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Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are among the most destructive pathogens affecting tomato production worldwide, leading to severe yield losses and compromised plant health. This study evaluated the efficacy of six organic acids-benzoic, salicylic, citric, lactic, malic, and acetic acids-applied at three concentrations each, in managing Meloidogyne incognita infection in tomato cultivar "023."Among all treatments, salicylic acid (SA) exhibited the strongest nematicidal activity, achieving 100% juvenile mortality within 72 hours and the highest inhibition of egg hatchability, even at the lowest concentration (0.01%). Benzoic and malic acid followed, showing strong nematocidal effects with moderate suppression of egg hatching, while citric and lactic acids displayed intermediate efficacy. Acetic acid was the least effective. Under greenhouse conditions, Salicylic acid alleviated nematode-induced growth loss through a significant reduction in root galling, egg masses, larvae, and egg counts, resulting in marked improvements in shoot and root biomass compared to the infected untreated control and other treatments. Citric and benzoic acids moderately improved plant growth, especially in root development, whereas lactic and acetic acids had minimal effects. At the molecular level, salicylic acid markedly upregulated the expression of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes, peaking at day 4 and remaining elevated through day 8. Citric, benzoic, and malic acids caused moderate induction, while lactic and acetic acids induced weak or transient expression. The expression pattern suggests dynamic and transient defense activation in response to organic acid treatments. Computational insights obtained through molecular docking simulations predicted that salicylic and benzoic acids may interfere with essential biological processes in Meloidogyne incognita. Both compounds exhibited the highest binding affinities toward several key pathogenicity-related proteins, including NAD(P)H oxidase, putative aspartyl protease, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, prefoldin-2, venom allergen-like protein Mi-vap-2, and protein disulfide-isomerase, complementing their in vivo nematicidal effects. Overall, salicylic acid at 0.01% emerged as the most potent and eco-friendly alternative for managing root-knot nematodes in tomato plants, combining strong nematicidal activity, enhanced plant defense responses, and molecular-level evidence of protein inhibition.
While the brain processes information at various speeds, little is known about how the functional connectome can concurrently support multiple speeds in parallel. FMRI and electrophysiological modalities have been used to study connectome dynamics at slow and fast speeds, respectively. But it is often implicitly assumed that these modalities capture the same underlying neural processes, with fMRI doing so through a low-pass temporal filter. However, recent work suggests the alternative possibility that connectome dynamics comprise distinct processes operating at multiple timescales. If such multiscale connectivity processes indeed coexist, a key question is whether their patterns and sequences are organized on the basis of shared regularities, i.e., common spatial and temporal principles. In simultaneous human fMRI and source-localized EEG, we investigated the connectome's foundational constituents-the instantaneous coactivation patterns-across six timescales of neural activity, from infraslow through γ-band. We found streams of recurrent coactivation patterns, or states, that operate in parallel and asynchronously across timescales, thereby forming a timescale-overarching spatial principle. These states also occurred in highly similar sequences at all timescales, revealing a timescale-overarching temporal principle. Together, these findings indicate that the connectome comprises multiple dynamic streams operating in parallel at distinct speeds, from tens of milliseconds to seconds, rather than a single stream filtered by each modality's temporal resolution. Spatial and temporal principles that span these streams enable their integration into a unified system. Consequently, research on human behavior and mental disorders should account for the full range of the connectome's timescales.
Gadolinium-based contrast agents are commonly utilized in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, manganese-based agents have attracted increasing interest due to their favorable relaxation properties and enhanced biocompatibility, particularly in light of concerns regarding nephrogenic systemic fibrosis associated with the administration of acyclic Gd3+ chelates. In this study, we developed a series of hexadentate and heptadentate chelators based on the 2,11-diaza[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane macrocycle to improve the relaxivity of the corresponding Mn(II) complexes. We evaluated how coordination number and pendant arm selection influence the efficiency of these Mn-based MRI contrast agents. Spectrophotometric titrations showed that 7-coordinate complexes are more thermodynamically stable than 6-coordinate complexes, as expected for Mn(II). However, the presence of additional chelating arms was shown to reduce the kinetic inertness of the Mn complexes by facilitating coordination with other metal ions such as Cu(II) and Zn(II), while amine methylation was found to enhance kinetic inertness and not affect relaxivity. Given its promising in vitro performance, one Mn complex was tested in mice using a 9.4 T MRI scanner, revealing that the compound was primarily cleared via the renal pathway, and low heart contrast enhancement indicated minimal albumin binding, consistent with the behavior of other promising MRI contrast agents.
The pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution of radiolabeled amyloid-β (Aβ)-targeting probes have been extensively characterized in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas the corresponding nonradiolabeled scaffolds remain largely unexplored in vivo. Herein, we report in vivo PK studies of the widely used amyloid probe methoxy-X04 (MeX04) in transgenic 5xFAD and wild-type (WT) mice. In plasma, MeX04 shows comparable exposure between 5xFAD and WT mice, indicating no major genotype-dependent differences in systemic clearance. In contrast, brain exposure was markedly increased in 5xFAD mice, with higher brain Cmax and AUC parameters and slower washout, consistent with Aβ-dependent sequestration and retention in the AD brain tissue. Notably, fluorescence microscopy revealed that the fluorescence intensity of amyloid plaque-bound MeX04 closely mirrored the total brain concentration, and we employed ex vivo fluorescence intensity quantification to evaluate the PK of a related bis(styryl)benzene compound, LS-4, which is proposed to exhibit increased affinity for soluble Aβ aggregates. We then performed age-dependent ex vivo staining of compound-bound Aβ aggregates in 5xFAD brains, and LS-4 exhibits appreciable amyloid-bound fluorescence intensity in younger 5xFAD mice, consistent with its higher affinity for Aβ oligomers, whereas MeX04 exhibited stronger fluorescence intensity in older mice. Consequently, we propose an efficient approach to track temporal changes in the PK of Aβ-binding compounds by ex vivo evaluation of their amyloid-bound fluorescence intensity, providing a rapid assessment of the general PK trends of newly developed amyloid-binding probes.
Epothilones are among the most potent anticancer agents, particularly against drug-resistant tumors, owing to their high affinity for β-tubulin stabilization, inhibiting the microtubule disassembly, ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest. However, their limited natural availability has restricted broader clinical and industrial exploitation. Accordingly, this study aimed to screen novel fungal isolates with sustainable and high metabolic capacity for epothilone production. Aspergillus glaucus OR342865.1, an endophyte isolated from the palm tree Latania lontaroides, exhibited the highest epothilone productivity (240 µg/L) upon response surface methodology optimization. The chemical identity of the purified compound was resolved by different chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses, revealing a structural profile consistence with authentic epothilone B. The putative epothilone B displayed potent cytotoxic activity against HepG-2, MCF-7, and HCT-116 cell lines, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.028, 0.034, and 0.13 µM, with selectivity indices 12.5, 10.3, and 2.7, respectively, relative to Vero cells. The anti-invasive assay demonstrates a significant suppression (35.5-40.2%) of migratory capacity in MCF-7 and HepG-2 cells following treatment, indicating antimetastatic potential. Cell cycle analysis revealed that epothilone treatment induced G1 phase arrest in HepG-2 cells, with a 55.03% increase compared to the control. The total and early apoptotic populations increased to 32.2% and 22.03%, respectively, while late apoptosis exhibited a 57.6-fold elevation relative to untreated cells. The biological productivity of A. glaucus for epothilone B was stably maintained for up to 6 months when preserved as a slope culture at 4 °C. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that epothilone B exhibits coherent multitarget interactions with key oncogenic kinases, including SRC, EGFR, JAK2, PIK3CA, mTOR, and HSP90, in addition to binding the β-tubulin taxane site, highlighting its capacity to modulate multiple cancer-related signaling pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the high metabolic potential of A. glaucus for epothilone B production, positioning this fungus as a promising platform for sustainable industrial-scale biosynthesis of this clinically valuable anticancer agent. KEY POINTS: • Aspergillus glaucus, an endophyte of Latania lontaroides, is a potential epothilone B producer. • The purified epothilone has plausible antiproliferative, apoptotic, and antimetastatic activities. • The epothilone had coherent multitarget interactions with key oncogenic kinases and β-tubulin taxane site.
Potassium dichromate (Cr) is a ubiquitous inorganic chemical reagent, most frequently employed as an oxidizing agent in variety of laboratory and industrial settings and can result in nephrotoxicity. The current study was done to explore the nephrotoxic effects of Cr with a specific focus on alterations in renal aquaporins (AQPs) expression, renal water channel protein, providing insights into how exposure to Cr may compromise renal water homeostasis in a dose-dependent pattern. Thirty-six Wistar albino male rats were assigned into 3 groups evenly; control rats received only distilled water daily, while Cr-Low and Cr-High groups received, 2.5 mg/kg bw, and 7.5 mg/kg bw of Cr i.p for 14 days, respectively. Blood and kidney samples were obtained. Cr induced nephrotoxicity in the current study in a dose-dependent manner, as exhibited by a remarkable deterioration of the renal parameters, oxidative status, histopathological and ultrastructural changes. Renal function registered a significant rise in urea and creatinine, as opposed to total protein and albumin, which decreased substantially. A significant dose dependent rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) level as well as dwindle in the antioxidant enzymes level. Furthermore, hematology divulged a notable reduction in hemoglobin concentration (Hb%) while significant upsurge in white blood cells (WBCs) in exposed groups. In addition, our study demonstrated that Cr, alters the expression level of AQP1 and AQP2 in renal tissue which are salutary for detecting the renal damage early. On the other hand, Cr boosted the upregulation of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in kidney tissue confirming its disruption. Interestingly, gene expression of KIM-1, AQP1 and AQP2's in renal membrane correlates well with creatine level, reinforcing their role as sensitive markers of tubular damage and reflect impaired tubular water handling. High exposure produced a severe nephrotoxic profile, distinctly different from controls and far more pronounced than the Cr-Low group.
Several models are currently employed to teach anatomy to medical students and residents, including cadaveric, two-dimensional (2D), monoscopic three-dimensional (3D), and virtual reality (VR) models. While many studies have focused on measuring how much and how quickly each model can help residents and medical students attain and remember anatomical facts, few studies have compared how models might help learners achieve other aspects of learning (such as synthesis of facts). We sought to investigate how residents and faculty interact with 2D, 3D, and VR models as learning tools for complex head and neck anatomy to improve and inform the design of learning modalities of head and neck anatomy for otolaryngology residents. A convenience sample of faculty and residents in the otolaryngology and neurosurgical departments was invited to complete semi-structured interviews regarding their perceptions of learning models in different dimensions. 2D, 3D, and VR models of infratemporal fossa (ITF) anatomy were created from the same cadaveric head using photogrammetry. Semi-structured interviews were performed as participants moved through three stations (2D, 3D, and VR), exploring participant perceptions and how they would use each model to assess affordances and barriers to improve and inform design of these learning models. Three investigators analyzed the transcripts using thematic content analysis. Eleven interviews were conducted (four attendings and seven residents). Four themes arose related to perceptions and barriers of the learning models: 2D is preferred for learning head and neck anatomy for the first time; 3D and VR are preferred for self-driven discovery for affording deeper understanding of and for reviewing anatomy; models that prepare participants for the operation room are more preferable; and current models do not adequately balance clarity versus comprehensiveness. These findings help inform design principles for anatomical models tailored to resident level of training. N/A.
The Heart Failure Somatic Perception Scale (HFSPS) is a brief instrument designed to assess the perceived burden of common symptoms of heart failure (HF). To investigate the psychometrics of the Arabic HFSPS. This methodological study investigated the construct validity of the HFSPS among 180 Omani patients with HF through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis. Criterion validity was evaluated through correlations with the symptom frequency dimension of Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire 12-item (KCCQ-12), Control Attitudes Scale-Revised Five-Items (CAS-R 5), and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). EFA revealed three factors with eigenvalues >1, which explained 56.1% of the variance. Out of seven competing models, a five-factor structure comprising a new factor "weight gain," which comprised correlated items "11 and 14" in other models, expressed the best fit. It was invariant across gender and marital status with adequate convergent and discriminant validity as indicated by average variance extracted >0.50, strong subscale-total correlations, and acceptable heterotrait-monotrait ratios. Criterion validity was evidenced by significant associations with KCCQ-12 symptom frequency, PHQ-2, and CAS-R 5, and HFSPS reliability was excellent (ω = .93). Weight gain seems a distinct dimension that deciphers error correlations previously found in the HFSPS. It may relate to patients' physical activity, nutritional habits, and metabolic dysregulations, necessitating integrating weight control measures in the routine care of patients with HF.
Liver fibrosis is a reversible pathological condition, whereas cirrhosis, the end-stage of liver fibrosis, is irreversible. Ageratum houstonianum Mill. is one of the important medicinal plants introduced to Egypt. DNA fingerprints were investigated to characterise the Egyptian plant. LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to elucidate the metabolite profile of A. houstonianum Mill. leaves. The data identified 39 and 49 metabolites including polyphenolics and lipids in negative and positive ion modes, respectively. The hepatoprotective activity of the leaves of A.houstonianum in a rat model of thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis was performed. At the dose, 300 mg/kg of leaf extract showed significant protection from elevated total bilirubin levels 4.76%. A molecular docking study was performed to explore the potential mechanism underlying the observed hepatoprotective activity. As a result, it was suggested that A. houstonianum Mill. exerted a hepatoprotective effect comparable to silymarin and might directly improve the structural and functional integrities of the liver.
Excessive pesticide use regularly pollutes the environment and endangers both human and animal health. The current study aimed to examine the main mechanism by which the combined action of pyrethroids, such as lambda-cyhalothrin (LC), and neonicotinoids, such as thiamethoxam, induced testicular toxicity and oxidative stress. Four groups of adult male rats were formed: control, Lambda-cyhalothrin (LC; 8 mg/kg B.W.), Thiamethoxam (TMX; 156 mg/kg B.W.), and LC + TMX groups. For 21 days, the rats received their doses orally. Results showed that LC and/or TMX caused significant alterations in body weight, gonadosomatic index, sperm quality, hormones, lipid peroxidation, DNA toxicity, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Furthermore, testicular tissue showed biochemical, genes expression (steroid-forming acute regulatory protein (StAR), Cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17a), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Claudin-11, Occludin and ZO-1), and ultrastructural abnormalities. In conclusion, rats given both LC plus TMX had strong adverse effects, suggesting oxidative stress and reproductive toxicity.
Methotrexate (MTX) is a widely used anticancer and immunosuppressive agent, but its clinical use is limited by lung injury associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Leaves of Cordia dichotoma and Cordia myxa traditionally have been used for respiratory disorders, suggesting potential anti-inflammatory benefits. To characterize the chemical profile of defatted aqueous methanol extracts (DAME) of C. dichotoma and C. myxa leaves and evaluate their protective effects against MTX-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury. Extracts were analyzed by HPLC/MS. Rats were divided into control, MTX, Cordia-pretreated (250 or 500 mg/kg), and dexamethasone groups. Lung tissues were assessed for oxidative stress (MDA, GSH, SOD), inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), NF-κB activation, fibrotic markers (TGF-β1, α-SMA, hydroxyproline), and histopathology. In vitro, RAW 264.7 macrophages were used to assess cytotoxicity, nitric oxide production, and NF-κB modulation. HPLC/MS identified 81 and 29 metabolites in C. dichotoma and C. myxa, respectively, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids. MTX induced oxidative and inflammatory damage, with elevated cytokine levels and NF-κB activation. Pretreatment with both extracts, particularly C. dichotoma (500 mg/kg), significantly restored antioxidant balance, suppressed TGF-β1/α-SMA signaling, and preserved lung architecture. In vitro, the extracts inhibited LPS-induced NO release and NF-κB activation, indicating direct macrophage-modulating activity. Phenolic-rich extracts of C. dichotoma and C. myxa exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic effects by modulating macrophage-driven inflammation and restoring the pulmonary microenvironment, supporting their potential as a natural remedy for inflammation-associated lung injury.
[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1007/s11042-022-14216-w.].
This study employed ProCAST numerical simulation to assess and enhance the casting design of a stainless-steel CF8M pump impeller by analyzing six gating and feeding configurations. The simulations were executed at a pouring temperature of 1650 °C, an initial mould temperature of 25 °C, and an estimated filling duration of 20 s. The examined configurations comprised a baseline horizontal design and modified designs featuring enhanced riser and gate arrangements, mould tilt angles ranging from 5° to 20°, and supplementary ventilation in the final design. The findings indicated that the original design resulted in detrimental temperature distribution and localized final solidification within the impeller body, especially around the hub and blade-hub connections, hence heightening the propensity for shrinkage porosity. The progressive alteration of the riser, sprue, gate configuration, mould angle, and ventilation system optimized the temperature gradient, augmented feeding efficiency, and relocated the final solidification zone towards the riser/feeder. Design 6, optimized with a 20° mould tilt and ventilators, had the most advantageous solidification characteristics and reduced anticipated shrinkage porosity within the functioning impeller body. The findings indicate that numerical simulation can significantly diminish dependence on conventional trial-and-error casting experiments by facilitating virtual evaluation of several design options before to production. This study presents a simulation-based approach for regulating solidification behavior, enhancing feeding efficiency, and reducing shrinkage porosity in the casting of stainless-steel pump impellers.
Despite low alcohol consumption across most MENA countries, the burden and management challenges of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) remain poorly characterized. This study assessed healthcare providers' perceptions, clinical experiences, and barriers to ALD care in the region. A cross-sectional survey was distributed to clinicians involved in liver disease management in MENA. The survey explored perceived ALD prevalence, diagnosis patterns, clinical practices, access to services, and sociocultural barriers. Selected variables were compared across three subregions (Gulf, North Africa, and Levant & Turkey). A total of 286 providers from 16 MENA countries participated. ALD prevalence was perceived as low or moderate by most respondents, and 52.1% reported an increase in ALD case numbers over the past five years. ALD was commonly diagnosed during routine assessments or at advanced stages. Only 12.9% reported existing national ALD guidelines, and 28.3% had access to specialized clinics. Medical management and nutritional support were widely available, whereas liver transplantation was accessible to 54.5%. Stigma (76.6%) and limited treatment facilities (46.9%) were major barriers. This region-wide assessment highlights major gaps in ALD recognition, clinical pathways, and policy infrastructure. Reducing stigma, strengthening provider training, and developing region-specific guidelines are essential to improve ALD care in culturally sensitive settings.
The ever-increasing global predicament of multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections necessitates the urgent discovery of novel antimicrobials, with medicinal plants representing a promising source of new therapeutic agents. This study investigated the antibacterial efficacy of Origanum syriacum and Salix alba organic and aqueous extracts against the investigated MDR pathogens using plant and bacterial samples sourced from Egypt, with findings expected to inform broader applications beyond this geographic origin. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated through agar-well diffusion, and MIC was assessed using broth microdilution assay, while the phytochemical composition of potent extracts (acetonic and ethanolic) was characterized using GC-MS analysis. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles of the dominant bioactive compounds were in silico predicted employing ADMET modeling. The results demonstrated that organic extracts exhibited superior and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity compared to aqueous extracts. Notably, O. syriacum acetone extract showed potent effectiveness against MRSA. GC-MS analysis revealed that this efficacy strongly correlates with a high abundance of phenolic monoterpenes, primarily thymol (49.82% in acetone extract). In silico ADMET predictions further identified thymoquinone, eugenol, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid as lead compounds, demonstrating favorable drug-likeness, promising oral bioavailability, and manageable toxicological profiles. This integrated approach supports the ethnobotanical use of O. syriacum and S. alba extracts and identifies specific phytochemicals that merit further evaluation as potential therapeutic leads against recalcitrant MDR infections.
Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the food industry by improving safety, quality, and sustainability through the use of nanosensors and nanomaterials. Several nanosensors are employed, including biosensors for rapid pathogen detection, nanocomposite indicators for food freshness, and quantum dot-based sensors for heavy metal and pesticide detection. Other types include cantilever-based sensors, carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensors, nanowires, nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS), and luminous nanoparticle labels for targeted detection. These nanosensors outperform standard processes in terms of sensitivity, speed, and selectivity, allowing for real-time food quality monitoring, contamination detection, and spoiling indication. They also provide temperature monitoring, microbiological detection, and color change indicators in smart packaging. Some of the key benefits include improved quality through freshness monitoring, reduced food waste through accurate shelf-life indications, and increased food safety through early pathogen and toxin detection, and support for sustainability through improved supply chain management and safer packaging solutions. However, there are significant barriers to the application of nanotechnology in food and its integration into existing food industry operations.
The prognostic implications of regional lymph node metastases at the initiation of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) are not well defined. This study evaluated whether the presence of metastatic cervical lymph nodes at the start of pembrolizumab therapy was associated with progression-free or overall survival among patients with recurrent or metastatic (R/M) OCSCC. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary academic medical center including patients with R/M OCSCC who initiated pembrolizumab between May 2016 and May 2022. Patients receiving fewer than three cycles were excluded. The presence of metastatic lymph node(s) at ICI initiation was analyzed as a dichotomous variable. The primary outcome was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS), and the secondary outcome was 2-year overall survival (OS). Disease progression was determined using RECIST-based radiographic criteria. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, PD-L1 status, presence of distant metastases, and receipt of concurrent systemic therapy. Forty-five patients met inclusion criteria; all received pembrolizumab for R/M disease. Twelve patients (27%) had metastatic cervical lymph nodes at ICI initiation. On univariate analysis, nodal metastasis was associated with poorer 6-month PFS (p = 0.024). After adjustment for age, PD-L1 status, distant metastases, and concurrent systemic therapy, cervical nodal metastasis remained independently associated with inferior PFS (HR 5.12; 95% CI 1.30-20.2; p = 0.020). Presence of metastatic cervical lymph nodes at the start of pembrolizumab therapy was associated with reduced 6-month progression-free survival, suggesting regional disease burden may predict limited ICI benefit in R/M OCSCC.
Towards achieving the sustainable development goals, this work contributes to long-term improvements in water and sanitation infrastructure by developing new adsorbents from two naturally based polymers. To address this issue, a novel 3D chitosan/cellulose acetate hydrogel (CCA-HG), crosslinked with minimal glutaraldehyde, was synthesized and dried using two drying techniques: freeze-drying (CCA-HGF) and air-drying (CCA-HGA). The impact of the two drying techniques affected the adsorptive efficiency of the two products towards hazardous anionic textile dye. Both hydrogels were comprehensively characterized by FTIR, SEM, XPS, XRD, BET, and swelling capacity, confirming successful crosslinking and distinct morphologies. However, CCA-HGF showed a softer, more porous texture with greater surface area and swelling capacity than CCA-HGA. Applying the batch method indicated that the freeze-drying method produced a better and more efficient adsorbent since CCA-HGF achieved an adsorption capacity of 149.30 mg/g and 99.53% efficiency within 75 min, whereas CCA-HGA demonstrated 20.50 mg/g, 98.44% in 90 min. Adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model and reached equilibrium within 75-90 min. Isothermal and thermodynamic studies indicated a spontaneous, exothermic, hybrid physical-chemical process. Both hydrogels maintained excellent reusability over five adsorption-desorption cycles. Complementary computational calculations; DFT and molecular dynamics simulations revealed a reduced energy gap (4.055 to 2.476 eV), enhanced charge transfer, and strong non-covalent interactions (-24.544 to - 22.312 Kcal/mol), upon adsorption. To the best of our knowledge, this study establishes freeze-drying as a key strategy for fabricating highly porous, high-capacity biopolymer adsorbents, bridging a crucial gap between sustainable material synthesis and high-performance application.