingly difficult to meet their responsibilities to patients and society. In these circumstances, reaffirming the fundamental and universal principles and values of medical professionalism, which remain ideals to be pursued by all physicians, becomes all the more important.The medical profession everywhere is embedded in diverse cultures and national traditions, but its members share the role of healer, which has roots extending back to Hippocrates. Indeed, the medical profession must contend with complicated political, legal, and market forces. Moreover, there are wide variations in medical delivery and practice through which any general principles may be expressed in both complex and subtle ways. Despite these differences, common themes emerge and form the basis of this charter in the form of three fundamental principles and as a set of definitive professional responsibilities.Fundamental PrinciplesPrinciple of primacy of patient welfare. This principle is based on a dedication to serving the interest of the patient. Altruism contributes to the trust that is central to the physician–patient relationship. Market forces, societal pressures, and administrative exigencies must not compromise this principle.Principle of patient autonomy. Physicians must have respect for patient autonomy. Physicians must be honest with their patients and empower them to make informed decisions about their treatment. Patients' decisions about their care must be paramount, as long as those decisions are in keeping with ethical practice and do not lead to demands for inappropriate care.Principle of social justice. The medical profession must promote justice in the health care system, including the fair distribution of health care resources. Physicians should work actively to eliminate discrimination in health care, whether based on race, gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, religion, or any other social category.A Set of Professional ResponsibilitiesCommitment to professional competence. Physicians must be committed to lifelong learning and be responsible for maintaining the medical knowledge and clinical and team skills necessary for the provision of quality care. More broadly, the profession as a whole must strive to see that all of its members are competent and must ensure that appropriate mechanisms are available for physicians to accomplish this goal.Commitment to honesty with patients. Physicians must ensure that patients are completely and honestly informed before the patient has consented to treatment and after treatment has occurred. This expectation does not mean that patients should be involved in every minute decision about medical care; rather, they must be empowered to decide on the course of therapy. Physicians should also acknowledge that in health care, medical errors that injure patients do sometimes occur. Whenever patients are injured as a consequence of medical care, patients should be informed promptly because failure to do so seriously compromises patient and societal trust. Reporting and analyzing medical mistakes provide the basis for appropriate prevention and improvement strategies and for appropriate compensation to injured parties.Commitment to patient confidentiality. Earning the trust and confidence of patients requires that appropriate confidentiality safeguards be applied to disclosure of patient information. This commitment extends to discussions with persons acting on a patient's behalf when obtaining the patient's own consent is not feasible. Fulfilling the commitment to confidentiality is more pressing now than ever before, given the widespread use of electronic information systems for compiling patient data and an increasing availability of genetic information. Physicians recognize, however, that their commitment to patient confidentiality must occasionally yield to overriding considerations in the public interest (for example, when patients endanger others).Commitment to maintaining appropriate relations with patients. Given the inherent vulnerability and dependency of patients, certain relationships between physicians and patients must be avoided. In particular, physicians should never exploit patients for any sexual advantage, personal financial gain, or other private purpose.Commitment to improving quality of care. Physicians must be dedicated to continuous improvement in the quality of health care. This commitment entails not only maintaining clinical competence but also working collaboratively with other professionals to reduce medical error, increase patient safety, minimize overuse of health care resources, and optimize the outcomes of care. Physicians must actively participate in the development of better measures of quality of care and the application of quality measures to assess routinely the performance of all individuals, institutions, and systems responsible for health care delivery. Physicians, both individually and through their professional associations, must take responsibility for assisting in the creation and implementation of mechanisms designed to encourage continuous improvement in the quality of care.Commitment to improving access to care. Medical professionalism demands that the objective of all health care systems be the availability of a uniform and adequate standard of care. Physicians must individually and collectively strive to reduce barriers to equitable health care. Within each system, the physician should work to eliminate barriers to access based on education, laws, finances, geography, and social discrimination. A commitment to equity entails the promotion of public health and preventive medicine, as well as public advocacy on the part of each physician, without concern for the self-interest of the physician or the profession.Commitment to a just distribution of finite resources. While meeting the needs of individual patients, physicians are required to provide health care that is based on the wise and cost-effective management of limited clinical resources. They should be committed to working with other physicians, hospitals, and payers to develop guidelines for cost-effective care. The physician's professional responsibility for appropriate allocation of resources requires scrupulous avoidance of superfluous tests and procedures. The provision of unnecessary services not only exposes one's patients to avoidable harm and expense but also diminishes the resources available for others.Commitment to scientific knowledge. Much of medicine's contract with society is based on the integrity and appropriate use of scientific knowledge and technology. Physicians have a duty to uphold scientific standards, to promote research, and to create new knowledge and ensure its appropriate use. The profession is responsible for the integrity of this knowledge, which is based on scientific evidence and physician experience.Commitment to maintaining trust by managing conflicts of interest. Medical professionals and their organizations have many opportunities to compromise their professional responsibilities by pursuing private gain or personal advantage. Such compromises are especially threatening in the pursuit of personal or organizational interactions with for-profit industries, including medical equipment manufacturers, insurance companies, and pharmaceutical firms. Physicians have an obligation to recognize, disclose to the general public, and deal with conflicts of interest that arise in the course of their professional duties and activities. Relationships between industry and opinion leaders should be disclosed, especially when the latter determine the criteria for conducting and reporting clinical trials, writing editorials or therapeutic guidelines, or serving as editors of scientific journals.Commitment to professional responsibilities. As members of a profession, physicians are expected to work collaboratively to maximize patient care, be respectful of one another, and participate in the processes of self-regulation, including remediation and discipline of members who have failed to meet professional standards. The profession should also define and organize the educational and standard-setting process for current and future members. Physicians have both individual and collective obligations to participate in these processes. These obligations include engaging in internal assessment and accepting external scrutiny of all aspects of their professional performance.SummaryThe practice of medicine in the modern era is beset with unprecedented challenges in virtually all cultures and societies. These challenges center on increasing disparities among the legitimate needs of patients, the available resources to meet those needs, the increasing dependence on market forces to transform health care systems, and the temptation for physicians to forsake their traditional commitment to the primacy of patients' interests. To maintain the fidelity of medicine's social contract during this turbulent time, we believe that physicians must reaffirm their active dedication to the principles of professionalism, which entails not only their personal commitment to the welfare of their patients but also collective efforts to improve the health care system for the welfare of society. This Charter on Medical Professionalism is intended to encourage such dedication and to promote an action agenda for the profession of medicine that is universal in scope and purpose. Comments0 CommentsSign In to Submit A Comment Dr.Tanu Pramanik PhD(Social Psychology) Principal,Dr.Jogenananda Pramanik MD Executive Dean, Careers Abroad Institute School of Medicine, Mandeville, Jamaica.WI. Principal, Careers Abroad Institute School of Medicine,Hatfield, Mandeville, Manchester, Jamaica, WI.,16 October 2017 Humanise health care- A major concern workdwide The practice of medicine in the modern era is beset with unprecedented challenges in virtually all cultures and societies(1).We applauded current initiative to review and humanise health care.In the recent past,we responded to the editorial in British Medical Journal, emphasising impact of behavioural science curriculum in medical education.We are painfully concerned that most of our medical students are unfortunate that they did not get an opportunity to learn about behavioural science as a part of their curriculum during their medical school training program. They were never been exposed to the local community for a supervised health screening program with a mission to develop doctor-patient relationship and professional communication skills in real life scenarioRef: 1.Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician Charter.Impact of behavioural science curriculum in medical education 2016; 355 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6262 (Published 13 December 2016)Cite this as: BMJ 2016;355:i6262Re: Humanising healthcare Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Corresponding Author: Linda Blank, ABIM Foundation, 510 Walnut Street, Suite 1700, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3699; e-mail, [email protected]org.*This charter was written by the members of the Medical Professionalism Project: ABIM Foundation: Troy Brennan, MD, JD (Project Chair), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Linda Blank (Project Staff), ABIM Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Jordan Cohen, MD, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC; Harry Kimball, MD, American Board of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Neil Smelser, PhD, University of California, Berkeley, California. ACP–ASIM Foundation: Robert Copeland, MD, Southern Cardiopulmonary Associates, LaGrange, Georgia; Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, MD, MBA, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, New Jersey; and Walter McDonald, MD, American College of Physicians–American Society of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. European Federation of Internal Medicine: Gunilla Brenning, MD, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Christopher Davidson, MD, FRCP, FESC, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom; Philippe Jaeger, MB, MD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Alberto Malliani, MD, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy; Hein Muller, MD, PhD, Ziekenhuis Gooi-Noord, Rijksstraatweg, the Netherlands; Daniel Sereni, MD, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; and Eugene Sutorius, JD, Faculteit der Rechts Geleerdheid, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Special Consultants: Richard Cruess, MD, and Sylvia Cruess, MD, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Jaime Merino, MD, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoCharter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Sadeq A. Quraishi and Ayesha N. Khalid Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Neil J. Smelser Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Charles M. Haskell Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Neil J. Smelser Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Donatella Lippi , GianFranco Gensini , and Andrea A. Conti Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Neil J. Smelser Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Jerome C. Arnett Jr. Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Sylvia L. Cruess and Richard L. Cruess Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Robert Feldman Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Walter J. McDonald Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Steven A. Wartman Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Jordan J. Cohen Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Yevgeniya Nusinovich Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Risa Lavizzo-Mourey Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Richard L. Cruess and Sylvia L. Cruess Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice Christopher J. Lyons Professionalism and the Medical Student Nancy R. Angoff Providing High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care Christine K. Cassel Providing High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care Steven E. Weinberger Can the Practice of Retainer Medicine Improve Primary Care? Martin T. Donohoe Metrics Cited byA scoping review on the relationship between mental wellbeing and medical professionalismEmergency physician professionalism versus wellness: A conceptual modelSystem Citizenship: Re-Envisioning the Physician Role as Part of the Sixth Wave of ProfessionalismRECALMIN IV. Evolución de la actividad de las unidades de medicina interna del Sistema Nacional de Salud (2008-2021)RECALMIN IV. Evolution in the activity of internal medicine units of the National Health System (2008–2021)Should a patient’s socioeconomic status count in decisions about treatment in medical care? A longitudinal study of Norwegian doctorsValidity and reliability of the Professionalism Assessment Scale in Turkish medical studentsRelevance of Bone Marrow Biopsies for Response Assessment in US National Cancer Institute National Clinical Trials Network Follicular Lymphoma Clinical Trials“It really puts me in a bind”, professionalism dilemmas reported by Chinese residentsShared Decision MakingLos fundamentos del profesionalismo en medicinaImplementation of an Online Reporting System to Identify Unprofessional Behaviors and Mistreatment Directed at Trainees at an Academic Medical CenterNational Health Policy Leadership Program for General InternistsProfessionalism in dentistry: deconstructing common terminologyMedical in the Program during the a study about and the development of new and a of the for patient assessment of medical professionalism a setting how of medical professional are The of a a study on in beyond integrity and curriculum on informed toward persons with of or A into medical professionalism among medical students and new physicians in a of a based clinical program to reduce professional and social a in of the on Medical of Professionalism: A on on the of Physician care in a clinical and informed Professionalism in Medical and Medical of in of current and for the de las en de la de Physician to the of Health and with for medical school after in A and in Policy for of the A me do change and the different of a to Health for Health in the and ethical systems for but to The of Medical the and among of a Cancer the Relationships between the and and or to Care views and of professionalism mental health services patients and of at the of by of and The of A to Professional and to Clinical Practice and and Medical and Society Each A on Medical Society and is A the Role in a Leadership The de de and of medical professionalism for and de do a de of the of and in of a Medical School in Medicine of to Medical in Clinical A Professionalism in the of Clinical Care in Medical More Academic A by and Unprofessional on for Health Care and of the of Health for the and health patient and as an in Medical and and of role of social in the relationship between physician and professionalism of of Unprofessional by Physicians and Practice of in a based on clinical role of medical students training in respect for patient and a of the Care a and of for among medical and in medical a study of its with professionalism are the of Care and of Health for in Health a of Health Medical Society for Medicine Principles for the of Medicine in of Medical Professionalism among Medical in of a of in clinical learning on Medical Board as a for of Professionalism in Medical care needs of persons with and their A scoping of of Professional professionalism and a of from to of healthcare leaders in with physicians an of in Medical of in Medical a Medical students American Association and American College of on Professionalism

Economics and Econometrics General Health Professions Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

Rethinking Decentralization in Developing Countries

The World Bank eBooks1998-10-01作者：Jennie I. Litvack, Junaid Aḥmad, Richard M. Bird

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Rethinking Decentralization in Developing CountriesAuthors/Editors: Jennie Litvack, Junaid Ahmad, Richard BirdJennie Litvack, Junaid Ahmad, Richard Birdhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4350-5SectionsAboutPDF (0.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This paper draws on the growing experience with decentralization in developing countries, to explore how a wide range of variables can affect decentralization efforts, and, how policies, and incentives can be designed to improve outcomes. The paper highlights the fact that decentralization is neither good, nor bad for efficiency, equity, or macroeconomic stability; but rather that its effects depend on institution-specific design. It discusses the building blocks of fiscal federalism (expenditure and revenue assignment, intergovernmental transfers, and sub-national borrowing), to then discuss the means through which decentralization policy, and institutions interact. These are the regulatory framework for sub-national borrowing, information systems and competitive governments, asymmetrical decentralization, and policy synchronization. The paper ' s starting point is the traditional fiscal federalism approach, though the primary measures for local/central accountability, assumed in most decentralization discussions, may not hold, or are different in many developing countries. The paper suggests the need for stronger focus on institutions, enhancing accountability, governance, and capacity in the context of designing decentralization policies. FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byA functional approach to decentralization in the electricity sector: learning from community choice aggregation in CaliforniaJournal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol.66, No.67 February 2022Tying decentralization and income redistribution to fight corruption: Empirical evidence from developed and developing countriesFrontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Vol.816 January 2023Facing or retreating? 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A decision space analysis of Ugandan healthcare facilitiesHealth Policy and Planning, Vol.36, No.924 June 2021Centralisation in one step. Centralisation and decentralisation in Hungary from a public services perspectivePolitics in Central Europe, Vol.17, No.s122 October 2021How do ethnic groups compete for a new province in a decentralised Indonesia?Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol.29, No.329 October 2021The role of policy analysis and its impact on decision-making in local governments: the case of the Seoul Metropolitan GovernmentInternational Review of Public Administration, Vol.26, No.312 October 2021How does asymmetric decentralization affect local fiscal performance?Regional Studies, Vol.55, No.618 January 2021Public Financing of Human Development in India: A ReviewIndian Journal of Human Development, Vol.15, No.128 April 2021Comparative Perspectives21 January 2021Exploring decision makers' knowledge, attitudes and practices about decentralisation and health resources transfer to local governments in Burkina FasoGlobal Public Health, Vol.26 October 2020Subnational operationalization of One Health: lessons from the establishment of One Health rapid response teams in TanzaniaTransactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol.114, No.717 March 2020Public sector corruption and perceived government performance in transitionGovernance, Vol.4723 June 2020TRANSACTIONAL POLITICAL PRACTICES IN THE ASYMMETRIC DECENTRALIZATION SYSTEM IN ACEH (10-YEAR ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL AUTONOMY FUND MANAGEMENT PERIOD 2008-2018)Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, Vol.8, No.319 September 2020Decentralization and Income Inequality in a Panel and Cross‐Section of CountriesJournal of International Development, Vol.32, No.428 March 2020Regional health disparities in Burkina Faso during the period of health care decentralization. Results of a macro-level analysisThe International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol.1020 April 2020The Dangers of Fiscal Decentralization and Public Service Delivery: a Review of ArgumentsPolitische Vierteljahresschrift, Vol.1526 March 2020Decentralization Reform: An Effective Vehicle for Modernization and Democratization in Ukraine?29 July 2020Changing Patterns and General Dilemmas in Hungarian Territorial Governance20 October 2020Evaluation of Decentralization Programs3 November 2020Governance Without Power? The Fight of the Hungarian Counties for Survival8 October 2020From Financial Centralisation to Political Centralisation. The Focal Points of the Municipal Reforms from the Transition Until Present Day Hungary8 October 2020New Urban Agenda in Asia-Pacific: Governance for Sustainable and Inclusive Cities4 May 2019Trailing back from quasi decentralisation to centralisation. Municipal reform in HungaryWschodnioznawstwo, Vol.141 January 2020Decentralization, Fiscal Independence, and Poverty in the PhilippinesPublic Budgeting & Finance, Vol.39, No.431 October 2019Can disincentives bring accountability in governance? Experiences of Right to Public Services Guarantee Act in Madhya Pradesh State of IndiaJournal of Public Affairs, Vol.19, No.429 May 2019Is Divorce a Solution? Decentralization Effect on Economic Growth in Post-Civil Conflict CountriesPeace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, Vol.25, No.327 June 2019Empowerment through participation in local governance: the case of Union Parishad in BangladeshPublic Administration and Policy, Vol.22, No.1Decentralization and health resources transfer to local governments in Burkina Faso: A SWOT analysis among health care decision makersHealth Science Reports, Vol.2, No.614 April 2019Autonomy, health expenditures and developmentInternational Journal of Development Issues, Vol.18, No.2Conservation in Context: Toward a Systems Framing of Decentralized Governance and Public Participation in Wildlife ManagementReview of Policy Research, Vol.36, No.212 December 2018Industrial development in decentralized conditions: experience of leading industrial countries and conclusions for UkraineEkonomìka ì prognozuvannâ, Vol.2018, No.415 February 2019Introduction28 November 2018Decentralization and Capacity in Public Governance28 November 2018Conclusion: Toward an Asymmetrical Decentralization Design28 November 2018Introduction: Health Systems, Decentralization, and Change3 April 2019Explaining Health System Decentralization and Recentralization3 April 2019Decentralization for Economic Growth: A Critical Review18 May 2018Health systems changes after decentralisation: progress, challenges and dynamics in PakistanBMJ Global Health, Vol.4, No.130 January 2019Expenditure and Revenue Assignment: Principles6 September 2019The Influences of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Performance: Empirical Evidence from OECD CountriesPrague Economic Papers, Vol.27, No.5Does Decentralization Improve Health System Performance and Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? A Systematic Review of Evidence From Quantitative StudiesThe Milbank Quarterly, Vol.96, No.24 June 2018Urban Service Delivery in West Bengal: Current Scenario and New ChallengesJournal of Infrastructure Development, Vol.10, No.1-217 December 2018Decentralization and Poverty Reduction: Opportunities and Challenges in KenyaSosyoekonomi30 April 2018Distribution trends of Indonesia's health care resources in the decentralization eraThe International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol.33, No.211 March 2018The impact of central-local inter-governmental relations on cultural democracy's developmentAsian Education and Development Studies, Vol.7, No.1Decentralization and Community-Based Management in Global Perspective: Trends and Institutions26 September 2017Public Finance Review, Vol.46, No.6Varieties of Health Care Devolution: 'Systems or Federacies'?SSRN Electronic JournalAn Empirical Analysis of Decentralization and Poverty in the PhilippinesSSRN Electronic JournalUnderstanding Blame Politics in China's Decentralized System of Environmental Governance: Actors, Strategies and ContextThe China Quarterly, Vol.23118 August 2017THE IMPACT OF FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION: A SURVEYJournal of Economic Surveys, Vol.31, No.47 November 2016Autonomy and Performance: Decentralization Reforms in Zhejiang Province, ChinaPublic Administration and Development, Vol.37, No.228 February 2017Is Decentralization Really Welfare Enhancing? Empirical Evidence from Survey Data (1994-2011)Kyklos, Vol.70, No.210 April 2017Decentralization of health systems in low and middle income countries: a systematic reviewInternational Journal of Public Health, Vol.62, No.229 August 2016Social decentralization: exploring the competitive solidarity of regional social protection in ChinaJournal of Asian Public Policy, Vol.10, No.125 November 2016Conclusions: Intergovernmental Networks and Decentralisation in Europe1 December 2016Disaster Risk Reduction in Post-Decentralisation Indonesia: Institutional Arrangements and Changes3 May 2017International Journal of Public Administration, Vol.40, No.11Decentralization and Pollution Spillovers: Evidence from the Re-drawing of County Borders in BrazilThe Review of Economic Studies, Vol.84, No.126 December 2016PLOS ONE, Vol.12, No.8Progress in improving provincial plans for nutrition through targeted technical assistance and local advocacy in VietnamHealth Policy and Planning, Vol.31, No.1019 May 2016Why do policies change? Institutions, interests, ideas and networks in three cases of policy reformHealth Policy and Planning, Vol.31, No.927 May 2016Decentralization of Health and Education in Developing Countries: A Quality-Adjusted Review of the Empirical LiteratureWorld Bank Research Observer, Vol.31, No.220 March 2017Healthcare under the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in a decentralised health systemLeadership in Health Services, Vol.29, No.2The path dependence of district manager decision-space in GhanaHealth Policy and Planning, Vol.31, No.328 August 2015Popularity of the decentralization reform and its effects on the quality of educationPROSPECTS, Vol.46, No.19 August 2016Decentralization and decision space in the health sector: a case study from Karnataka, IndiaHealth Policy and Planning, Vol.31, No.212 May 2015Dangers of Decentralisation in Urban Slums: A Comparative Study of Water Supply and Drainage Service Delivery in Kolkata, IndiaDevelopment Policy Review, Vol.34, No.22 February 2016The Decision to GrantPublic Budgeting & Finance, Vol.36, No.11 March 2016Government Versus Local Indigenous People in PapuaSecession Risk and Fiscal FederalismPublius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol.46, No.121 September 2015Looking Beyond Conventional Intergovernmental Fiscal Frameworks: Principles, Realities, and Neglected IssuesSSRN Electronic JournalThe Impact of Decentralization on Educational Attainment in Indonesia12 September 2015Institutional Change and Corruption of Public Leaders: A Social Capital Perspective on Indonesia12 September 2015Exploring the policy environment for mainstreaming community-based adaptation (CBA) in NepalInternational Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, Vol.7, No.4Autonomous but constrained: CBOs and urban upgrading in IndonesiaCities, Vol.48Managing Public Sector Decentralization in Developing Countries: Moving Beyond Conventional RecipesPublic Administration and Development, Vol.35, No.48 December 2015Recentralization of Kampala City Administration in UgandaSAGE Open, Vol.5, No.323 July 2015The Local Economic Impacts of Resource Abundance: What Have We Learned?11 June 2015Rethinking Decentralization: Assessing Challenges to a Popular Public Sector ReformPublic Administration and Development, Vol.35, No.226 June 2015Decentralisation and Citizen Happiness: A Multilevel Analysis of Self-rated Happiness in IndonesiaJournal of Happiness Studies, Vol.16, No.228 March 2014Timor-Leste: The Adventurous Tribulations of Local Governance after IndependenceJournal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol.34, No.17 February 2019Democratic Culture and Participatory Local Governance in BangladeshLocal Government Studies, Vol.41, No.214 April 2014Politico-Administrative Relations in Tanzanian Local Government AuthoritiesSSRN Electronic JournalThe Impact of Fiscal Decentralization: A SurveySSRN Electronic JournalDecentralization in Lebanon21 August 2014Local Governance and Regional Development in Albania18 September 2014Participation in health planning in a decentralised health system: Experiences from facility governing committees in the Kongwa district of TanzaniaGlobal Public Health, Vol.9, No.1024 September 2014Ethnic Decentralization and the Challenges of Inclusive Governance in Multiethnic Cities: The Case of Dire Dawa, EthiopiaRegional & Federal Studies, Vol.24, No.520 December 2014Identifying operational mechanisms for mainstreaming community-based adaptation in NepalClimate and Development, Vol.6, No.47 November 2014The role of a constituent process in state buildingImproving Students? Learning Through School Autonomy: Evidence From the International Civic and Citizenship SurveyJournal of School Choice, Vol.8, No.35 September 2014China's provincial diplomacy to Africa: applications to health cooperationContemporary Politics, Vol.20, No.230 April 2014When is Participatory Local Environmental Governance Likely to Emerge? A study of collective action in participatory municipal environmental councils in BrazilEnvironmental Policy and Governance, Vol.24, No.214 March 2014More Than You Can Handle: Decentralization and Spending Ability of Peruvian MunicipalitiesEconomics & Politics, Vol.26, No.123 October 2013The Impact of Recentralization on Public Services: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Abolition of Elected Councils in VietnamAmerican Political Science Review, Vol.108, No.14 February 2014Local municipalities' involvement in promoting the internationalisation of SMEsLocal Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit, Vol.29, No.1-218 February 2014Can Subnational Autonomy Strengthen Democracy in Bolivia?Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol.44, No.19 May 2013Challenges to Municipal Fiscal Autonomy in MacedoniaPublius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol.44, No.430 August 2013Decentralised Forest Governance, Institutions and Livelihoods in Odisha: A Study of Evolution of Policy Process and PoliticsSSRN Electronic JournalImpact of Decentralization on Health Systems: Existing Evidence8 November 2013HRM Reform in Decentralised Local Government: Empirical Perspectives on Recruitment and Selection in the Philippines and ThailandAsian Journal of Political Science, Vol.21, No.3Challenges to the implementation of health sector decentralization in Tanzania: experiences from Kongwa district councilGlobal Health Action, Vol.6, No.129 August 2013Decentralised versus centralised governance of health servicesCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol.2415 November 2013What role can decentralisation play in state-building? Lessons from Timor-Leste and BougainvilleCommonwealth & Comparative Politics, Vol.51, No.4The Internet: A new route to good governanceInternational Political Science Review, Vol.34, No.55 July 2013Analyzing Social Safety Net and Employment Assistance Spending in Chinese Cities (对中国城市中社会保障和就业援助支出的分析)Australian Journal of Public Administration, Vol.72, No.310 October 2013Decentralised Provision of Public Services in Developing Countries: A Review of Theoretical Discourses and Empirical EvidenceSocial Change, Vol.43, No.34 September 2013Fiscal Federalism and Intergovernmental Financial RelationsPolitical Decentralization, Subnational Political Capital, and Intergovernmental Transfers in KoreaThe American Review of Public Administration, Vol.43, No.113 February 2012Fiscal Powers to Subnational Governments: Reassessing the Concept of Fiscal AutonomyRegional & Federal Studies, Vol.22, No.4Corruption and Size DecentralizationJournal of Applied Economics, Vol.15, No.122 January 2019Fiscal decentralization and natural hazard risksPublic Choice, Vol.151, No.1-220 November 2010Decentralisation and delivery of urban basic services: the West Bengal experienceDevelopment in Practice, Vol.22, No.121 February 2012Föderalismus und Entwicklungsländer: Ist Dezentralisierung ein geeignetes Instrument der Entwicklungspolitik?Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Vol.13, No.4Megacity Governance: Concepts and Challenges19 August 2011Do public representatives in local governments know about "disability rights" in Pakistan? An awareness assessment case from Southern PunjabInnovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, Vol.24, No.4Distinguishing symbolic and evidence-based policies: the Brazilian efforts to increase the quality of basic educationInternational Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol.77, No.312 September 2011Streamlining Local Behaviour through Communication, Incentives and Control: A Case Study of Local Environmental Policies in ChinaJournal of Current Chinese Affairs, Vol.40, No.31 September 2011Barriers to implementing health sector administrative decentralisation in GhanaJournal of Health Organization and Management, Vol.25, No.4Decentralisation policy and practice in Ghana: the promise and reality of community participation in education in rural communitiesJournal of Education Policy, Vol.26, No.4Peat forest Rehabilitation in Central Kalimantan and REDD+: Conflicting Roles of Government AgenciesAnnals of Tropical Research3 October 2011Decentralisation and governance of drinking water services in small West African towns and villages (Benin, Mali, Senegal): the arduous process of building local governmentsCanadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'?tudes du d?veloppement, Vol.32, No.2The Creation of Fiscal Space for the Property Tax: The Case of Central and Eastern EuropeInternational Journal of Strategic Property Management, Vol.15, No.24 July 2011Historicizing the power of civil society: a perspective from decentralization in IndonesiaJournal of Peasant Studies, Vol.38, No.2Democratic agency in the local political sphere. Reflections on inclusion in BoliviaDemocratization, Vol.18, No.124 January 2011Savoir de la de de Sciences Vol.77, October Service and a for October Decentralization Reform Economic A Comparison of the Journal of Public Administration, Vol.33, the of decentralisation on health of Health Organization and Management, Vol.24, and the Development of Systems in New Evidence From Political Studies, Vol.43, March Fiscal Relations in the European Economics, December of the Metropolitan Growth Management in the Transition Evidence from Practice & Research, Vol.25, No.125 May The New Impact on Fiscal and in Public Administration The Case of Journal of Public Administration, Vol.32, Survey of Perspectives on Intergovernmental A Comparative Analysis of the and Studies, May to Local No to Participatory The Local Governance Reform in and Journal of Local Governance, May fiscal The of fiscal of Urban Economics, Vol.65, Decentralization A of Local and Resource Governance in in Comparative International Development, Vol.44, No.123 December Democracy and Human A Human Analysis of the Impact of Local Reforms on DevelopmentJournal of Human Development and Vol.10, Public and Management of for of Decentralisation in Urban Vol.19, November of in and and Vol.6, November governance in local development and and Studies, Vol.41, of the Concept and its Development Policy Planning Studies, Vol.16, health information systems in developing countries: the need for local and Administration and Development, No.11 January accountability, fiscal and local government evidence from Administration and Development, No.11 January in Developing February PRACTICES Vol.10, Participation in Urban and Sector Quarterly, Vol.36, September in Decentralized Local Governance: from the PhilippinesPublic Organization Review, Vol.7, No.415 November sector performance in developing of & Change, Vol.3, and Journal of African Studies, July of Decentralization on to Journal of & Development, Vol.16, July Economic Development in and Planning Government and Policy, Vol.25, No.430 November FISCAL African Journal of Economics, March Decentralisation Improve and in Public Service Delivery Vol.38, Water Services in Challenges and Reform for CountriesJournal of Urban Planning and Development, and the in Health and in Studies, Vol.40, of decentralization on health care in International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol.21, No.31 January System Decentralisation and Local Political in Journal of Public Administration, and forest governance: Comparative analysis of decentralization in and Development, Vol.34, and in Health Care and Education American Politics and January or the Social of Institutional Change and Economic February Fiscal Federalism: for Decentralized Governance and Economic Electronic in a the of the of capacity in the political and administrative in Southern Vol.22, of on the delivery of services: a of the International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol.20, No.31 January of education in for of participation and A Journal of Comparative and International Vol.35, Transfers and Fiscal in Peruvian Local Electronic and Poverty Reduction: A for the Economic Electronic in Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Papers, local development in Africa: The Development Planning Review, Vol.26, and Democracy in Indonesia: A of and Change, Vol.35, No.4Decentralisation Education In Africa: Review of Relations and in Journal of Public Administration, Vol.26, Decentralization in the and A Comparative Study of and Planning Government and Policy, Vol.22, No.130 November decentralisation and local a of in Practice, January Fiscal in Africa: The Journal of Public Administration, Vol.26, local governments and community-based exploring the for Administration and Development, January and in Comparative International Development, Vol.38, and municipal governance: for in Comparative International Development, Vol.38, Global Devolution and its and Planning Government and Policy, Vol.21, November in developing countries: a for in developing countries: a for of the of in Property A Comparative Analysis of the and Economic Studies, No.126 March Municipal the Institutional Incentives for Municipal Governance of Forest Resources in Journal of & Development, Vol.12, No.124 July governments in the for the A municipal Development Planning Review, Vol.25, in Africa: and Administration and Development, No.11 January decentralisation in Africa: a framework for Administration and Development, No.11 January and political and experience in Administration and Development, No.11 January and in Africa: the of Administration and Development, No.11 January role of assistance in decentralisation Administration and Development, No.11 January en Vol.43, and decentralisation in Journal of Education and Vol.8, and Local Governance in and Planning Government and Policy, Vol.20, July in a and Social in Development, and Urban delivery in Journal of Political Science, Vol.9, in Policy in Studies, Vol.16, No.614 July Can Fiscal Federalism and in and Planning Government and Policy, Vol.19, July the New Public Management, and The of The Public Sector In An International Journal of Research and Vol.2, No.128 July Subnational A New Papers, Governance Policies and Citizen to Poverty Reduction October & & and Financial Sector Development IN

Political Science and International Relations Economics and Econometrics Accounting

The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralization

The World Bank eBooks1999-03-01作者：James Manor

No AccessDirections in Development - General1 Feb 2013The Political Economy of Democratic DecentralizationAuthors/Editors: James ManorJames Manorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4470-6SectionsAboutPDF (0.4 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Nearly all countries worldwide are now experimenting with decentralization. Their motivation are diverse. Many countries are decentralizing because they believe this can help stimulate economic growth or reduce rural poverty, goals central government interventions have failed to achieve. Some countries see it as a way to strengthen civil society and deepen democracy. Some perceive it as a way to off-load expensive responsibilities onto lower level governments. Thus, decentralization is seen as a solution to many different kinds of problems. This report examines the origins and implications decentralization from a political economy perspective, with a focus on its promise and limitations. It explores why countries have often chosen not to decentralize, even when evidence suggests that doing so would be in the interests of the government. It seeks to explain why since the early 1980s many countries have undertaken some form of decentralization. This report also evaluates the evidence to understand where decentralization has considerable promise and where it does not. It identifies conditions needed for decentralization to succeed. It identifies the ways in which decentralization can promote rural development. And it names the goals which decentralization will probably not help achieve. Previous bookNext book FiguresReferencesRecommendedDetailsCited ByPublic Service Delivery in Turbulent Times Where Convergence Matters: Lessons from the Management of Covid-19 in KeralaIndian Journal of Public Administration, Vol.68, No.214 March 2022Different dimensions of decentralization and rural–urban poverty in PakistanPoverty & Public Policy, Vol.1229 May 2022Calling in "Sick": COVID-19, Opportunism, Pretext, and Subnational AutocratizationGlobal Studies Quarterly, Vol.2, No.39 April 2022Deproblematizing the Federal–Unitary Dichotomy: Insights from a Public Opinion Survey about Approaches to Designing a Political System in AfghanistanPublius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol.52, No.219 January 2022Decentralization Reforms in Developing Countries Designed to Champion the Interests of Central Politicians and not Grassroots DevelopmentJournal of Developing Societies, Vol.38, No.119 December 2021The Incoherence of Institutional Reform: Decentralization as a Structural Solution to Immediate Political NeedsStudies in Comparative International Development, Vol.57, No.19 November 2021Untangling territorial self-governance – new typology and dataRegional & Federal Studies, Vol.32, No.122 July 2020Decentralization, legitimacy, and democracy in post-Soviet Central AsiaJournal of Eurasian Studies, Vol.13, No.123 December 2021Regulating Midwives: Foreclosing Alternatives in the Policymaking Process in West Java, Indonesia11 January 2022Case Studies as an Immersive Approach for Unravelling Energy–Society Relations7 February 2022THE ESSENCE AND FEATURES OF MECHANISMS OF PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF DECENTRALIZATIONPublic administration and state security aspects, No.Vol.2/1 20221 January 2022Trends in Local Government Reforms: Case of Environmental Protection Authority10 June 2022Impacts of Decentralized Environmental Governance on Andean Bear Conservation in ColombiaEnvironmental Management, Vol.68, No.68 September 2021Federalism and urban primacy: political dimensions that influence the city–country divide in AustraliaInternational Journal of Urban Sciences, Vol.20169 November 2021Institutional Responses to the Management of Covid-19 Crisis: Lessons from the Bhilwara and the Ramganj Models of RajasthanIndian Journal of Public Administration, Vol.67, No.317 September 2021Decentralization and welfare: Evidence from a panel of countriesAnnals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol.3331 May 2021Literature Review3 November 2020Local Government/Governance System in Nigeria4 December 2020Decentralization's Effects on Education and Health: Evidence from EthiopiaPublius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol.51, No.129 June 2020The Noken System and the Challenge of Democratic Governance at the Periphery: An Analysis of Free and Fair Elections in Papua, Indonesia6 January 2021Decentralization and the Limits to Service Delivery: Evidence From Northern PakistanSAGE Open, Vol.11, No.122 March 2021Explaining voter turnout in local elections: a global comparative perspectiveContemporary Politics, Vol.27, No.113 October 2020Decentralization in Local Government Empowerment of Bangladesh21 May 2021Decentralisation and government trust in South Korea: Distinguishing local government trust from national government trustAsia & the Pacific Policy Studies, Vol.8, No.19 February 2021Better service delivery, more satisfied citizens? 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Political Science and International Relations

Can Anyone Hear Us?

The World Bank eBooks2000-03-30作者：Deepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai A. Schafft

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Can Anyone Hear Us?Voices of the PoorAuthors/Editors: Deepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-SchulteDeepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-Schultehttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-1601-6SectionsAboutPDF (2.1 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This book is the first in a three-part series, about the common patterns that emerged from the poor people ' s experiences in many different places. Chapter 1 sets out the conceptual framework and methodology. Chapter 2 discusses poverty from the perspective of the poor. Chapter 3 examines poor people ' s experience with the state, and includes case studies of access to health care and education. Chapter 4 addresses the nature and quality of poor people ' s interactions with civil society. Chapter 5 considers the household as a key social institution, and discusses gender relations within households and how these relations affect and are affected by larger institutions of society. Chapter 6 focuses on social fragmentation, and includes a discussion of social cohesion and social exclusion. Chapter 7 concludes the analysis and proposes some policy recommendations. The analysis leads to these conclusions: 1) poverty is multidimensional; 2) the state has been largely ineffective in reaching the poor; 3) the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the lives of the poor is limited, forcing the poor to depend primarily on their own informal networks; 4) households are crumbling under the stresses of poverty; and 5) the social fabric - poor people ' s only " insurance " - is unraveling. FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited by¿Qué factores influyen en la pobreza monetaria en las regiones más pobre y menos pobre del Perú en el año 2021? 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Sociology and Political Science Safety Research Economics and Econometrics

An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals.

Circulation1991-01-01作者：Keaven M. Anderson, P W Wilson, Patricia M. Odell

HomeCirculationVol. 83, No. 1An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. Free AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBAn updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. K M Anderson, P W Wilson, P M Odell and W B Kannel K M AndersonK M Anderson Office of Scientific Affairs, American Heart Association, Dallas, TX 75231. , P W WilsonP W Wilson Office of Scientific Affairs, American Heart Association, Dallas, TX 75231. , P M OdellP M Odell Office of Scientific Affairs, American Heart Association, Dallas, TX 75231. and W B KannelW B Kannel Office of Scientific Affairs, American Heart Association, Dallas, TX 75231. Originally published1 Jan 1991https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.83.1.356Circulation. 1991;83:356–362 Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Hespe C, Giskes K, Harris M and Peiris D (2022) Findings and lessons learnt implementing a cardiovascular disease quality improvement program in Australian primary care: a mixed method evaluation, BMC Health Services Research, 10.1186/s12913-021-07310-6, 22:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2022. Lemke E, Vetter V, Berger N, Banszerus V, König M and Demuth I (2022) Cardiovascular health is associated with the epigenetic clock in the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II), Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111616, 201, (111616), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2022. 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World Development Report 1992

World Bank Publications eBooks1992-05-31作者：World Bank

No AccessWorld Development Report1 Feb 2013World Development Report 1992Development and the EnvironmentAuthors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-0876-5AboutView ChaptersPDF (31.8 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This is the fifteenth in the annual series assessing major development issues. The World Development Report 1992 explores the links between economic development and the environment. The 1990 report on poverty, last year's report on development strategies, and this report constitute a trilogy on the goals and means of development. The main message of this year's report is the need to integrate environmental considerations into development policymaking. The report argues that continued, and even accelerated, economic and human development is sustainable and can be consistent with improving environmental conditions, but that this will require major policy, program, and institutional shifts. A twofold strategy is required. First, the positive links between efficient income growth and the environment need to be aggressively exploited. Second, strong policies and institutions need to be put in place which cause decision makers to adopt less damaging forms of behavior. Where tradeoffs exist between income growth and environmental quality, the report argues for a careful assessment of the costs and benefits of alternative policies. This approach will result in much less environmental damage. Like its predecessors, this report includes the World Development Indicators, which offer selected social and economic statistics on 125 countries. Previous bookNext book FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byDoes Inequality Affect Climate Change? 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Relationships From Three Honduran WatershedsSociety & Natural Resources, Vol.15, No.619 January 2011Institutions, Freedom, and Technical EfficiencySouthern Economic Journal, Vol.69, No.11 July 2002Introduction27 May 2002Issue 127 May 2002Issue 227 May 2002Issue 427 May 2002Conclusion27 May 2002References27 May 2002Argentina: the Birth of Latin American PopulismThe Next Revolution: SustainabilityIntroductionIssue 1Issue 2Issue 3Issue 4IntroductionThe Subnational Role in Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development and Natural Hazards MitigationSustainable GovernanceSustainability in the United Development and the Use of Public Impact of Political on of and National Environmental Human and Natural A Review and Development Review, Vol.27, to of Population Research, of Economic on of Biology, Vol.15, of are & Vol.43, No.130 June and A Economic Journal, No.11 July Regulation and Development: A Empirical Development Studies, Vol.29, No.219 August Trade and the Global December of Growth and Environmental A New Evidence of the Environmental Kuznets Electronic Environmental Policy and Risk POLICY IN A A of and policy, Vol.19, Comparative and Government Policy of Economics, Vol.51, No.35 November in the and in the with and Environment, Vol.21, to Developing of Industrial Ecology, Vol.4, the Tourism Environment and East European and Planning Planning and Vol.27, No.330 November and the A and for Journal of Environment & Development, Vol.9, and in The Role of and Forest Management in and Labour Studies, Vol.25, July as sustainable The of Journal of Tourism Research, Vol.2, as sustainable The of Journal of Tourism Research, Vol.2, of Ecological Footprint Analysis for Journal of Environmental Management, Vol.7, Economic Growth from Environmental A on the Environmental Kuznets Curve Electronic Behavioral Scientist, Vol.43, July and Urban in the Asia-Pacific A Studies, No.1Environmental regulation of and in Asian Resources Forum, Vol.23, and the economic growth of developing in Comparative International Development, Vol.34, No.3The An of and Development Review, Vol.25, and from evidence from in the Economics, Vol.21, No.11 August and the of to Journal of Environment & Development, July 2016The of Population Growth on Food and the Electronic JournalThe Political of the Vol.51, June and from Electronic JournalThe Transition and the Political of African at and potential of sustainable development in Development, Vol.6, No.3The potential of sustainable development in Development, Vol.6, and the in the World Quarterly, Vol.19, August and Programs as a for of Vol.1, October Growth, Food Production and Nutrient of Vol.1, October Development: as a Economic Focus, Vol.31, sustainable development and Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, June and developmental in a South Asian Journal of Social Economics, Vol.25, of an Journal of Social Economics, Vol.25, comparative study on environmental policy development in the East Asian countries: and ChinaEnvironmental Economics and Policy Studies, Vol.1, September environmental performance for from to sustainability and Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, June and & Environment, Vol.11, August environmental in Human Geography, Vol.22, No.31 July 2016The Poverty Discourse and the Poor in of the of Vol.23, and the New in the or Global Climate Political Electronic JournalThe of decision and Vol.14, No.14 February OF IN AND Developing Vol.35, March among Energy Resources and Global of Political Economy, management for improved in factors Economics, Vol.17, December in Developing of Research Using a and Journal of and Comparative July IN THE GLOBAL to in the Economics, Vol.17, No.11 October and on and Urban in Developing Countries, Studies, Vol.34, and building the for sustainable development in Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, Vol.4, June 2009The of Environmental to A Comparative Study of and Studies, Vol.34, development of resource Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, Vol.4, June to New of Vol.31, No.14 March and Journal of Environment & Development, Vol.6, July 2016The Kuznets Curve for the Environment and Economic Growth: the and Planning and Vol.29, July to a A from the of International Development, Vol.9, December the the of political ecology in World environmental Vol.29, and the and Review, Vol.25, No.219 August 2016The for Development Studies, Vol.24, and for from a in and Journal of Social Economics, Vol.24, Flows In Political Environmental Journal of Economics and Sociology, No.124 August a Viable for and in on and for Soil Conservation and Food for Development Studies, Vol.24, Journal of the in Sub-Saharan and and Bulletin, November the in Sub-Saharan and Bulletin, November to agricultural development in Africa: is and Policy, Vol.21, A of the of American and and environmental issues with

Development

Connecting Through Technology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Avoiding “Zoom Fatigue”

Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking2020-06-18作者：Brenda K. Wiederhold

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social NetworkingVol. 23, No. 7 EditorialConnecting Through Technology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Avoiding “Zoom Fatigue”Brenda K. WiederholdBrenda K. WiederholdBrenda K. Wiederhold, Editor-in-Chief Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:10 Jul 2020https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.29188.bkwAboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookXLinked InRedditEmail View article"Connecting Through Technology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Avoiding “Zoom Fatigue”." Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(7), pp. 437–438FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byQuantitative analysis of communication changes in online medication counseling using the Roter Interaction SystemResearch in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Vol. 20, No. 1“Who Said That?” Applying the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique to Social Telepresence13 December 2023 | ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction, Vol. 12, No. 4The good and bad of an online asynchronous general education course: Students’ perceptions18 December 2023 | Psychology Teaching Review, Vol. 29, No. 2Face-to-face more important than digital communication for mental health during the pandemic17 May 2023 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1Videoconference fatigue from a neurophysiological perspective: experimental evidence based on electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG)26 October 2023 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1The ‘Zoomification’ of Collaboration: How 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Cognitive Computation and Systems, Vol. 5, No. 4Students’ Interaction in Breakout Rooms2 November 2023Effect of student responsiveness to instructional innovation on student engagement in semi-synchronous online learning environments: The mediating role of personal technological innovativeness and perceived usefulnessComputers & Education, Vol. 205Privacy, security, and usability of mobile video conferencing applications: A comparative study1 November 2023 | International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES, Vol. 10, No. 11The impact of digital tools on sales-marketing interactions and perceptionsIndustrial Marketing Management, Vol. 115Defining digital coaching: a qualitative inductive approach5 October 2023 | Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 14Virtually-Delivered Emotion Focused Mindfulness Therapy (EFMT) Group vs. Wait-List Control for Late-Life Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled TrialThe American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, Vol. 31, No. 10The COVID-19 Pandemic: Changes in Parent–Child Activities at Home from Spring 2020 to Spring 2021 from a Cross-Cultural View7 October 2023 | Education Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 10A look back at mandatory online instruction: Preserving a record of student preferences and experiences28 September 2023 | Journal of Education for Business, Vol. 15MeetScript: Designing Transcript-based Interactions to Support Active Participation in Group Video Meetings4 October 2023 | Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 7, No. CSCW2Best Practices for Technology in Clinical Social Work and Mental Health Professions to Promote Well-being and Prevent Fatigue1 June 2023 | Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol. 51, No. 3Investigating autistic traits, social phobia, fear of COVID-19, and internet use disorder variables in the context of videoconference fatigueTelematics and Informatics Reports, Vol. 11Virtual reality as an immersive projective and autodriving advancement technique24 August 2023 | Journal of Consumer Behaviour, Vol. 33Reconfiguring togetherness in the virtual drama classroom23 August 2023 | Research in Drama Education: The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance, Vol. 44“I really don’t know what I would have done without it”: Crafting as a means of stress coping during COVID-1923 August 2023 | Journal of Leisure Research, Vol. 13Virtual interdisciplinary collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic: pain and joy in an international joint university7 July 2023 | Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 14Nonverbal immediacy cues and impression formation in video therapy1 August 2022 | Counselling Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 3Digital dependence: Online fatigue and coping strategies during the COVID-19 lockdown11 February 2023 | Media, Culture & Society, Vol. 45, No. 5Using group-based interactive video teleconferencing to make self-compassion more accessible: A randomized controlled trialJournal of Contextual Behavioral Science, Vol. 29Researcher-patient partnership generated actionable recommendations, using quantitative evaluation and deliberative dialogue, to improve meaningful engagementJournal of Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 159Peer-to-peer: The Social Transmission of Symptoms Online10 April 2023 | Annals of Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 57, No. 7Online panel work through a gender lens: implications of digital peer review meetings23 December 2022 | Science and Public Policy, Vol. 50, No. 3The effect of wearing a head-mounted display on the boundaries of the cervical range of motion based on perceived comfort in a static posture14 September 2022 | Virtual Reality, Vol. 27, No. 2Phase 2 of collaborative action around the implementation of virtual hearing aid care: Evaluation of a clinical practice guideline23 April 2023 | Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, Vol. 29, No. 4Phase 1 of collaborative action around the implementation of virtual hearing aid care: Development of a clinical practice guideline21 April 2023 | Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, Vol. 29, No. 4Is Virtual Learning Here to Stay? A Multispecialty Survey of Residents, Fellows, and FacultyCurrent Problems in Cardiology, Vol. 48, No. 6Digital transformation in higher education: A qualitative evaluative study of a hybrid virtual format using a smart classroom systemHeliyon, Vol. 9, No. 6How mothers manage and make sense of their early adolescent’s interactive screen use: an IPA study in the UK17 May 2023 | Journal of Family Studies, Vol. 39Examining undergraduate student perceptions and engagement during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemicThe Journal of Academic Librarianship, Vol. 49, No. 3Who Needs Zoom? Female Arab Students’ Perceptions of Face-to-Face Learning and Learning on Zoom18 May 2023 | Sustainability, Vol. 15, No. 10Online Conversations for Equity, Action, and Networking: A Pilot Project Highlighting Diversity in the Ocean Sciences3 March 2023 | Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 2Improved self-efficacy in human factors skills in early-stage psychiatric trainees following online simulation: a quantitative comparison study with in-person training18 April 2023 | International Journal of Healthcare SimulationNavigating the interlanguage space: Chinese international students’ perceptions of a virtual chemistry laboratory course1 January 2023 | Chemistry Education Research and Practice, Vol. 24, No. 2Evolution in Congenital Cardiology Education: The Rise of Digital-Learning ToolsCJC Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, Vol. 2, No. 2Videoconference-based Creativity Workshops for mental health staff during the COVID-19 pandemic13 March 2023 | Arts & Health, Vol. 133Advancing the partnership between Japan and Thailand on global health and UHC: "new normal" approach during COVID-19 pandemicGlobal Health & Medicine, Vol. 5, No. 1Optimising online transversal skills delivery in STEM doctoral education19 February 2023 | Irish Educational Studies, Vol. 39Liminal design: A conceptual framework and three-step approach for developing technology that delivers transcendence and deeper experiences8 February 2023 | Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 14Towards a Funambulist Leadership in Researchers Well-Being: Managing Equilibriums and Tensions in the Hybrid Work Era17 February 2023 | Administrative Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 2Facilitator reflections on online delivery of simulation-based mental health education during COVID-1918 August 2022 | The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice, Vol. 18, No. 1Mainstreaming Zoom: Covid-19, Social Distancing, and the Rise of Video-Mediated Remote Cooperation3 March 2023Adapting to Digital Changes in Health Education: A Case Study31 May 2023Mixed Migration Flows into Turkey and the Impact of the Pandemic17 June 2023TOO MUCH SCREEN? AN EXPLORATORY EXAMINATION OF DIGITAL EXHAUSTION OF EDUCATORS IN TURKIYE1 January 2023 | Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, Vol. 24, No. 1Moving Beyond Web Conferencing Tools: ESL Professional Development Workshops in Virtual Reality Platforms30 June 2023The Tribrid-Meeting-Setup – Improving Hybrid Meetings Using a Telepresence Robot9 July 2023Videoconferencing: Miracle Tool or Policy Trap in the Governance of Smart and Sustainable Mobility?18 July 2023“A Terrible Beauty Is Born”: Opportunities and New Perspectives for Online Teaching and AssessmentLingue Culture Mediazioni - Languages Cultures Mediation (LCM Journal), Vol. 10, No. 1HoloLearn: Towards a Hologram Mediated Hybrid Education27 September 2023Hardiness and Zoom Fatigue on Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia During Online Learning1 October 2023 | Advances in Medical Education and Practice, Vol. Volume 14“Am I Ready for This Change?”: Challenges in Optimizing the Use of Online Learning in Medical and Health Professions Education During the Pandemic and Beyond7 November 2023Atuação da Psicologia em Unidade Neonatal no Contexto da Pandemia da Covid-191 January 2023 | Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, Vol. 43Efficacy of PEERS® for Adolescents via Telehealth Delivery27 May 2022 | Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 52, No. 12Proactive strategies for an inclusive faculty search process16 June 2022 | Communications Biology, Vol. 5, No. 1The impact of COVID-19 on digital communication patterns23 May 2022 | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Vol. 9, No. 1Medical student’s perception of the COVID-19 pandemic effect on their education and well-being: a cross-sectional survey in the United States5 March 2022 | BMC Medical Education, Vol. 22, No. 1Lessons learned from a pandemic: implications for a combined exercise and educational programme for medical students8 April 2022 | BMC Medical Education, Vol. 22, No. 1Conducting a randomised controlled trial of a psychosocial intervention for adolescents with type 1 diabetes during COVID-19: recommendations to overcome the challenges complicated by inconsistent public health guidelines on research27 April 2022 | Trials, Vol. 23, No. 1Digital temperance: adapting an ancient virtue for a technological age22 November 2022 | Ethics and Information Technology, Vol. 24, No. 4Online-Supervision14 July 2022 | Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie, Vol. 21, No. S2Navigating learners towards technology-enhanced learning during post COVID-19 semestersTrends in Neuroscience and Education, Vol. 29An Educational Perspective on Online Learning PlatformsTechnologically-assisted communication attenuates inter-brain synchronyNeuroImage, Vol. 264Virtual recruitment - should this be the future for dental core training?25 November 2022 | British Dental Journal, Vol. 233, No. 10Zoom fatigue under covid-19-pandemien: Hva innebærer fenomenet, og hvordan kan det forebygges?Uniped, Vol. 45, No. 4Early Field Experiences Through Telepresence RobotsWhere to Look? Alcohol, Affect, and Gaze Behavior During a Virtual Social Interaction14 November 2022 | Clinical Psychological Science, Vol. 2Vers une appropriation du télétravail en contexte de criseRevue Management & Innovation, Vol. N° 6, No. 2Zoom Face: Self-Surveillance, Performance and Display1 October 2022 | Journal of Intercultural Studies, Vol. 43, No. 6Medical Education in a Global Pandemic: A Novel Case-Based Learning Approach to Teaching Plastic Surgery Topics to Preclerkship Students25 November 2021 | Plastic Surgery, Vol. 30, No. 4Creating an Immersive XR Learning Experience: A Roadmap for Educators30 October 2022 | Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 21Beyond Zoom Fatigue: Ritual and Resilience in Remote Meetings29 December 2022 | Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2022, No. 1Introducing online training for health staff: An institutional perspective22 June 2022 | THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, Vol. 88, No. 6Keep It Brief: Videoconferencing Frequency and Duration as Predictors of Visual and Body Discomfort31 October 2022 | International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, Vol. 24Overcoming the liability of distance? An exploratory study of the associations between social networks, sense of community and spatial colocation28 December 2021 | Journal of Corporate Real Estate, Vol. 24, No. 4Governing in the time of Covid-19: how board meetings went online and the implications of this for considering the role of the governing board19 October 2022 | Journal of Further and Higher Education, Vol. 51The Effects of Attributes of Non-Immersive Virtual Reality on Customers’ Experience of Video Tours under Social Distancing for COVID-1914 October 2022 | International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, Vol. 6Moving intensive onsite courses online: responding to COVID-19 educational disruption15 June 2022 | International Journal of Ethics Education, Vol. 7, No. 2Webinars, podcasts, Tweetorials, oh my!Journal of Vascular Surgery, Vol. 76, No. 4Resilience and Wellbeing Strategies for Pandemic Fatigue in Times of Covid-1930 September 2022 | International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, Vol. 78Zoom Yorgunluğu: Bir Gözden Geçirme30 September 2022 | Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, Vol. 14, No. 3Being Prepared and Preparing the Students for the Central Exam with Distance Education22 September 2022 | Pamukkale University Journal of EducationBridging social distance during social distancing: exploring social talk and remote collegiality in video conferencing11 November 2021 | Human–Computer Interaction, Vol. 37, No. 5Variations in consumer acceptance, sensory engagement and method practicality across three remote consumer-testing modalitiesFood Quality and Preference, Vol. 100Remote learning experiences of African Nova Scotian households in Canada during the COVID-19 temporary school closure: implications for inclusive education policy implementation7 August 2022 | International Journal of Inclusive Education, Vol. 36Individual and Situational Factors Influencing Active Behavior in Professional Video Conferences With Strangers7 August 2022 | Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 6From frequency to fatigue: Exploring the influence of videoconference use on videoconference fatigue in SingaporeComputers in Human Behavior Reports, Vol. 7“Seeing and Being Seen” or Just “Seeing” in a Smart Classroom Context When Videoconferencing: A User Experience-Based Qualitative Research on the Use of Cameras4 August 2022 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 19, No. 15Understanding patterns of internal migration during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Spain16 June 2022 | Population, Space and Place, Vol. 28, No. 6Blended (online and in‐person) Women’s Health Interprofessional Learning by Simulation (WHIPLS) for medical and midwifery students18 April 2022 | Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 62, No. 4Ten simple rules for leveraging virtual interaction to build higher-level learning into bioinformatics short courses28 July 2022 | PLOS Computational Biology, Vol. 18, No. 7AbGradCon 2021: lessons in digital meetings, international collaboration, and interdisciplinarity in astrobiology6 July 2022 | International Journal of Astrobiology, Vol. 17Recommendations for Building Telemental Health Relationships with Youth: A Systematic Review and Resource for Clinicians22 October 2021 | Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Vol. 7, No. 3A National Study of Zoom Fatigue and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Future Remote Work Eric B. Elbogen, Megan Lanier, Sarah C. Griffin, Shannon M. Blakey, Jeffrey A. Gluff, H. Ryan Wagner, and Jack Tsai11 July 2022 | Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 25, No. 7The Influence of E-Scaffolding Sources in a Mobile Learning Environment on Students’ Design Skills and the Technology Fatigue Associated with a 3D Virtual Environment11 July 2022 | Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 14INVESTIGATION OF PARENTS’ VIEWS ON THE DISTANCE EDUCATION PROCESS DURING THE PANDEMIC22 June 2022 | Journal of Advanced Education Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1DATA COLLECTION BY ONLINE IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: A POSTGRADUATE THESIS EXAMPLE14 June 2022 | Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences InstituteTwelve tips to enhance student engagement in synchronous online teaching and learning20 April 2021 | Medical Teacher, Vol. 44, No. 6Current and future influences of COVID-19 on the knowledge management function of conventions and exhibitions15 March 2022 | Service Business, Vol. 16, No. 2Robust Institutional Support and Collaboration Between Summer Training Programs in Cancer and Biomedicine Drive the Pivot to a Virtual Format in Response to the COVID January 2022 | Journal of Cancer Education, Vol. 37, No. of a Social Virtual Reality into the Vol. 29, No. Work Meetings During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The and May 2021 | Group Research, Vol. No. of in in the for New in for Use by May 2022 | Journal of Cognitive and Vol. 16, No. Online during COVID-19 Is Scientific February 2022 | Vol. 13, No. the Is and to It and K. June 2022 | Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 25, No. learning Review of Education, Vol. May 2022 | Vol. 12, No. in the experiences and to and reflections the year of January 2022 | The Clinical Vol. 36, No. Psychological and Academic M. and May 2022 | Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 25, No. of via videoconference on fatigue and Implications for the March 2022 | Healthcare Management Vol. No. Policy of Technology April 2022 | Education Sciences, Vol. 12, No. under A July 2021 | Journal of Family Vol. 44, No. Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Virtual Learning for Public Health and Cancer Health April 2022 | Frontiers in Public Health, Vol. during How a to online interaction and social April 2022 | Journal of Research on Vol. 16, No. a Roadmap for Technology in Social Training the of Social February 2022 | in Social Vol. No. Psychological for with Learning during the Pandemic: The Experiences of in the March 2022 | Journal of Mental Health Research in Vol. 15, No. to education and communication the and intensive community during the COVID-19 Vol. No. to education and communication the and intensive community during the COVID-19 Vol. No. and implementation of a virtual pain management programme to COVID-19: a September 2021 | British Journal of Vol. 16, No. Video Conference Fatigue of in the on Video Conference Social and April 2022 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 19, No. of in during the COVID‐19 pandemic: the and of and challenges and the of mental health and in December 2021 | Journal of Research in Educational Vol. 22, No. New with COVID-19 and A Qualitative Study on Zoom Fatigue30 March 2022 | Vol. 19, No. distance une No. Social in Remote Social A for of When the Social of Interactions via Videoconferencing March 2022 | Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. the stress of and of Zoom December 2021 | Electronic Vol. 32, No. social as of A study under in Human Behavior, Vol. the of to an online in to February 2022 | Sciences Education, Vol. 15, No. changes in social during COVID pandemic in the United December 2021 | Vol. 29, No. in Journal of and Vol. 13, No. or How online February 2022 | PLOS Vol. No. in Zoom Fatigue B. and February 2022 | Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 25, No. of on mental August 2021 | Vol. 19, No. 1Videoconference Fatigue: A February 2022 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 19, No. 4The Use of Videoconferencing in Higher January and digital communication in Australian December 2021 | Journal of the International for Business, Vol. No. and in Industry August Zoom Learning February and in During Coronavirus January of Leadership on June Online Social a from a of February An Approach to Social During Online June Virtual Reality August in a Mediated July – und February Teaching as an for Vol. 22, No. Video During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Effects on May 2021 | and Vol. No. During Remote Teaching in through a pandemic: impact of on and of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 18, No. during the pandemic A Systematic Review using April 2022 | Information Science, Vol. 6, No. Hybrid Learning Challenges and February de de de December 2022 | Vol. 4, No. of COVID‐19 with and variables in An analysis of September 2021 | The International Journal of Health and Management, Vol. 37, No. Design With Research for the Development of a Digital for and August 2022 | Journal of Research Vol. No. to Equity, and in Science and December 2021 | Frontiers in Science, Vol. December 2021 | Vol. 25, No. reality during the COVID-19 pandemic: A and and Vol. for study for a randomized controlled September 2021 | Pilot and Studies, Vol. 7, No. and A Design December in social of and mothers during the COVID-19 Vol. “Zoom A November 2021 | Applied Psychology, Vol. The from to of Human - and Psychology of the Pandemic November Through the October 2021 | Education, Vol. No. Practice During COVID-19 to and of November 2021 | Vol. 36, No. as the of Exploring and Perspectives of of Telehealth by a Australian Service during COVID-19 October 2021 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 18, No. with The of technology and consumer July 2021 | International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 45, No. of June 2021 | Annals of Surgery, Vol. No. and of Virtual in Video and Effects on of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 5, No. How a Virtual Network during the COVID-19 of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 5, No. May 2021 | American Journal of Clinical Vol. No. to and Education in the of December 2021 | Journal of Education, Vol. No. between social communication and during the early of September 2021 | Journal of Social and Vol. No. September 2021 | Vol. 11, No. Bir September 2021 | Vol. 5, No. of During the COVID-19 Pandemic by the of Medical of A Survey September 2021 | Frontiers in Medicine, Vol. student under remote learning using digital A June 2021 | Education and Information Vol. No. of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Higher Education: the

Clinical Psychology Applied Psychology Sociology and Political Science

Non-Parametric Estimation of a Multivariate Probability Density

Theory of Probability and Its Applications1969-01-01作者：V. A. Epanechnikov

Previous article Next article Non-Parametric Estimation of a Multivariate Probability DensityV. A. EpanechnikovV. A. Epanechnikovhttps://doi.org/10.1137/1114019PDFBibTexSections ToolsAdd to favoritesExport CitationTrack CitationsEmail SectionsAbout[1] Emanuel Parzen, On estimation of a probability density function and mode, Ann. Math. Statist., 33 (1962), 1065–1076 MR0143282 0116.11302 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[2] Murray Rosenblatt, Remarks on some nonparametric estimates of a density function, Ann. Math. Statist., 27 (1956), 832–837 MR0079873 0073.14602 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[3] G. M. Manija, Remarks on non-parametric estimates of a two-dimensional density function, Soobšč. Akad. Nauk Gruzin. SSR, 27 (1961), 385–390 MR0143303 Google Scholar[4] E. A. Nadaraya, Estimation of a bivariate probability density, Soobshch. Akad. Nauk Gruz. SSR, 36 (1964), 267–268 Google Scholar[5] R. E. Bellman, , I. Glicksberg and , O. A. Gross, Some aspects of the mathematical theory of control processes, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., Rep. No. R-313, 1958rm xix+244 MR0094281 0086.11703 Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresRelatedReferencesCited byDetails Kernel-based learning of birth process from evolving spatiotemporal RFS data stream in SMC CPHD filter for multi-target trackingSignal Processing, Vol. 203 Cross Ref Assessing spatial connectivity effects on daily streamflow forecasting using Bayesian-based graph neural networkScience of The Total Environment, Vol. 855 Cross Ref Joint Source-Channel Decoding of Polar Codes for HEVC-Based Video StreamingACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications, Vol. 18, No. 4 Cross Ref A novel structure adaptive new information priority discrete grey prediction model and its application in renewable energy generation forecastingApplied Energy, Vol. 325 Cross Ref A novel structure adaptive fractional discrete grey forecasting model and its application in China’s crude oil production predictionExpert Systems with Applications, Vol. 207 Cross Ref Age-varying effects of repeated emergency department presentations for children in Canada6 May 2022 | Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, Vol. 27, No. 4 Cross Ref Probabilistic adaptive power pinch analysis for islanded hybrid energy storage systemsJournal of Energy Storage, Vol. 54 Cross Ref Should I stay or should I fly? 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Statistics and Probability Statistics and Probability Global and Planetary Change

Preferred Method For Clinical Determination Of Pure-Tone Thresholds

Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders1959-11-01作者：Raymond Carhart, James F. Jerger

No AccessJournal of Speech and Hearing DisordersResearch Article1 Nov 1959Preferred Method For Clinical Determination Of Pure-Tone Thresholds Raymond Carhart, and James F. Jerger Raymond Carhart Google Scholar and James F. Jerger Google Scholar https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.2404.330 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Additional Resources FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by PLOS ONE18:3 (e0283519)28 Mar 2023Validation of web-based audiometry version of HEARZAPPandi Renganath P., Vidya Ramkumar and Annalisa Pace JAMA Network Open6:3 (e233061)15 Mar 2023Peripheral Auditory Function in Tanzanian Children Living With HIV With Clinically Normal HearingChristopher E. Niemczak, Christin Ealer, Abigail Fellows, Albert Magohe, Jiang Gui, Catherine Rieke, Trent Nicol, Enica R. Massawe, Nina Kraus and Jay C. 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BennettAmerican Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep Cognitive Behavioral for in the A Pilot W. and Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep Approach to a K. J. and Barbara L. Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep Between the for Auditory Processing in Adults and Auditory Processing Test and Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep of a Smartphone for Cochlear Implant Patients With E. Richard S. Victoria and C. Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep and for in the Audiology of Audiology and J. Bennett, Lisa and C. Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep Understanding in Noise and Speech a Function of Cognitive Status in Older K. and S. Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep Implant Behavioral for Children With Auditory A and Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep Additional of Vestibular on for and Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep of Auditory Assessment in Clinical Using a C. S. J. and J. Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep Asynchronous Hearing Education and Research for and During the A Pilot Study on the and Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep Hearing Aid Battery Assessment of and of Michael and Kathleen M. Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep of Speech in and Older Adults With Cochlear C. and De Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep on and Tone in Can and Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep 2021Self-Reported Hearing Loss and Associated in Older Adults a Memory and de Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep Acoustic the of Children With Cochlear A Longitudinal Study and Cochlear Implant Christine and Journal of Audiology30:3 Sep Relationship Between and Auditory Abilities in Individuals With Jain, P. and Kumar of Otology and Sep of on Gain Kumar and Frontiers in Aug Pure-Tone and de The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Aug assessment of hearing loss military A. and C. J. Journal of and Hearing Jul in Healthy E. and M. Hearing, Balance and Jul 2021Evaluation of for and in individuals with Sinha and Prashanth Prabhu Otology & Jun Sensitivity and of for DFNA9 in a of p.Pro51Ser Variant in the Salah, Sebastien Janssens de Erik Fransen, Guy Van and Vincent Van Rompaey in and Neck Jun hearing and The Egyptian Jun of hearing loss in using extended high frequency Is to disease and M. R. and H. The of May of Hearing Impairment With and Results From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of M Yuri Agrawal, Frank Lin, Jennifer A Luigi Ferrucci, Jennifer A and in May Audiology and Hearing A Case Journal of Vestibular Research of the size E. A. C. and A. Hearing Apr deficits and in aging Rebecca and Mar and in Individuals with Hearing A. Shende, T. Elizabeth A. Lydon, Fatima T. Husain and Raksha A. Mudar JAMA & Neck Mar of Assessment in Individuals With S. S. and Jonathan E. Mar in audiometric C. International Journal of Audiology Feb listening device among Canadians and audiometric outcomes among Feder, James Leonora Marro and Cory Portnuff of Feb of diurnal changes on processing in and individuals with normal hearingPraveen Prakash, and Prashanth Prabhu Hearing, Balance and Jan 2021Hearing in individuals for a from a Indian Fatima and Jan of Acoustic of Using a Network J. G. G. K. and D. Searchfield of Indian Academy of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck of on the of Sahu and Trends in Jan Speech and With a Hearing Effects of Folkeard, Van Danielle and Susan Trends in Jan Wireless in Automated Pure-Tone and Ear & Sep Feb Noise Exposure and Longitudinal Hearing in During an of M. P. Kathleen F. Carlson, R. Jonathan M. Susan and James A. Ear & Mar Aug of Speech in to in Speech in Noise in Older R. G. E. Benjamin D. and Ear & Jan Aug of Auditory on and the C. Singh Chris Kei and D. Searchfield Philip and D. Searchfield of a case using a An Approach From to Larsen, and with in and The Dec and Hearing D. Matthew B. and C. American Journal of Dec of and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening M. K. V. and J. Journal of Dec An Case S. and Miriam Abigail The Journal of & Dec of a speech the in Sinha and International Journal of Pediatric Dec of speech perception in noise Vipin Chetak and Aishwarya Journal of

Speech and Hearing Cognitive Neuroscience

Natural Disaster Hotspots

The World Bank eBooks2005-04-12作者：Maxx Dilley, Robert S. Chen, Uwe Deichmann

No AccessDisaster Risk Management1 Feb 2013Natural Disaster HotspotsA Global Risk AnalysisAuthors/Editors: Maxx Dilley, Robert S. Chen, Uwe Deichmann, Arthur L. Lerner-Lam, and Margaret ArnoldMaxx Dilley, Robert S. Chen, Uwe Deichmann, Arthur L. Lerner-Lam, and Margaret Arnoldhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5930-4SectionsAboutPDF (29.3 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Earthquakes, floods, drought, and other natural hazards cause tens of thousands of deaths, hundreds of thousands of injuries, and billions of dollars in economic losses each year around the world. Many billions of dollars in humanitarian assistance, emergency loans, and development aid are expended annually. Yet efforts to reduce the risks of natural hazards remain largely uncoordinated across different hazard types and do not necessarily focus on areas at highest risk of disaster. Natural Disaster Hotspots presents a global view of major natural disaster risk hotspots – areas at relatively high risk of loss from one or more natural hazards. It summarizes the results of an interdisciplinary analysis of the location and characteristics of hotspots for six natural hazards – earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, floods, drought, and cyclones. Data on these hazards are combined with state-of-the-art data on the subnational distribution of population and economic output and past disaster losses to identify areas at relatively high risk from one or more hazards. 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Earth Sciences, July analysis of landslide hazard in Earth Sciences, August to urban flooding hotspots and emergency A case study in in Vol.25, August flood by local on a with a performance in drought Journal of and Research, Vol.27, January the impact of on Evidence from and and Planning Urban and City Science, No.610 September in Landslide Extreme for Landslide Susceptibility of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, July and in to an analysis of of Risk Research, Vol.24, October risk assessment from flooding under climate Research Vol.16, May in and of Vol.34, Resilience the Economic of the and of in an urban A case study in de No.319 March slope model and shallow landslide susceptibility The area climate and change on and April on risks to May 2021The of Human Development Economic and Environmental In Province, AND April vulnerability assessment using a fuzzy in Water Resources Management, February Analysis of in – for Climate Change in Development Journal of Disaster Risk in and from remote & Development, No.36 November analysis on European and natural Hazards, November in Disaster Hazards Review, Vol.22, Method and Its Adaptation in Risk A Case Study in Sri Cities in the Coastal Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol.18, February Disasters and a and Development Review, Vol.14, June and Strategies in Resilience and of and No.128 August the of adaptation in and Development, Vol.13, February Resilience Through Water Resources Management1 January and Impacts of for and of and November Disaster Risk Reduction and A June Climate Change Adaptation in July Risk Assessment November and for August level of Natural Hazards and Risk, Vol.12, No.13 February urban flood and assessment for disaster risk in West Earth and Environmental Science, January Society of the geological and future of the Geological Society, No.128 December in Environmental Science, on Public from in from a Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol.21, April A systematic review and future of flood vulnerability Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol.21, May mapping of disasters using the hierarchy process under change and climate change in Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol.21, May the future of exposure and vulnerabilities in Modelling of location of urban population with Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol.21, No.121 January building exposure for and tsunami risk an case in Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol.21, November of the Impacts of the in Using Model in of September for Development of Forest October 2021The of Resilience Interventions to Drought Resilience of in of A Case of the Resilience and Systems in and Journal, of Modeling of to and Journal, the effects of A study of disaster and the Vol.34, January of climate change and area to drought risk for in China over the Journal of Climatology, October on Coastal and Strategies of Global Environmental December Framework for of hazard indices and in disaster risk the case study of and of Maps, Vol.16, January spatial resolution do we to model a local flood testing based on data from River Journal of Geosciences, Vol.13, January analysis of losses in China at the Vol.10, No.130 June Potential Evaluation Using November of drought risk analysis and via a review across and of and development on global flood of Hydrology, and in the of a tsunami in an An experience from the Eastern Science, Risk October

Sociology and Political Science Emergency Medical Services

Innovations in Health Service Delivery

Washington, DC: World Bank eBooks2003-01-01作者：Alexander S. Preker, April Harding

No AccessHealth, Nutrition, and Population1 Feb 2013Innovations in Health Service DeliveryThe Corporatization of Public HospitalsAuthors/Editors: Alexander S. Preker, April HardingAlexander S. Preker, April Hardinghttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4494-3SectionsAboutPDF (2.6 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Hospitals remain an important source of critical health care services in most countries, providing both basic and advanced care to their populations. They are often the provider "of last resort" for the critically ill and poor. Yet hospitals also make up the largest expenditure category of the health system both in developed and developing countries. Innovations in Health Service Delivery offers insights into recent trends in the reform of public hospitals, with a focus on organizational changes such as increased management autonomy, corporatization, and privatization. This book also provides an opportunity to further understand the objectives, design, implementation, and evaluation of such reforms. Previous bookNext book FiguresReferencesRecommendedDetailsCited ByReforms of Czech Hospitals in Multiple Streams Perspective: The Cases of Success and FailureCentral European Journal of Public Policy, Vol.0, No.016 June 2022Corporatization and political ideology: The case of hospitals in SpainPublic Administration, Vol.100, No.216 August 2021Can Asia provide models for tax-based European health systems? A comparative study of Singapore and SwedenHealth Economics, Policy and Law, Vol.17, No.216 November 2020A scoping review of public hospitals autonomy in Iran: from budgetary hospitals to corporate hospitalsBMC Health Services Research, Vol.21, No.16 July 2021Examining health facility financing in Kenya in the context of devolutionBMC Health Services Research, Vol.21, No.113 October 2021Countries' experiences in reforming hospital administration structure based on the Parker and Harding model: A systematic review studyJournal of Education and Health Promotion, Vol.10, No.1The impacts and unintended consequences of the nationwide pricing reform for drugs and medical services in the urban public hospitals in ChinaBMC Health Services Research, Vol.20, No.123 November 2020Hospital Governance31 July 2020Outsourcing in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; a before and after studyJournal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, Vol.94, No.127 February 2019Lever 4: Reforming Public Hospital Governance and Management3 June 2019An institutional analysis of the fiscal autonomy of public hospitals in VietnamAsia & the Pacific Policy Studies, Vol.6, No.127 December 2018Provider payment to primary care physicians in China: background, challenges, and a reform frameworkPrimary Health Care Research & Development, Vol.205 April 2018Public hospital reform in T urkey: The "public hospital union" case (2012‐2017)The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol.33, No.43 August 2018Health system organizational reform in governing Iranian public hospitals: A content analysis to comprehend the barriers in Board of Trustees' hospitalsThe International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol.33, No.224 March 2018Building a pro-public movement in CanadaStudies in Political Economy, Vol.99, No.122 March 2018The double-edged sword of corporatisation in the hospital sector: evidence from IndonesiaHealth Economics, Policy and Law, Vol.12, No.115 September 2016PLOS ONE, Vol.12, No.8Fail to prepare and you can prepare to fail: the experience of financing path changes in teaching hospitals in IranBMC Health Services Research, Vol.16, No.121 April 2016Preparing for the introduction of hospital autonomy in Laos: an assessment of current situation and suggestions for policy-makingThe International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol.31, No.210 February 2015Higher Education and Health Organizational Fields in the Age of "World Class" and "Best Practices"4 January 2016Governance, Government, and the Search for New Provider ModelsInternational Journal of Health Policy and Management, Vol.5, No.13 November 2015Economic Implications of Transforming Hospital GovernanceImplementing hospital quality assurance policies in IranInternational Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Vol.28, No.4Governing Public HospitalsGOVERNANCE QUALITY IMPACT ON HEALTH ECONOMICS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES: THE PANEL DATA APPROACHJournal of Governance and Regulation, Vol.4, No.21 January 2015The effects of agency reform in Europe: A review of the evidencePublic Policy and Administration, Vol.29, No.314 January 2014Does Autonomization of Public Hospitals and Exposure to Market Pressure Complement or Debilitate Social Health Insurance Systems? Evidence from a Low-Income CountryInternational Journal of Health Services, Vol.44, No.11 January 2014Social Responsibility: A New Paradigm of Hospital Governance?Health Care Analysis, Vol.21, No.46 April 2012Key factors affecting the hospital performance: a qualitative study using fuzzy logicQuality & Quantity, Vol.47, No.627 June 2012Planned change and service quality in a health care environment: assessing outcomesCorporate Ownership and Control, Vol.11, No.41 January 2013PLANNED CHANGE AND SERVICE QUALITY IN A HEALTH CARE ENVIRONMENT: ASSESSING OUTCOMESCorporate Ownership and Control, Vol.11, No.11 January 2013Space or no space for managing public hospitals; a qualitative study of hospital autonomy in IranThe International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol.26, No.328 July 2010Research EssayInternational Journal of Public and Private Healthcare Management and Economics, Vol.1, No.2Exploring health professionals' perspectives on factors affecting Iranian hospital efficiency and suggestions for improvementThe International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol.26, No.15 July 2010Decentralisation, Governance and Health-System Performance: 'Where You Stand Depends on Where You Sit'Development Policy Review, Vol.28, No.65 October 2010Six Countries, Six Health Reform Models? Health Care Reform in Chile, Israel, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan and The NetherlandsJournal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, Vol.12, No.1-2Healthcare Reform and LeadershipHealthcare regulation as a tool for public accountabilityMedicine, Health Care and Philosophy, Vol.12, No.311 January 2009Health Care Reforms in Developing Asia: Propositions and RealitiesDevelopment and Change, Vol.40, No.3The impact of globalisation on hospital management: Corporate governance rules in both public and private nonprofit hospitalsJournal of Management & Marketing in Healthcare, Vol.2, No.118 July 2013Realigning public and private health care in southeast AsiaThe Pacific Review, Vol.21, No.2Activité et performance des hôpitaux municipaux en Chine rurale. Une analyse sur données d'enquêtes dans la province de ShandongRevue d'économie du développement, Vol.Vol. 16, No.1Autonomy and Control in Public Hospital Reforms in SingaporeThe American Review of Public Administration, Vol.38, No.11 March 2008Where is the pilot? The changing shapes of governance in the European hospital sectorJournal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, Vol.127, No.27 September 2016A review of the experience of hospital autonomy in PakistanThe International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Vol.22, No.11 January 2007The effect of performance-related pay of hospital doctors on hospital behaviour: a case study from Shandong, ChinaHuman Resources for Health, Vol.3, No.127 October 2005Privatization and Trade in Health Services: A Review of the EvidenceInternational Journal of Health Services, Vol.35, No.423 June 2016Enterprise resource planning for hospitalsInternational Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol.73, No.6Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the most improved of all?Journal of Nursing Management, Vol.12, No.2An Introduction to Health ManagementIryo To Shakai, Vol.14, No.3Salami Slicing a Role for Private Providers View Published: February 2003ISBN: 978-0-8213-4494-1 Copyright & Permissions Related TopicsHealth Nutrition and PopulationPublic Sector Development KeywordsPUBLIC HOSPITALSHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH CARECORPORATIZATIONPRIVATIZATION PDF DownloadLoading ...

Economics and Econometrics

Roma in an Expanding Europe

The World Bank eBooks2004-11-18作者：Dena Ringold, Mitchell A. Orenstein, Erika Wilkens

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Roma in an Expanding EuropeBreaking the Poverty CycleAuthors/Editors: Dena Ringold, Mitchell A. Orenstein, and Erika WilkensDena Ringold, Mitchell A. Orenstein, and Erika Wilkenshttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5457-4SectionsAboutPDF (2.3 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Roma are the largest minority group in Europe and are the major poverty risk group in Central and Eastern Europe. Poverty rates from recent World Bank poverty studies are striking. In Bulgaria, Roma were found to be ten times more likely to be poor than ethnic Bulgarians. Roma also comprise an increasing share of the population in ECA countries, because of higher birth rates. These dynamics have gained international attention, and the European Union accession process, in particular, has focused attention on the issue. Governments and international institutions have been eager to support initiatives to address the needs of Roma. However, the lack of credible information on the actual living conditions of Roma and the absence of program evaluations have provided substantial obstacles.This book brings together original sociological research, evaluations of programs, and the first comparative cross-country household survey on ethnicity and poverty. It finds that Roma poverty is multi-faceted and can only be addressed by a comprehensive policy approach that attends to all dimensions of Roma social exclusion. It proposes an inclusive policy approach which would expand and promote Roma involvement and participation in mainstream society, while maintaining cultural and social identity and autonomy. Policy mechanisms include those which make existing policies more accessible to Roma and identifying areas where targeted initiatives are needed. FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byCommunity, Identity, and Mobility of Eastern European Roma: A Systematic Review 2002-2022Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, Vol.10, No.425 September 2023Romani Girls Matter: Developing a Participatory Action Research Protocol for Reproductive JusticeHealthcare, Vol.11, No.54 March 2023Social Factors Associated with Poverty in Households in PeruSocial Sciences, Vol.11, No.1213 December 2022Using humor to disguise racism in television news: the case of the RomaHUMOR, Vol.35, No.122 November 2021Egyptian and Roma Adolescents' Perspectives on Their Developmental Assets in Albania During the COVID‐19 PandemicJournal of Research on Adolescence, Vol.31, No.326 August 2021Transmission Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 during an Outbreak in a Roma Community in Thessaly, Greece—Control Measures and Lessons LearnedInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol.18, No.611 March 2021We Are not Victims: The Roma, An Outdoor Art Gallery and the Same Old Story – Critical Thinking in Communication for Development26 January 2021Racialization: Racial Oppression of Roma3 February 2021The Importance of Employment in Roma Social Integration: Looking Back at the Early Years of the Decade of Roma InclusionSlovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology, Vol.68, No.45 January 2021Social Mobility and Political Engagement of the Roma Across Europe. Introduction to the Special IssueSlovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology, Vol.68, No.45 January 2021Roma Rights and Civil Rights, Vol.52 May 2020Racialization, Racial Oppression of Roma22 April 2020Identifying and Removing the Silences of Roma Culture in Polish School TextsJournal of Geography, Vol.118, No.413 June 2019Socioeconomic status, health related behaviour, and self-rated health of children living in Roma settlements in HungaryCentral European Journal of Public Health, Vol.27, No.1AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ'NİN AZINLIK POLİTİKALARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE FRANSA'DA ROMANLAR: NICHOLAS SARKOZY DÖNEMİPamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute17 January 2019The Janus face of precarity – Securitisation of Roma mobility in the UKLocal Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit, Vol.33, No.222 March 2018BİR İNŞA SÜRECİ OLARAK ÇİNGENELİK: KURAMSAL BİR ÇÖZÜMLEMEFırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol.27, No.215 July 2017ACTIVE OR TOKEN PARTICIPATION?: HOPES AND HINDERANCES BEFORE ROMA FACE POLITICAL AMBITIONS (AKTİF YA DA SEMBOLİK KATILIM?: ROMANLARIN SİYASAL İSTEKLERİNE YÖNELİK UMUTLAR VE ENGELLER)HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol.4, No.89 November 2016Addressing barriers to healthcare access for Roma: A community development approachAdministration, Vol.64, No.223 September 2016Socially excluded localities revisitedGeografie, Vol.121, No.416 February 2020European Mobilities or Poverty Migration? Discourses on Roma in GermanyInternational Migration, Vol.53, No.326 June 2014The Educational Achievement and Employment of Young Roma in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania: Increasing Gaps and Policy ChallengesEurope-Asia Studies, Vol.67, No.414 June 2015Social determinants of health in the Romani populationKontakt, Vol.16, No.1Does the Population Living in Roma Settlements Differ in Physical Activity, Smoking and Alcohol Consumption from the Majority Population in Slovakia?Central European Journal of Public Health, Vol.22, No.SupplementSocioeconomic Characteristics of the Population Living in Roma Settlements and Their Association with Health and Health-Related BehaviourCentral European Journal of Public Health, Vol.22, No.SupplementThe health mediators-qualified interpreters contributing to health care quality among Romanian Roma patientsMedicine, Health Care and Philosophy, Vol.16, No.42 February 2013SSGIs in the Czech Republic31 October 2012Zápas o uvozovky: interpretační rámce a repertoár jednání pro-romského hnutí v letech 1989–2007"A Stroll in Heavy Boots": Studying Polish Roma Women's Experiences of AgingCanadian Theatre Review, Vol.151Social exclusion and labour market outcomes: evidence from Eastern Europe and Central AsiaInternational Journal of Development Issues, Vol.10, No.3Vingt ans d'expérience migratoire en Roumanie postcommunisteEspace populations sociétés, No.2011/2Health Inequalities of the Roma in Europe: a Literature ReviewCentral European Journal of Public Health, Vol.19, No.3La stérilisation forcée des femmes roms dans l'Europe d'aujourd'huiCahiers du Genre, Vol.n° 50, No.1BibliographieSolving the "Gypsy Problem": D.H. and Othersv. the Czech RepublicComparative Education Review, Vol.54, No.3The politicisation of migrant minors: Italo‐Romanian geopolitics and EU integrationArea, Vol.42, No.24 May 2010"It's not that I'm a racist, it's that they are Roma"International Journal of Manpower, Vol.31, No.2Back matter -Developing Adult Literacy1 April 2015Poverty, Women and Child Health in Rural Romania: Uninformed Choice or Lack of Services?Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, Vol.7, No.1Using Embedded Systems for Literacy Teaching and Learning View Published: November 2004 ISBN: 978-0-8213-5457-5 Copyright & Permissions Related Regions Europe and Central Asia Related Countries Hungary Romania Slovak Republic Related Topics Culture & Development Health Nutrition and Population Social Protections and Labor KeywordsROMACENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEGYPSIESSOCIAL POLICYETHNICITYACCESS TO SERVICESPOVERTYSOCIAL EXCLUSIONETHNIC MINORITIESSOCIAL COHESIONDISSEMINATIONECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESGOVERNMENT POLICIESLABOR MARKETLEGAL STATUSPOLICY DEVELOPMENTSPOLICY IMPLICATIONSSOCIAL CONDITIONSSOCIAL SERVICESUNEMPLOYMENT PDF DownloadLoading ...

General Health Professions

Social Capital

The World Bank eBooks2001-08-01作者：Ismaïl Serageldin, Partha Dasgupta

No AccessStand Alone Books23 Oct 2013Social CapitalA Multifaceted PerspectiveAuthors/Editors: Ismail Serageldin, Partha DasguptaIsmail Serageldin, Partha Dasguptahttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-5004-1SectionsAboutPDF (10.5 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This book provides an account of the current understanding of social capital. It covers both theoretical and empirical studies, and the concept is debated throughout. Also included in this volume is the classic 1987 article by the late James Coleman, 'Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital', which formed the basis for the development of social capital as an organizing concept in the social sciences. The volume is divided into areas that cover the analytical foundations and institutional and statistical analyses of social capital. FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited bySocial Capital and Digital Transformation of Startups in Vietnam During the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Human Capital and Access to ResourcesManagement Systems in Production Engineering, Vol.31, No.118 February 2023Critical Perspectives on Social Capital and Development:Liberal Düşünce Dergisi26 January 2023Making Improvisations, Reconfiguring Livelihoods: Surviving the COVID-19 Lockdown by Urban Residents in UgandaCOVID, Vol.2, No.1226 November 2022Social capital and performance of farmers' groups in producer organizations in India: examining the mediating role of self-efficacyJournal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, Vol.3428 October 2022Relationship Between Proactive Personality and Entrepreneurial Intentions in College Students: Mediation Effects of Social Capital and Human CapitalFrontiers in Psychology, Vol.1316 June 2022Human capital, digital transformation, and firm performance of startups in VietnamManagement, Vol.26, No.118 April 2022SOCIAL CAPITAL REVISITED: CONCEPT AND MEASUREMENTSosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi24 October 2021To Study the Formation and Increase of Social Capital in Islamic Republic of IranCuestiones Políticas, Vol.39, No.6917 July 2021Quimera do desenvolvimento sustentável para supressão da pobreza e da crise ecológicaLibertas, Vol.21, No.119 June 2021Can Development Programs Shape Cooperation?Human Nature, Vol.31, No.21 July 2020Does connectedness improve SMEs' access to formal finance? Evidence from post-communist economiesPost-Communist Economies, Vol.31, No.213 June 2018Exploring the Connection Between the Existence of Local Web Communities and Civic Activity: St. Petersburg Case Study10 February 2019L'innovazione tecnologica per valorizzare il capitale relazionale: il caso BPC ONESPERIENZE D'IMPRESA, No.1Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, Vol.15, No.1Human capital as socio-economic phenomenon of the innovation society: prerequisites of formation, essence and structureSHS Web of Conferences, Vol.5514 November 2018Sosyal Sermayenin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Potansiyel Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme AnaliziSosyoekonomi30 July 2017Trust and Perceived Corruption Among Ukrainian FirmsEastern European Economics, Vol.55, No.411 May 2017Why Citizens Participate in Local Governance: A Case of Two Philippine LGUsInternational Journal of Public Administration, Vol.39, No.1216 February 2016Social capital effects on the discovery and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunitiesInternational Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol.12, No.225 November 2014Social Cohesion and Economic Growth: An Empirical InvestigationAustralian Economic Review, Vol.48, No.41 December 2015Social capital influences farmer participation in collective irrigation management in Shaanxi Province, ChinaChina Agricultural Economic Review, Vol.7, No.3Connectedness and SME Financing in Post-Communist Economies: Evidence from UzbekistanThe Journal of Development Studies, Vol.51, No.516 June 2015Unternehmenskultur und Public Relations12 March 2015Co-operation – the missing value of business educationJournal of Management Development, Vol.33, No.4Capability Approach, Livelihoods and Social Inclusion: Agents of Change in Rural IndiaPlanning for success in a climate change future: Collaborative water governance in the Upper Murrumbidgee Catchment, southeastern AustraliaAustralasian Journal of Water Resources, Vol.18, No.116 November 2015Investigating causal relationship between social capital and microfinanceInternational Journal of Social Economics, Vol.40, No.94Es and 4 Poles model of sustainabilityStructural Survey, Vol.30, No.5Leveraging tourism social capital: the case of the 2010 Olympic tourism consortiumInternational Journal of Event and Festival Management, Vol.3, No.3The Psychology of Love: Exploring the Gender Differences in Unmarried and Married CouplesSSRN Electronic JournalAn exploratory examination of the social capital and FDI linkage and the moderating role of regulatory quality: A cross-country studyThunderbird International Business Review, Vol.53, No.518 August 2011La nueva economía institucional y la economía de los recursos naturales: Comunes, instituciones, gobernanza y cambio institucionalEconomía Agraria y Recursos Naturales, Vol.10, No.28 October 2011ENTREPRENEURIAL EXIT AND REENTRY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF TURKISH ENTREPRENEURSJournal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol.15, No.0421 November 2011It is all about who you know: Social capital and health in low-income communitiesHealth Sociology Review, Vol.19, No.117 December 2014Trust and tacit knowledge sharing and useJournal of Knowledge Management, Vol.14, No.1Vergleichende SozialkapitalforschungWhat does 'Social capital' mean?Australian Journal of Social Issues, Vol.44, No.222 December 2016The Knoware Tree and the Regional Intellectual Capital IndexJournal of Intellectual Capital, Vol.9, No.2Outside Board Members in High Tech Start-upsSmall Business Economics, Vol.29, No.33 April 2007Exploring the social capital grid: bonding, bridging, qualitative, quantitativeInternational Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol.27, No.1/2Role of Social Capital in Collective Action and Public Work Participation: A Case of Land Consolidation in IranJOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION, Vol.26, No.2Economic Analysis of Social Common Capital, Vol.1318 December 2009Trust, Social Capital and Economic DevelopmentSSRN Electronic JournalConclusion: measuring impact and drawing policy implications View Published: August 2001ISBN: 978-0-8213-5004-1 Copyright & Permissions Related TopicsMacroeconomics and Economic GrowthSocial Development KeywordsSOCIAL CAPITAL PDF DownloadLoading ...

Sociology and Political Science

搜索结果：European journal of public health

Granting and Renegotiating Infrastructure Concessions