BackgroundGeneration Z is entering healthcare education and the early career during a period of workforce strain and rapid digital transformation. Ethical values may shape how this cohort engages with training, work environments, and professional roles, yet ethical perspectives are often addressed indirectly in existing studies.MethodsA scoping review following JBI guidance and PRISMA-ScR was conducted. MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses were searched, with no date limits and inclusion of English, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese sources. Screening and extraction followed a structured approach. Study characteristics were summarized descriptively, and ethics-related findings were synthesized using a thematic narrative approach.ResultsTwenty-eight were included, focused mainly on medicine and nursing area. The evidence base was heterogeneous and dominated by cross-sectional surveys, qualitative descriptive studies, and discursive papers, with few theory-driven designs and no consistent use of formal ethical frameworks. Ethical values were rarely the primary focus and more often appeared as embedded orientations within broader discussions. Recurring ethical themes encompassing education, career decisions, professional practice, and health-related behaviours included well-being and boundaries; meaningful work and purpose; empathy, teamwork, and supportive supervision; equity and fairness; autonomy and flexibility; and digital/technological ethics, including privacy, trust, diagnostic reliability, and human connection.ConclusionsEthics-related orientations among Generation Z in healthcare are consistently present but commonly implicit. Greater attention to value-context alignment in learning environments, leadership practices, and digital implementation may help inform strategies to support strengthen engagement and retention. Further research should strengthen conceptual clarity and broaden the contexts and professions studied.
To describe contemporary trends in kidney stone disease (KSD)-related inpatient episodes, procedures, and costs in England and Scotland, with emphasis on post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) service recovery, socioeconomic variation in Scotland, comparison with other urological procedures, and 10-year healthcare demand and cost projections. Retrospective descriptive analyses were conducted using English Hospital Episode Statistics (2020-2025) and Public Health Scotland data (2019-2024). KSD-related finished consultant inpatient episodes and procedures were identified using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision and Operation and Procedures fourth edition codes, respectively. Procedures were categorised as extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, ureterorenoscopy (URS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy, or open. Trends were compared with uro-oncological resections and benign prostate obstruction procedures. Socioeconomic variation was assessed using the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. The 10-year healthcare demand and cost projections, accounting for National Health Service (NHS) cost uplift factors, were modelled using historical data. The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately reduced KSD-associated activity compared with procedures for bladder and kidney cancer. Although volumes now exceed pre-pandemic levels, inpatient episodes remain below baseline and waiting times remain prolonged. Between 2020 and 2025, inpatient episodes increased by 27.4% in England and 17% in Scotland, with URS accounting for >50% of interventions. KSD procedural volumes are comparable to the combined volume of uro-oncological resections and benign prostatic obstruction procedures. In Scotland, 44% of procedures were performed in the two most deprived socioeconomic quintiles versus 37% in the two least deprived. In England, KSD-associated episodes are projected to increase by 33% to 111 907 (95% confidence interval 96 057-130 373) by 2034-2035, with an estimated cumulative NHS cost of £1.82 billion over the next decade. Kidney stone disease exacts a growing burden on healthcare services with incomplete recovery of inpatient care following the COVID-19 pandemic, socioeconomic disparities, and rising healthcare demand. These findings can inform service planning and prioritise evaluation of strategies to improve efficiency, equity, and prevention.
Quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have gained a strong competitive edge in next-generation display, thanks to their exceptional electronic and optical properties. In recent years, the performance of quasi-2D PeLEDs has advanced steadily, with their external quantum efficiency (EQE) climbing to approximately 30%, highlighting immense development potential. However, the operational stability of these devices remains a critical bottleneck, severely limiting their commercialization. Consequently, this review focuses on the influencing factors and mechanisms governing the stability of quasi-2D perovskites. Centering on the stability of quasi-2D PeLEDs, we first systematically analyze the key stability-affecting factors from the dual dimensions of intrinsic and extrinsic causes. Subsequently, we summarize strategies for enhancing the stability of quasi-2D PeLEDs, including component regulation, additive regulation, phase distribution regulation, device structure regulation, process parameter regulation, and so on. Finally, we outline the challenges and opportunities currently faced in achieving stable quasi-2D PeLEDs, providing a clear direction for the development of high-performance, long-lifetime quasi-2D PeLEDs.
Sexual reproduction relies on meiotic recombination and the accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes to generate viable, genetically diverse gametes. While the molecular mechanisms of recombination and chromosome segregation are well studied, the upstream regulatory cues that drive expression of key meiotic genes remain poorly understood, especially in metazoans. Emerging evidence suggests that post-transcriptional regulation plays a central role in initiating and coordinating the meiotic program in both fruit flies and mammals. Here, we identify the RNA-binding protein Ataxin-2 (Atx2) as a crucial regulator of meiosis in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that Atx2 positively regulates meiotic factors, especially components of the synaptonemal complex (SC), a structure essential for pairing, recombination and segregation of homologous chromosomes. In Atx2-depleted germ cells, SC component mRNA and protein levels are markedly reduced, leading to defective SC assembly and maintenance. Consequently, homologous chromosomes fail to pair properly, which is essential for proper homolog segregation and the prevention of aneuploidy. These findings uncover Atx2 as a key regulator of the SC and highlight an underappreciated layer of gene regulation essential for accurate meiotic chromosome segregation and fertility.
Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are prevalent but frequently remain unrecognized. While bone mineral density (BMD) is the primary assessment tool, MRI-based parameters associated with bone and muscle quality may offer additional value, yet sex-specific analyses are limited, despite sex differences in incidence and hormones. To explore the associations between MRI-based vertebral bone quality (VBQ) score, psoas muscle index (PMI), and paravertebral muscle fat infiltration (FI) fraction with OVCFs, and to assess the potential diagnostic performance of MRI parameters across sexes. Retrospective. 260 subjects (≥ 50 years); 130 OVCF patients (73.0 years (67.0-80.0), 89 females) and 130 non-fracture (NF) patients (64.5 years (58.0-73.0), 76 females). 3 T and 1.5 T. T1-weighted TSE and T2-weighted TSE (Siemens) and T1-weighted FSE and T2-weighted FSE (United Imaging). VBQ was calculated on sagittal T1-weighted MRI; PMI and FI were quantified on axial T2-weighted MRI at the L3 endplate by ImageJ. BMD was derived from CT using QCT PRO software. Two trained observers, blinded to clinical data, performed all MRI measurements. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. t-test/Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test (χ2), Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, multivariate logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with area under the curve (AUC). Bootstrap resampling (1000 iterations) for internal validation. The OVCF group exhibited significantly elevated VBQ (3.71 ± 0.55 vs. 3.25 ± 0.58) and FI (24.11% (21.66-28.92) vs. 20.31% (18.90-22.14)), while PMI (3.42 ± 1.02 vs. 4.08 ± 1.14) and BMD (55.82 mg/cm3 (38.75-70.90) vs. 89.24 mg/cm3 (67.80-110.00)) were reduced. FI was independently associated with OVCFs exclusively in females (OR = 1.566). The combined MRI model (VBQ + FI + PMI) yielded a significantly higher AUC in females (AUC = 0.896) than in males (AUC = 0.720). VBQ, PMI, and FI reveal significant sex-specific correlations with OVCFs. The multi-parametric MRI model shows considerable potential as a diagnostic aid for OVCFs in individuals aged over 50, particularly in females. 2 (Diagnostic Accuracy). This study explored whether MRI‐based bone quality score and paravertebral muscle parameters could help differentiate osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) in older adults. Analyzing 260 patients aged ≥ 50 years, researchers found that patients with OVCFs had elevated vertebral bone quality score, decreased psoas muscle index, and increased paravertebral muscle fat infiltration. Notably, fat infiltration was independently associated with OVCFs, but only in females. A multi‐parametric MRI model showed good performance for identifying OVCFs and demonstrated considerable potential as a diagnostic aid in individuals aged over 50 years, highlighting the need for sex‐specific approaches.
This work uses DFT calculations and CV measurements to show that aromatic disulfides with extended conjugation have more positive reduction potentials and lower energy for electrochemical CO2 capture and release (ECCR). Naphthyl disulfide (NtDS) with a larger conjugated system achieves a smaller ECCR theoretical energy consumption of 117 kJ mol-1 CO2. This work also demonstrates that aromatic disulfides are suitable for homogeneous ECCR rather than heterogeneous ECCR.
Subterranean estuaries (STEs) are key bioreactors regulating the quantity and chemical composition of groundwater-derived nitrogen (N) reaching coastal ecosystems. Yet, the microbial controls on N-cycling within these groundwater-seawater mixing zones remain poorly understood. We investigated the spatio-temporal variations in microbial communities and their N-cycling potential within an alluvial Mediterranean STE with high N concentration. We explored changes in microbial abundance, heterotrophic activity, taxonomic composition, and the abundance of N-cycling genes across groundwater samples collected at several depths and distances from the shoreline in winter and summer. Microbial abundance, activity, and diversity varied strongly across hydrochemical zones according to physicochemistry and aquifer depth but showed limited seasonality. Functional predictions suggested a complex, spatially structured suite of N pathways encoded by diverse taxa occupying different STE zones, and quantitative-PCR revealed niche partitioning between ammonia-oxidizing archaea, prevalent in fresh-groundwater, and bacterial denitrifiers enriched in deep-saline layers. Multiple linear model predictions showed a stronger fit for NO2 - and NH4 + concentrations when using microbial properties than when using environmental variables, highlighting their importance for understanding N cycling in STEs. Our results suggest that the functional potential of the STE microbiome is complex and spatially structured across hydrochemical zones, explaining spatial variations in STE N-cycling.
Germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers are at increased risk for high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) and are therefore advised to have a risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) around the age of 40. A risk of 0.9% to develop peritoneal HGSC (pHGSC) remains, which increases up to 27.5% when serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) is detected at RRSO. The relationship between the detection of STIC and the occurrence of pHGSC is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of tissue sampling by examining deeper sections of the tubal tissue of RRSO specimens. Four groups of patients were included: (1) STIC without pHGSC (n = 5); (2) STIC with pHGSC (n = 4); (3) no STIC and no pHGSC (n = 5); and (4) no STIC and pHGSC (n = 5). Follow-up time was 10 years or until the development of pHGSC. Deeper sections were cut at 150 μm intervals. A deep learning model was used to support STIC detection. A focus of isolated STIC or HGSC was found in the deeper sections of all patients who developed pHGSC, while these patients did not have STIC or HGSC at the initial diagnosis. No patients with STIC and pHGSC showed HGSC in the deeper sections. We observed that five STICs presented as serous tubal intraepithelial lesions (STILs) in adjacent slides based on low Ki-67 expression. Our findings underscore the hypothesis that pHGSC originates in the fallopian tube and confirm that invasiveness is not necessary for disease progression of STIC towards pHGSC. Furthermore, deeper sections might be of additional value when STIL is diagnosed.
There is still inconsistency in psychedelic research across the United States. There are gaps in our understanding of the psychedelic community's perception of topics including reasons for use and set/setting. The goal is to utilize these findings to produce better quantitative research, to ask the right questions of the right communities. This qualitative study organized focus groups from people who use psychedelics for: 1) recreational/spiritual and 2) mental health reasons. We conducted 10 focus groups with 29 people. The data were analyzed using Grounded Theory. A primary coder (JJ) inductively coded the transcribed audio recordings, and a secondary coder (CJ) deductively coded the data using JJ's codebook. Four themes emerged. We learned that people who use for recreational reasons often still use with purposive intent. Secondly, there is evidence of preparation and integration with their use. In those that use for mental health reasons, it was not uncommon to have a history of prior psychedelic use, and those individuals also had concerns about access to psychedelics for others who needed mental health treatment. These themes provide useful information for researchers to develop data collection tools for harm reduction and therapy techniques that are grounded in community perspectives and supportive literature.
Total intravenous and inhalational anaesthesia are used widely to maintain general anaesthesia for major non-cardiac surgery, yet their comparative cost-effectiveness remains uncertain. The VITAL trial evaluated clinical outcomes, showing no difference in days alive and at home at 30 days. We conducted an economic evaluation alongside VITAL to determine whether total intravenous anaesthesia offers an economic advantage within the UK NHS. A within-trial economic evaluation was conducted from the NHS and personal social services perspective over a 6-month time horizon. Resource use was collected from trial records and questionnaires, and health-related quality of life was measured using EuroQol five-dimension five-level instrument at baseline, discharge, 30 days and 6 months. Costs were evaluated using national sources and quality-adjusted life years were calculated using the area under the curve approach. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were estimated using imputed datasets, with uncertainty explored through bootstrapping and the probability of cost-effectiveness illustrated using a cost-effectiveness acceptability curve across a range of willingness-to-pay thresholds. A total of 2507 patients were allocated randomly: 1253 (50%) received total intravenous anaesthesia; and 1254 (50%) inhalational anaesthesia. Mean costs and quality-adjusted life years were similar across groups. Incremental cost was -£145 (95%CI -£1510-£1220) and incremental quality-adjusted life years -0.001 (95%CI -0.008-0.005). Total intravenous anaesthesia showed a 56-57% probability of cost-effectiveness at standard willingness-to-pay thresholds. Sensitivity analyses, including complete-case and societal-perspective models, yielded consistent findings of equivalence. Total intravenous and inhalational anaesthesia show comparable cost-effectiveness for adults aged ≥ 50 y undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. Given clinical equipoise and equivalent economic outcomes, anaesthetic choice should continue to be guided by patient factors, clinician expertise and organisational context. Further research may be justified given the large population undergoing major surgery. Researchers compared two common ways of keeping people asleep during major surgery: total intravenous anaesthesia, which uses medicines given through a drip; and inhalational anaesthesia, which uses anaesthetic gases. They followed more than 2500 patients aged 50 years and older and measured both the costs of care and the patients' quality of life for six months after surgery. Both types of anaesthesia are used widely, but it is not clear whether one provides better value for money. The researchers wanted to find out if one method costs less or leads to better recovery and quality of life for patients. The researchers found that the two types of anaesthesia performed very similarly. Patients had similar quality of life and recovery, and the costs to the NHS were almost the same. Neither approach showed a clear advantage over the other. This means that doctors can continue to choose the type of anaesthesia based on the patient's needs, their own experience and local hospital practices, rather than cost alone.
Direct catalytic upcycling of solid plastic waste is challenging owing to its chemical robustness, and existing conversion routes often require harsh conditions or costly catalysts. Here, we develop a circular plastic-to-catalyst-to-product strategy converting waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles into a microwave-responsive composite catalyst for microwave-assisted catalytic plastic upcycling. First, microwave-assisted PET depolymerization and Ni-MOF nanorod crystallization generate abundant missing-cluster defects, inherited during pyrolysis as lattice-distorted Ni nano-cores and edge dislocations encapsulated within a defective carbon shell (Ni@C). These strain-rich Ni─C heterointerfaces enhance dielectric loss and interfacial polarization under microwave irradiation, promoting local microwave energy dissipation at catalyst-plastic contacts and accelerating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Coupled microwave-thermal-chemical PMS activation initiates polymer-chain disordering, hydrogen abstraction, and C─C bond scission in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) particles before oxidative functionalization, making it more efficient than oxidation-dominated hydrothermal heating. Spectroscopic and strain-mapping analyses reveal that dislocation-rich Ni cores and carbon defects govern microwave energy dissipation and thus catalytic oxidation reactivity. The optimized Ni@C catalyst achieves up to 96% degradation of HDPE and converts products into valuable liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates with limited phytotoxicity. Overall, this work integrates waste-derived catalyst design with microwave-assisted plastic conversion, offering a route toward circular plastic upcycling and carbon recovery.
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To compare the outcomes of bridging therapy versus intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) alone in patients with medium vessel occlusion (MeVO). Consecutive MeVO patients between January 2019 and December 2024 were retrospectively included and classified into IVT alone or bridging therapy groups. The primary outcome was a favorable outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1 at 90 days. Secondary outcomes included functional independence (mRS 0-2), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). Inverse probability weighting (IPW) and IPW-adjusted logistic regression were used to balance baseline covariates and assess treatment associations. Per-protocol and as-treated sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the primary findings. A total of 248 patients with MeVO treated with IVT were included, of whom 86 received bridging therapy. After IPW adjustment, there was no significant difference in the rate of favorable outcome between the bridging therapy and IVT alone groups (59.3% vs. 62.2%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-1.99). Similarly, bridging therapy was not associated with improved functional independence (73.5% vs. 76.3%; aOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.66-2.12) or increased risk of sICH (8.0% vs. 5.9%; aOR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.50-3.75). Both per-protocol and as-treated sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Bridging therapy did not improve overall outcomes compared with IVT alone in MeVO patients.
The intrinsic viscosity coefficient K, which Einstein derived as 2.5 for dilute suspensions of spheres, increases markedly with deviation from spherical shape. Hence, K captures the topological characteristics of suspended particles and reflects the viscosity properties of colloidal dispersions. However, soft two-dimensional macromolecules (2DMs) deform and undergo topology transitions in flow fields, significantly complicating the viscosity properties of their suspensions. Here, we report exceedingly large K values of up to 3.01 × 107 for dilute suspensions of 2D macromolecular graphene oxide (GO) because of its flat-scrolling transition in a shear field. We find that K values for flexible GO suspensions are three orders of magnitude higher than the theoretically predicted K values for a rigid platelet model. Theoretical analysis and experiments reveal that flexible GO undergoes a reversible topology deformation between flat and scroll conformations under shearing. This topology deformation greatly enlarges the hydrodynamic volume of GO, enabling the observed large values of K for flexible 2DMs compared with rigid platelets. We propose a new viscosity model to consider the topology deformation in soft 2DMs, which accurately predicts the large values of K and viscosities of GO suspensions. Our work offers different insights for the rheological study of complex suspensions and emphasizes the significance of complexity arising from topology deformation of individual suspended particles.
Elastomers are highly suitable for components requiring conformal deformation under load, but their low modulus sensitivity to frequency limits the material's ability to resist dynamic damage. Here we report a phase-separated elastomer that remains compliant at low loading frequency and stiffens strongly at high frequency, while preserving elastic recovery. The elastomer comprises a carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) matrix and dispersed liquid-crystalline (LC) domains. Under slow loading, the dispersed phase can relax local stress through mesogen reorientation. In contrast, the same domains become increasingly load-bearing under faster loading as this motion is constrained. As a result, the modulus of the phase-separated elastomer increases by 6.2-fold from 0.01 to 100 Hz, compared with about 2.2-fold for the neat XNBR. In addition to rate stiffening, the materials retain resilience, low hysteresis, and long-term dimensional stability, leading to significantly improved resistance to abrasive wear (77.4% reduction in mass loss), repeated impact (83.7% reduction in damaged ratio), and notch propagation (over 30 000 cycles) upon high-frequency loading, compared with the neat XNBR. These results show that cooperative dynamics between a recoverable rubber matrix and LC domains can provide a useful route to elastomers that combine compliance with adaptive mechanical protection.
Hydrovoltaic power generation offers a promising route for sustainable energy generation, yet existing systems typically rely on evaporation-driven flow or environmental moisture gradients, limiting device encapsulation and compact integration. Here, we introduce a confinement-induced ion-selective mechanism that enables sealed hydrovoltaic power generation from minimal water input. By engineering asymmetric nanochannel confinement in MXene/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composites, localized hydration generates spatially distinct cation selectivity, establishing a persistent ion gradient and a confinement-dependent Donnan potential that drives capacitive charge accumulation. The harvested energy derives from substantial interfacial free energy released upon hydration of nanochannels with a high surface-to-volume ratio. Slow capillary migration then delays relaxation of the ion gradient, sustaining this charging and prolonging the resulting direct current (DC) output, without reliance on evaporation-driven flow or ambient humidity. Consequently, a single 3 µL water droplet enables stable DC output for up to 45 h. The device operates robustly under airflow (5-20 L min-1), relative humidity (17%-90%), and various electrolytes (tap water, seawater, and sweat), demonstrating humidity-insensitive, sealed operation. This confinement-governed hydrovoltaic framework expands the mechanistic understanding of water-enabled energy generation and provides a scalable platform for wearable and distributed electronics.
Contact-electro-catalysis (CEC) converts mechanical excitation into interfacial redox chemistry, yet polar mineral water interfaces remain insufficiently engineered, limiting the efficient translation of spontaneous polarization into contact driven charge transfer. Here, we use surface hydroxylation to regulate the polar interface of natural tourmaline for enhanced CEC. Experiments and first principles calculations show that hydroxyl groups preferentially anchor at surface Al sites, forming a hydroxyl enriched interface while preserving the bulk crystal framework. This interface reorganizes the charge distribution, enhances effective interfacial polarization, raises the surface potential, and reduces charge transfer resistance, thereby facilitating H2O and O2 activation. Under ultrasound excitation, hydroxylated tourmaline produces ·OH and ·O2 - signals 6.5 and 5.7 times higher, respectively, than those generated by spontaneous polarization alone. The enhanced CEC enables Rhodamine B degradation, heavy metal removal, and antibacterial activity. This work establishes hydroxylation regulated polar interfaces for mechanically driven environmental catalysis.
Alkaline earth metal dihydrogen pnictogenides were obtained by deprotonation of PnH3 (Pn = P, As) with M(hmds)2 (M = Mg, Ca, Pn = P, As, hmds = hexamethyldisilazanide) in pyridine as the solvent. The beryllium compounds [Be(tmeda)(PH2)2] (tmeda = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylene diamine) and [Be(tmeda)(AsH2)2] were accessible via salt metathesis reactions between BeCl2 and [Li(tmeda)PnH2]. The products were examined by means of NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as X-ray diffraction experiments.
A bromine-substituted tripodal-anchored self-assembled monolayer (3Br-3PATAT) is developed as a hole transport layer for organic solar cells, delivering a power conversion efficiency of 19.52% and superior stability.
Plant responses to pathogens often rely on receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) that mediate signaling through interactions with receptor kinases and downstream components. Here, we studied the tomato RLCK, TPK1b Related Protein Kinase (TPK09), and demonstrate its function in integrating defense with light stress responses. Tomato tpk09 mutants exhibited increased susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea and the vascular pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, whereas transgenic expression of TPK09 enhanced resistance to Botrytis. Disease severity in tpk09 mutants was elevated under light-emitting diode (LED) compared to fluorescent light (FL). In the absence of infection, mutants displayed severe necrosis and elevated H2O2 accumulation under LED lighting. TPK09 interacts with the cell death-inducing transglycosylase BcCrh1 from Botrytis. Consistently, TPK09 suppresses cell death triggered by Botrytis infection as well as by BcCrh1 expression. Loss of TPK09 abolished pathogen-induced expression of the tomato suppressor of cell death BAX INHIBITOR-LIKE1 and compromised chitin- and flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and immune gene activation. Further, TPK09 mitigates damage to the photosynthetic system under elevated light stress, demonstrated by a decrease in the effective photochemical quantum yield of PSII and electron transport rate in the mutant plants. In addition, TPK09 expression is induced by light but suppressed under dark conditions, and the mutant seedlings were insensitive to hypocotyl growth responses to light. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) studies suggest TPK09 is required for expression of genes involved in light harvesting, photosynthesis, and stress response functions. Collectively, TPK09 plays a key role in enhancing fungal resistance, maintaining the homeostasis of the photosynthetic apparatus and ROS levels, and mitigating photooxidative damage.