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This study investigates the concentrations of trace elements and assesses associated health risks in two Ramsar sites of western Nepal: Lakes Rara and Ghodaghodi. Water samples were collected during the 2019 pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from sites selected according to land use patterns, potential stressors, and accessibility. The concentrations of 12 trace elements (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and As) were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. The enrichment factor (EF) was computed to evaluate anthropogenic influences. Additionally, we calculated the metal index (MI), potential ecological risk index (RI), and health risks, encompassing both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects. Iron was the most prevalent trace element across both lakes, followed by aluminium. Water from Ghodaghodi exhibited significant enrichment of Cr, Ni, Zn, As, and Cd, while only As and Cd were highly enriched in Rara. The metal index (MI) values of all the trace elements except Fe and Mn are less than unity in both the lakes. This study further indicates that there are no ecological and non-carcinogenic health risks from both lake waters. However, the carcinogenic risk for As, Cd, Pb, and Cr was "very low" via dermal contact, whereas the risk from ingestion ranged from "very low" to "medium" in both lakes.

Childhood obesity manifests metabolic heterogeneity, and differentiating metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) from metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) provides a refined framework for early cardiometabolic risk stratification than obesity status alone. However, the effects of multiple bisphenol A (BPA) analogues exposure on MUO in obese children remained understudied. This study investigated the associations between multiple urinary BPA analogues and metabolic obesity phenotypes in 290 obese Chinese children aged 6-7 years. Individual analogue associations were evaluated using logistic regression, while joint exposure effects were characterized using weighted quantile sum regression (WQS), quantile g-computation (QGC), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Urinary trace elements underwent principal components reduction and were incorporated into sensitivity analyses to address co-exposure confounding. Continuous metabolic phenotypes and selected pairwise interaction patterns were additionally examined as complementary analyses. In single-pollutant models, BPAF was identified as the most consistent positive association signal for MUO, maintaining directional stability following batch adjustment and trace-element principal component correction. Although the mixture models did not demonstrate a robust overall joint effect, component-weight and contribution analyses consistently highlighted BPAF as a leading positive contributor, with several analogues exhibiting weaker or antagonistic effects. Phenome-wide analyses showed modest, exploratory signals mainly for blood pressure- and adiposity-related traits. Overall, these findings establish BPAF as a higher-priority candidate exposure for pediatric metabolic dysfunction and indicate that BPA analogue co-exposure manifests through heterogeneous component-specific contributions rather than uniform cumulative effects.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can bioaccumulate in aquatic food webs and pose potential health risks through aquatic product consumption. This study investigated the occurrence, health risks, and dietary management implications of PCBs and PBDEs in 12 commonly consumed freshwater and marine species from Guangdong, China. Concentrations and congener profiles were determined, followed by population-specific carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk assessment. A linear programming approach was applied to develop optimized dietary recommendations by integrating nutritional requirements, contaminant exposure, and economic cost. All samples contained detectable levels of PCBs and PBDEs, with higher concentrations in freshwater species than in marine species. PCBs were dominated by tetra- to heptachlorinated congeners (79.2%-99.97% of ΣPCBs), while PBDEs were mainly composed of tri- to penta-brominated congeners and BDE-209 (70.0%-99.9% of ΣPBDEs). Risk assessment showed that regular consumption of several species exceeded the cancer risk (CR) benchmark of 1 × 10-6 (USEPA), primarily driven by dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs). The optimization framework provides tailored guidance for different groups in Guangdong, balancing protein intake, cost, and contaminant exposure. Low-risk, protein-rich, and affordable options included Scatophagus argus, Turritella bacillum, and Procambarus clarkii. Tailored consumption advice can reduce exposure without compromising nutrition.

Green chemistry is defined as a set of principles that reduce or prevent the use or generation of hazardous substances during the design, production, and utilization of chemical products. The vision of such a paradigm shift in the chemical sciences is that the concept of being green is directly introduced to the molecular design process and is centered on atom economy and the prevention of waste. This review examines the principles of green chemistry in relation to agro-industrial waste valorization, with specific reference to the ecological and economic conditions of India, where approximately 350 million metric tons of annual agro-residues have become a source of serious environmental management issues, such as greenhouse gas emissions through open burning, leachate waste generation through landfills, and effects on the health of the population through poor disposal practices. The analysis summarizes the latest developments in nanotechnology-based catalytic systems, new solvent platforms (ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and supercritical fluids), and integrated biorefineries, and critically reviews the scalability limitations and commercial feasibility. It also discusses more recent developments, such as systems based on nanotechnology, catalyst transformations (homogeneous, heterogeneous, and biocatalysts), and the creation of alternative solvents, such as ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and supercritical fluids. The virtues of agri-industrial residues and biomass-based feeds are given particular attention in terms of their role in models of the circular economy and the generation of value-added chemicals, fuels, and materials. By illustrating how green chemistry can minimize the environmental footprint of traditional processes and create safer and more economically viable alternatives, this review makes it clear why green chemistry has become a revolution in the field of industrial practice. Lastly, the paper addresses contemporary issues of scalability, economic competitiveness, and regulatory integration and outlines opportunities that will make green chemistry the foundation of sustainable, resource-efficient, and environmentally responsible chemical companies.

Yunnan Province is characterized by a high incidence of scrub typhus and complex ecological environments, where epidemic patterns are shaped by the dual influence of the plateau monsoon system and geomorphological evolution. However, macro-scale meteorological indicators often fail to accurately capture climatic features within such rugged terrains, leaving the multi-factor coupled spatiotemporal associations of scrub typhus epidemics elusive. This study integrates Wavelet periodicity analysis and STL decomposition to identify the temporal rhythms and structural mutations of scrub typhus. Furthermore, GLM and Poisson-DLNM were employed to evaluate the independent contributions and non-linear lag risks of environmental factors. Our findings indicate that scrub typhus in Yunnan Province exhibits steady-state seasonality characterized by a dominant 12-month cycle. The epidemic dynamics underwent a structural mutation around 2018, marking a transition into a high-intensity epidemic stage. In terms of environmental drivers, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) outperformed traditional precipitation indicators in risk explanatory power (aRR=1.93, 95% CI 1.84-2.04), suggesting that moisture accessibility in local micro-habitats is a critical variable for chigger survival. Furthermore, due to the saturation effect of the plateau biomass system, the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) proved superior to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in characterizing habitats, with EVI showing a significant association (aRR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.72-0.78), while NDVI remained non-significant. Regarding human interference, habitat remodeling induced by urbanization has significantly intensified the human-rodent contact interface (aRR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.13-1.16). Finally, soil moisture exhibited the strongest cumulative risk effect (Cumulative RR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.86-2.67) characterized by a persistent long-term lag, and maintained a significant independent driving effect (aRR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08). This study elucidates that in regions with complex topography, the core drivers of scrub typhus epidemics are constituted by local geohydrological indicators and micro-environmental evolution instead of macro-meteorological factors. The findings underscore the importance of integrating high-resolution geodetic monitoring indicators into infectious disease early-warning systems. These results provide a robust scientific foundation for the identification of cross-border health security risks and the development of precision early-warning strategies.

Arthropod including ticks, fleas, and lice have been found to be infected with Rickettsia massiliae, a pathogenic member of spotted fever group, causing rickettsiosis. This comprehensive scoping review summarize the known facts about its transmission, diagnostic-methods, phylogenetic position, human-case-reports, preventive-measures, and distribution in Palearctic and Oriental regions. Three main steps were followed to compile this study: explanation of objective(s), identification of relevant literature, and retrieval of data determined by inclusion and exclusion criteria. Various databases, including Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were screened for relevant literature. Our objectives were to collect data regarding transmission method(s) of R. massiliae, identification-assay(s), phylogenetic position, clinical-reports globally, and distribution via possible vectors & host animals surviving in Palearctic and Oriental regions. Descriptive analysis has been conducted to plot the frequency graphs of reported numbers in different countries and hosts. Findings presented that R. massiliae have been found across Palearctic and Oriental regions in 5 tick genera (Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Haemaphysalis, Ixodes, Amblyomma, and Dermacentor), 1 of louse (Haematopinus), 1 of sheep ked (Melophagus), and 1 of flea (Archaeopsylla), although their role as a vector(s) is still unknown. Dogs, sheep, cattle, and goats were recorded as epidemiologically important host animals for infected arthropods in 30, 23, 17, and 16 different studies, highlighting their role in its possible transmission. Additionally, Rh. sanguineus sensu lato (s.l) and Rh. turanicus were reported to infest the aforementioned animals, which is also being recognized as potential vector for its transmission. Highest number of R. massiliae reports (10) from different animals and vectors were recorded in China. Italy was recorded with highest (3) clinical cases of humans to-date. Moreover, transmission methods like transovarial via Rh. turanicus and horizontal/artificial-feeding via Rh. sanguineus s.l. and various diagnostic methods for R. massiliae have been documented. R. massiliae has been widely documented throughout Palearctic and Oriental regions, with human cases reported in about six countries. Rh. sanguineus and Rh. turanicus stands out the potential vectors, while further investigation into the implications of diverse range of arthropods in epidemiology of this bacterium.

Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq. is a desert-adapted pseudocereal that has recently attracted attention as a climate-resilient crop and source of valuable phytochemicals and nutritionally relevant metabolites. Despite their ecological and nutritional importance, comprehensive studies combining lipid and phenolic profiles across natural populations remain limited. In the present study, five populations of A. squarrosum from ecologically contrasting regions of Kazakhstan were analyzed to evaluate biochemical diversity and potential for functional food applications. Total lipid content was determined using near-infrared spectroscopy, fatty acid composition was assessed by GC-MS, and phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC. Multivariate approaches, including PCA, MANOVA, PLS analysis, correlation networks, and TOPSIS ranking, were applied to evaluate population differentiation and relationships between biochemical traits and environmental conditions. Total lipid content in seeds ranged from 7.71% to 15.40%, linoleic acid represented 50.20-57.67% of total fatty acids, and oleic acid ranged from 24.80% to 40.10%. Isorhamnetin was the dominant phenolic compound in leaves, with concentrations between 0.24 and 0.65 mg/g. Populations from Aktobe showed higher lipid and oleic acid contents, whereas Almaty populations accumulated greater flavonoid levels, including isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. These findings reveal substantial metabolic differentiation among populations and suggest possible associations with ecological conditions. The observed accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds, including isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol, identifies promising germplasm resources for future studies on functional food development and biological activity evaluation. The results further support the potential utilization of A. squarrosum in sustainable agriculture in arid regions.

This study aimed to evaluate changes in the oral, nasal, pulmonary, and gut microbiota in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to explore their interrelationships compared with the healthy group. This study included 33 COPD patients and 29 healthy individuals. A total of 162 oral, nasal, sputum, and fecal samples were obtained. The microbiota was determined using full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the PacBio platform. Alpha diversity was significantly reduced in sputum and fecal samples of COPD patients, while oral and nasal microbiota showed no significant differences. Beta diversity revealed substantial overlap between oral and sputum microbiota in both groups, while nasal and fecal communities were clearly distinct. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis identified Haemophilus parahaemolyticus as a sputum biomarker. Source tracking confirmed that the majority of lung microbiota originated from the oral cavity. Interleukin-6 was inversely correlated with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing microbiota in fecal samples, suggesting that depletion of these bacteria may contribute to systemic inflammation. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the sputum microbial network in COPD patients exhibited reduced robustness and lacked prominent hub nodes. Lung microbiota largely originates from the oral cavity but is changed in COPD. The lung microbiome is still more sensitive and accurate than the oral, nasal, and fecal microbiomes for COPD diagnosis. Fragmented networks in COPD indicate reduced community resilience.IMPORTANCELung and gut microbial diversity is significantly reduced in COPD patients. Oral microbiota is the primary source of lung microbes, but poorly predicts COPD status. Haemophilus parahaemolyticus was identified as a novel sputum biomarker in COPD. The bacterial network in COPD lungs is fragmented, lacking the resilience seen in healthy individuals.

Vaccination serves as an effective intervention for health promotion and disease prevention across the socioecological systems and has played an important role during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, global disparities in vaccine coverage have increased uncertainty about the trajectories of viral adaptation, and the potential interplay between SARS-CoV-2 adaptation and vaccine rollout warrants further quantification. Using over 13 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes across 86 countries from March 2020 to September 2022, we analyzed nonlinear associations between SARS-CoV-2 adaptation and vaccination coverage, considering public health and social measures, international travel, and infection dynamics, before and after the emergence of Omicron. Additionally, we examined the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 adaptation and COVID-19 mortality. During the pre-Omicron period, we found positive associations between nonsynonymous to synonymous divergence (dN/dS) ratios in the S1 subunit and medium levels of adjusted vaccine coverage (effect size: 0.96 [95% CI 0.47, 1.45]), while the association became insignificant at high levels (effect size: -1.89 [95% CI -4.20, 0.43]). However, no significant associations were found when Omicron dominated, possibly due to the immune escape ability of Omicron variants and the complex immune landscape shaped by mass hybrid immunity. Moreover, we observed evidence of dynamic interdependence and positive correlations between COVID-19 mortality and SARS-CoV-2 adaptation, with COVID-19 mortality interpreted as a proxy for uncontrolled viral spread. Our findings suggest a complex nonlinear relationship between vaccine-induced immunity and SARS-CoV-2 adaptation, with high vaccine coverage potentially linked to lower positive selection. We also observed directional coupling between COVID-19 mortality and SARS-CoV-2 adaptation. This may have implications for fair and fast vaccination in pandemic preparedness and response. Not applicable.

Yeast culture is a safe and environmentally friendly nutritional supplement that improves the antioxidant capacity, immune function, and intestinal health of monogastric animals. This study explored the effects of compound yeast culture and yeast source on the antioxidant capacity, immune function, and intestinal microflora of weaned lambs. Eighteen weaned lambs were randomly assigned to the basal diet (NYC), basal diet supplemented with yeast source (40&#xa0;g/day; DYC), and basal diet supplemented with compound yeast culture (50&#xa0;g/day; GYC) groups. There where six replicates per group and one lamb per replicate. The experiment lasted 42 d. The DYC and GYC groups exhibited significantly increased villus height and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), and the DYC group had reduced crypt depth (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05); both exhibited significantly increased glucagon-like peptide-2, Insulin-like growth factor 1, and mucin 2 mRNA expression, as well as serum total anti-oxidizing capability, glutathione peroxidase, total superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). The DYC and GYC groups exhibited significantly increased acid phosphatase (ACP) activity (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), immunoglobulin G content, secretory immunoglobulin A content, and interleukin-10, transforming growth factor beta, B-cell activating factor, A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), Chemokine ligand 25, Inducible NO synthase, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (plgA) mRNA expression (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). The GYC group had significantly increased ACPcontent and APRIL and plgA mRNA expression (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). Jejunal microbial markers in the DYC and GYC groups positively correlated with intestinal barrier-related indicators. In conclusion, the compound yeast culture and yeast source equally showed improved antioxidant capacity, immune function, and intestinal health in weaned lambs.

Global warming increases the frequency and intensity of environmental heat exposure, posing a growing threat to public health. While heat-related mortality is well-documented, the neurological consequences of heat exposure remain poorly characterized at the mechanistic level. Here, by integrating epidemiological data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), clinical transcriptomic data from heatstroke patients, and experimental models, we identified intracellular iron dyshomeostasis as a critical driver of heat-induced neuronal injury. Mechanistically, severe heat exposure activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, which stabilizes nuclear receptor coactivator 4 by suppressing its ubiquitination. The subsequent accumulation of Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) recruits microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) to drive excessive ferritin degradation via ferritinophagy. This process expands the labile iron pool (LIP) and triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which primarily executes neuronal apoptosis. Notably, pharmacological intervention with the iron chelator deferasirox (DFX) effectively alleviated heat-induced neurological damage by disrupting this iron-dependent cascade. Our findings establish the ERK/NCOA4/LC3B-mediated ferritinophagy pathway as a promising therapeutic target, providing a translational foundation for interventions against heat-induced neurological injuries.

Aeromonas is an opportunistic pathogen widely distributed in various environments, especially aquatic systems. As a typical zoonotic pathogen that infects humans, animals, and fish, it poses a potential threat to aquaculture and public health safety. In this study, we analyzed 3540 Aeromonas genomes from 55 countries worldwide and systematically characterized the phylogenetic relationship and antimicrobial resistance dissemination. The results revealed substantial species diversity within the genus, with a total of 32 species identified. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) further uncovered high genetic diversity within the population. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed close genetic relationships among isolates from different countries and sources, particularly between human-derived and aquatic animal-derived isolates, suggesting potential public health risks. Notably, antimicrobial resistance analysis showed that 99.77% of the strains carried at least one antibiotic resistance gene (ARG), with widespread resistance to &#x3b2;-lactam antibiotics. Environmental isolates exhibited significantly higher resistance levels. Moreover, ARGs against last-resort clinical antibiotics were highly enriched in Aeromonas. Further analysis revealed that numerous mobile genetic elements (MGEs) on the Aeromonas chromosome significantly contribute to the overall resistance gene burden. In particular, the large resistance island AveGI1 was widely distributed within the genus, indicating the crucial role of SGI1-related elements (SGI1-REs) in the development and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among Gammaproteobacteria. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Aeromonas serves as an important reservoir of environmental ARGs, highlighting the necessity of designating it as a key indicator bacterium for antibiotic contamination in the environment and implementing long-term surveillance.

Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) co-contamination in paddy soils may lead to their accumulation in rice grains, creating health concerns for humans. While iron (Fe) nutrition has emerged as a promising mitigation strategy, the impact of application timing is not well understood. This study evaluated the effects of chelated iron (EDTA&#xb7;Na2Fe) applications at two growth-stage combinations: pre-transplanting&#x2009;+&#x2009;booting and tillering&#x2009;+&#x2009;booting. Both treatments reduced Cd and As concentrations in rice grains; however, the tillering&#x2009;+&#x2009;booting treatment was the more effective, decreasing grain Cd and As levels by 53.2% and 60.7%, respectively. This reduction is linked to decreased Cd (9.6%-29.9%) and As (10.7%-15.3%) soil availability, and restricted translocation within the plant. The tillering&#x2009;+&#x2009;booting treatment specifically limited soil Cd bioavailability and root-to-grain Cd transport, and inhibited As transfer from iron plaques to roots and from vegetative tissues to grains. These findings demonstrate that stage-targeted application of EDTA&#xb7;Na2Fe, particularly during the tillering and booting stages, is an effective agronomic strategy for minimizing Cd and As accumulation in rice cultivated on co-contaminated soils.

Elevated concentrations of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) in marine environments pose severe threats to benthic fisheries resources and the health of seafood consumers. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics and potential risk levels of DA in marine benthic environments remain poorly constrained. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation of DA in sediment-porewater system across five mariculture bays and adjacent offshore areas in northern China. The results revealed widespread DA in sediments and porewater, with detection rates above 90% in both inshore bays and offshore regions of northern China. The occurrence of DA was higher in mariculture bays than in offshore areas. Notably, DA concentrations in porewater (14.65-3518.95 ng/L, median 142.13 ng/L) was substantially higher than in the water column (4.75-31.32 ng/L, median 9.40 ng/L). In Sishili Bay during 2023, higher concentrations of DA in the sediment-porewater system were observed in spring (March-April) compared to summer and winter sampling periods, with peak values of 3518.95 ng/L in porewater and 5086.27 ng/kg in sediment. At the sediment-porewater interface of mariculture bays, DA was predominantly partitions to the solid phase (mean &#x3c6;sedi-pw = 59.89%), while in marginal seas, DA favored the dissolved phase (mean &#x3c6;sedi-pw = 31.95%). DA concentrations in the benthic environment exhibited a weak negative correlation with temperature across sampling stations during the study period, suggesting that temperature may influence DA distribution. In this study, ecological risk refers to the potential toxic effects of DA, quantified using the Risk Quotient (RQ) method based on the ratio of measured environmental concentration (MEC) to predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). Overall, the ecological risk of DA was low to moderate, whereas during springtime, DA posed elevated risks to benthic organisms in specific areas of Sishili Bay and Laizhou Bay. These findings demonstrate that the benthic environment represents an underappreciated reservoir of DA in coastal ecosystems and therefore requires greater attention, particularly in mariculture zones.

Heavy metal (HM) contamination in soil exhibits insidious and cumulative effects, posing long-term risks to ecosystems and human health. Traditional field sampling and laboratory analysis are increasingly insufficient for large-scale continuous monitoring, driving the adoption of multispectral (MS) and hyperspectral (HS) remote sensing. Bibliometric analysis reveals clear research trends: target elements are primarily copper, lead, and zinc, while data acquisition has progressively shifted from laboratory spectroscopy to portable devices and satellite platforms, reflecting an expansion from local to regional scales. This has led to increasing data complexity and greater demands on model robustness and generalization. However, expanding the spatial scale and transitioning to satellite observations introduce fundamental challenges. Mixed pixels and moisture-induced spectral distortions reduce signal purity, while the indirect spectral response of HMs further complicates quantitative inversion. Sample scarcity and spatial heterogeneity also limit cross-regional generalization, constraining model robustness and stability. In response, models have evolved from traditional linear regression to ensemble learning methods such as Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and further to deep learning frameworks, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Transformers, enabling hierarchical feature extraction and task-oriented structural design. This paper reviews the key technical bottlenecks in soil HM spectral inversion, integrating bibliometric insights with methodological advances to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding current progress and guiding future developments in large-scale, high-precision inversion.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the association between hormonal therapies and bone adverse events using the Food & Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and to explore possible molecular mechanisms.MethodsFAERS data were analyzed for adverse events related to five hormonal therapy drug categories, and disproportionality analysis was used to identify significant adverse events. Transcriptomic data from Gene Expression Omnibus datasets (GSE147271 and GSE20181) were analyzed to identify bone-related pathways and differentially expressed genes.ResultsOverall, 57 significant bone-related signals, including 22 Important Medical Events, were identified, most commonly fractures at various sites, osteoporosis, and bone metastases associated with estrogen receptor-targeted drugs and aromatase inhibitors. Estrogen-related adverse events typically occurred after 6 months, whereas androgen-related events appeared earlier. Transcriptomic analysis identified FOS, JUN, COL1A1, and IGF1 as key genes, implicating the Janus kinase signaling pathway in bone injury.ConclusionThis study demonstrates a strong association between hormonal therapy drugs and bone-related adverse events, particularly fractures and bone cancers. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring bone health and suggests the Janus kinase signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target for mitigating bone-related adverse events.

To design precise remediation strategies for tetracycline-contaminated soils, a mechanistic understanding of how different compost components regulate the soil-plant-microbe system is essential, yet remains unclear. Therefore, this study systematically evaluates the distinct effects of three compost components-solid compost (SC), compost extract (CE), and compost tea (CT)-at four application rates (1%, 5%, 7%, 10%) on tetracycline dissipation, soil properties, plant growth, and microbial communities through a 120-day ryegrass pot experiment. All compost amendments significantly enhanced tetracycline (TC) removal compared to the control. CT demonstrated the highest dissipation efficiency (63.13%) and rate constant at 7% application rate, highlighting its capacity for rapid decontamination. In contrast, SC (10%) most effectively improved soil health by significantly increasing available phosphorus content (46.0&#x202f;&#xb1;&#x202f;0.58&#x202f;mg/kg) and promoted plant biomass and root elongation. CE and CT preferentially enhanced cation exchange capacity. Microbial analysis revealed that compost addition reshaped bacterial community structure, enriched potential degraders such as Bacillus (Firmicutes), and notably, CE treatment formed the most complex bacterial co-occurrence network. These findings demonstrate that the physical form of compost components dictates their primary remediation function, establishing a clear form-function relationship. CT facilitates rapid pollutant reduction through microbially-mediated pathways, whereas SC enables sustained soil improvement and ecological restoration. Consequently, this component-specific functional framework provides a rational basis for targeted remediation strategies-using CT for rapid decontamination or SC for long-term soil health-thereby advancing the precision and sustainability of bioremediation in antibiotic-contaminated agroecosystems.

Flooding can facilitate the occurrence and transmission of infectious diseases caused by biocontaminants, including pathogenic microorganisms and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), however, the full extent of flood-induced biocontamination remains poorly quantified. Here, we conducted a systematic analysis of empirical evidence on the impacts of flooding on biocontamination. Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are the dominant sources of biocontaminants, with reported fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations ranging from 2.06-5.45 log10 colony forming unit (CFU)/100 mL or 0.56-5.37 log10 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL, and that most studies focus on receiving water bodies. Although FIB are the most frequently monitored, they are rarely the direct cause of flood-associated diseases. In contrast, Leptospira spp. are the most recorded clinically relevant pathogens. Direct contact with contaminated floodwaters and vector-borne transmission are the primary pathways linking environmental biocontamination to infectious disease. Therefore, mitigating the occurrence and spread of biocontaminants in flood-affected environments is critical for disease prevention. Nature-based solutions, such as bioretention ponds, represent a promising mitigation strategy, demonstrating median removal efficiencies of approximately 1.0 log10 (90%) for FIB. As flooding events increase in frequency and intensity under climate change, proactive investment in climate-resilient water infrastructure and comprehensive monitoring systems will be essential to reduce human exposure to biocontaminants and protect public health during extreme events.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in paddy soils poses a serious threat to rice safety and human health. The combined application of milk vetch, rice straw, and sesbania biochar (MRFB) has shown promise in mitigating Cd pollution in paddy fields; however, the associated bacterial mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. Based on a long-term field experiment, this study systematically assessed the effects of MRFB on soil physicochemical properties, Cd bioavailability, and bacterial community structure, and their subsequent influence on Cd accumulation in a double-cropping rice system. The results demonstrated that the MRFB application significantly increased soil pH, nutrient availability (ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium), and soil enzyme activities (urease, acid phosphatase, and catalase) compared with conventional fertilization (CF) in double-cropping rice fields. Meanwhile, MRFB treatment significantly (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05) reduced soil available Cd and rice grain Cd concentrations by 67.19% and 52.51%, respectively, in the early rice season, and by 55.66% and 57.50% in the late rice season. High-throughput sequencing revealed that MRFB reshaped the soil bacterial community and enriched key taxa including Thiobacillus and SC-I-84, which exhibited significant negative correlations with soil available Cd (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05). Network analysis further indicated that MRFB enhanced the complexity and stability of soil bacterial interaction networks. Random forest and partial least squares path modeling identified Thiobacillus as a key functional genus and confirmed that soil nutrient status was the primary driver suppressing Cd uptake by rice. Overall, the co-application of milk vetch, rice straw, and sesbania biochar reduced Cd accumulation in rice grains by improving soil properties, modulating bacterial community structure, and enhancing bacterially mediated Cd immobilization. Moreover, Cd immobilization efficiency was maintained across both rice seasons through enhanced bacterial network stability, providing a theoretical basis for the sustainable remediation of Cd-contaminated paddy soils.