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Robotic technology has been used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) for several years. Despite the advances in this field, perspectives surrounding robotic THA are not fully understood. This study aimed to characterize the landscape of robotic THA on social media. The Twitter application programming interface was queried from inception to October 2022 for keywords related to THA and robotics. Posts and accounts were extracted and classified using thematic labels. Sentiment analysis was performed on the extracted tweets. After removal of duplicate posts and illegitimate accounts, a total of 742 tweets from 741 accounts were retrieved. Most posts pertained to raising awareness about robotic THA (n = 340, 45.8%), advertisements for THA robots (n = 204, 27.5%), and personal experiences (n = 138, 18.6%). Research was discussed in 7.0% (n = 52) of posts. Most accounts belonged to patients or caregivers (n = 177, 23.9%), followed by medical centres (n = 175, 23.6%), news outlets (n = 158, 21.3%), and physicians or researchers (n = 101, 13.6%). Most posts discussing personal experience were positive (n = 70, 50.7%) or neutral (n = 39, 28.2%). Presence of media (β = 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5 to 5.1) and tagging (β = 2.1, 95% CI 0.3 to 2.8) positively affected user engagement, whereas the presence of a link decreased tweet engagement count by 2.8 (95% CI -5.4 to -0.2). Topics about robotic THA were discussed in a positive tone on Twitter (rebranded to X in 2023). Posts about raising awareness and advertisements for robotic THA were most prevalent, while research-related posts were limited. Orthopedic surgeons can leverage social media to better understand patient perspectives and glean insight from the robotic surgery industry. La robotique est utilisée depuis plusieurs années pour l'arthroplastie totale de la hanche (ATH). Malgré les progrès réalisés dans ce domaine, on connaît encore mal l'opinion qu'elle suscite. La présente étude visait à dresser un tableau de l'ATH robotisée telle qu'on l'aborde sur les réseaux sociaux. MÉTHODES: L'interface de programmation d'application de Twitter a été analysée depuis sa création et jusqu'à octobre 2022 à partir de mots clés reliés à l'ATH et à la robotique. Les messages et les comptes ont été extraits et classés par thèmes et une analyse des sentiments a été effectuée à partir de ces messages. RÉSULTATS: Après élimination des doublons et des faux comptes, nous avons retenu en tout 742 messages provenant de 741 comptes. La plupart visaient à faire connaître l'ATH assistée par robot (n = 340, 45,8 %), faisaient la publicité pour des robots d'ATH (n = 204, 27,5 %) et relataient des expériences personnelles (n = 138, 18,6 %). La recherche était abordée dans 7,0 % (n = 52) des messages. Les comptes étaient principalement ceux de patientes ou patients ou de membres du personnel soignant (n = 177, 23,9 %), suivis des centres médicaux (n = 175, 23,6 %), des médias d'information (n = 158, 21,3 %) et du milieu médical ou scientifique (n = 101, 13,6 %). La majorité des messages concernant une expérience personnelle étaient positifs (n = 70, 50,7 %) ou neutres (n = 39, 28,2 %). La présence de médias d'information (β = 3,3, intervalle de confiance [IC] de 95 % 1,5 à 5,1) et le marquage (β = 2,1, IC de 95 % 0,3 à 2,8) ont exercé une influence positive sur l'engagement des utilisateurs, tandis que la présence d'un lien a eu l'effet contraire en réduisant l'engagement de 2,8 (95 % CI -5,4 à -0,2). Les thèmes entourant l'ATH assistée par robot ont fait l'objet de discussions favorables sur Twitter (devenu X en 2023). Les messages visant à en faire connaître l'existence ou à en faire la publicité étaient les plus nombreux, tandis que les messages portant sur la recherche étaient limités. Les orthopédistes peuvent mettre les médias sociaux à profit pour mieux comprendre le point de vue des malades et prendre le pouls de l'industrie.

Breast cancer requires multidisciplinary management. Pathologists and physicians communicate using the histopathology request form and the pathology report. There are some minimal criteria that both should respect. We assessed the adequacy of histopathology request forms and pathology reports in the management of female breast cancer specimens in Southern Benin. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, with retrospective data collection over 57 months (4 years and 9 months). The adequacy of the histopathology request forms and pathology reports was assessed on the basis of the recommendations of the Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) of France. Data processing was done using SPSS software. We checked frequencies with the Chi2 test, with a significance level set at 5%. 31.3% of histopathology request forms complied with HAS recommendations. Pathology reports were presented in a narrative way in 92.7% of cases and 68.8% met the minimal criteria. The presence of vascular embolus, of hormone receptors and the HER2 status were all reported in only 29.2% of the reports. The draft of histopathology request forms and pathology reports did not comply to the required minimal criteria. This situation could mainly be explained by the inexistence of consensus between physicians and pathologists and by the lack of immunohistochemistry. Editing national referentials and using synoptic reports would give better results. Le cancer du sein requiert une prise en charge pluridisciplinaire. Les anatomopathologistes et les médecins communiquent grâce au formulaire de demande et au compte rendu d'examen anatomopathologique. Il est crucial que ces deux documents soient bien rédigés pour une bonne prise en charge des patientes. Évaluer la complétude des formulaires de demande et des comptes rendus d'examen anatomopathologique de pièces opératoires de cancers du sein chez les femmes au Sud du Bénin. Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale, descriptive et analytique, avec une collecte rétrospective de données sur 57 mois (4 ans et 9 mois). Nous avons utilisé les recommandations de la Haute Autorité de Santé de France comme référentiel et le logiciel SPSS pour traiter les données. 31,3% des formulaires de demande étaient conformes aux recommandations. Les comptes rendus étaient narratifs dans 92,7% des cas et 68,8% comportaient les critères minimaux. La présence d'emboles vasculaires, le statut HER2 et les récepteurs hormonaux étaient tous simultanément renseignés dans seulement 29,2% des comptes rendus. La présence d'emboles vasculaires était le facteur pronostique le plus souvent renseigné. Les chirurgiens et les anatomopathologistes ne rédigent pas toujours entièrement les formulaires de demande et les comptes rendus d'examen anatomopathologique. Ceci peut s'expliquer par l'absence de référentiels nationaux, et les difficultés d'accès à l'immunohistochimie. L’élaboration de référentiels nationaux et l'utilisation de comptes rendus synoptiques pourraient améliorer les pratiques.

The pathology report is a critical source of medical information. It must evolve from a traditionally narrative format, regardless of its qualitative value, toward a communication medium based on standardised and structured data. Already useful in current practice, the standardised structured reporting (SSR) will become a cornerstone of digital pathology, in synergy with digital imaging and artificial intelligence. The reliability of the SSR and the precision of the data it provides, correlated with multimodal sources of clinical, radiological, or biological information, will contribute to the foundations of highly performant digital solutions. Despite its considerable potential, the SSR remains underutilised. Although the concept was favourably received by the specialty twenty years ago, the SSR has often been described as insufficiently scalable, poorly ergonomic, and a source of time loss in daily practice. Once challenged by the capacity of natural language processing (NLP) to structure retrospectively narrative reports, the SSR ultimately emerges as the most reliable data source for effective patient care and high-performing research. New tools developed within the framework of the national Impulsioninitiative should help overcome these reluctances and open concrete perspectives for pathologists from now on.

Digital and data technologies are increasingly being implemented to meet a range of global health needs, including strengthening health systems, improving efficiency and advancing universal health coverage. However, there is limited quantitative evidence and few standardized methodologies for analyzing the health impact and cost-effectiveness of digital and data technologies in health systems in low- and middle-income countries. Without such evidence, development partners, patients, civil society and government leaders have a limited basis from which to incentivize, justify and allocate funding for sustained investments in digital and data technologies, which in turn impacts their sustainability. Dedicated funding and planning for such efforts can help decision-makers hold digital health providers accountable and improve the allocation of limited resources. Las tecnologías digitales y de datos se están implementando cada vez más para satisfacer distintas necesidades de salud a nivel global, incluyendo fortalecer los sistemas de salud, mejorar la eficiencia y propiciar la cobertura universal de salud. Sin embargo, hay evidencia cuantitativa limitada y pocas metodologías estandarizadas para analizar el efecto en la salud y la efectividad de costos de las tecnologías digitales y de datos en los sistemas de salud en países de ingresos bajos y medios. Sin tal evidencia, los socios de desarrollo, los pacientes, la sociedad civil y los líderes gubernamentales tienen una base limitada para crear incentivos, justificar y asignar fondos para inversiones continuas en tecnologías digitales y de datos, lo cual a su vez afecta su sustentabilidad. La asignación de fondos y la planificación dirigidas para tales esfuerzos pueden ayudar a las personas encargadas de tomar decisiones a confiar la responsabilidad a los proveedores de salud digital y a mejorar la asignación de recursos limitados. As tecnologias digitais e de dados estão a ser cada vez mais implementadas para responder a uma série de necessidades globais de saúde, incluindo o reforço dos sistemas de saúde, a melhoria da eficiência e o avanço da cobertura universal de saúde. No entanto, existem poucos dados quantitativos e poucas metodologias normalizadas para analisar o impacto na saúde e a relação custo-eficácia das tecnologias digitais e de dados nos sistemas de saúde dos países de baixo e médio rendimento. Sem essas provas, os parceiros de desenvolvimento, os doentes, a sociedade civil e os líderes governamentais têm uma base limitada para incentivar, justificar e atribuir financiamento para investimentos sustentados em tecnologias digitais e de dados, o que, por sua vez, afeta a sua sustentabilidade. O financiamento e o planeamento dedicados a esses esforços podem ajudar os decisores a responsabilizar os fornecedores de saúde digital e a melhorar a afetação de recursos limitados. Les technologies numériques et de données sont de plus en plus utilisées pour répondre à une série de besoins de santé mondiaux, notamment le renforcement des systèmes de santé, l'amélioration de l'efficacité, et la promotion de la couverture sanitaire universelle. Cependant, il existe peu de données quantitatives et peu de méthodologies standardisées pour analyser l'impact sur la santé et la rentabilité des technologies numériques et de données dans les systèmes de santé des pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire. Sans ces preuves, les partenaires de développement, les patients, la société civile et les dirigeants gouvernementaux disposent d'une base limitée pour encourager, justifier et allouer des fonds aux investissements durables dans les technologies numériques et de données, ce qui a à son tour un impact sur leur durabilité. Un financement et une planification dédiés à ces efforts peuvent aider les décideurs à demander des comptes aux prestataires de santé numérique et à améliorer l'allocation de ressources limitées.

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In France, spending on mental health and psychiatric care, in proportion to GDP, is close to the EU average. However, there are complaints that the French system is overwhelmed and potentially underfunded. To describe the utilisation of psychiatric and mental health care in different settings to consider the appropriateness of care provision and resource allocation. For the year 2018, several national databases on the use of all type of psychiatric care provision (full and part-time hospitalisations, private and public, public ambulatory care, private office-based psychiatrists) were cross-tabulated with diagnosis categories for different age groups and illness severity in order to assess the use of resources and evaluate the appropriateness of resource allocation. A sizable proportion of patients with mild and moderate mental disorders are treated in psychiatric care whilst there is insufficient continuity of care for patients with severe disorders, who are not adequately followed up after discharge from hospitals. This contributes to increase the rate of re-hospitalisations, the use of emergency departments, and longer stays in hospitals. The several components of the French mental health care system are used inappropriately, not only in geographical terms but also in terms of service use. We argue that strengthening the access to affordable psychotherapy and the implementation of a stepped-care approach could contribute to solve this issue.

The ISO 15189 accreditation of biological analysis requires the presence of interpretation in the analysis report. The interpretation in the field of autoimmunity which includes many analyses and methods can be complex for biologists who may not have clinical data and for clinicians who may not be aware of technical difficulties. The French group of the european group EASI (European autoimmunity standardisation initiative) proposes a list of comments and advice in order to help biologists when interpreting auto-immune analyses results in several situations. These comments should be adapted to the clinical and biological situation (other biological results, clinical data…) and should alert the clinician. A dialogue between the biologist and the clinician is essential to adjust the interpretation on clinical data in order to provide a better health care for the patient.

RésuméLa pratique contraceptive moderne augmente lentement parmi les jeunes générations au Bénin. La présente étude analyse les tendances, les déterminants du recours aux contraceptifs et leurs mécanismes d'actions chez les adolescentes. Les approches socio-écologique et intersectionnelle ont été adoptées, avec une méthode d'étude mixte portant sur les adolescentes de 15 à 19 ans sexuellement actives et non enceintes. Le volet quantitatif recourt aux données des cinq enquêtes démographiques et de santé du Bénin entre 1996 et 2017-18, avec une analyse descriptive et une régression logistique binaire pas à pas. Les données qualitatives collectées par des observations, discussions de groupe et entretiens individuels auprès de différents acteurs nationaux, ont fait l'objet d'analyse de contenu. Les résultats révèlent une prévalence contraceptive moderne basse, passant de 4,6% en 1996 à 13,3% en 2017-18, avec le préservatif comme principale méthode utilisée (8,2%). En 2017-18, la probabilité d'utiliser les contraceptifs était plus élevée chez les adolescentes des ménages riches (OR = 2,3), les scolarisées (OR = 2,3), les célibataires (OR = 2,1), celles fréquentant les services de planification familiale (PF) (OR = 1,8), connaissant le cycle menstruel (OR = 1,6), et économiquement actives (OR = 1,5). Cependant, être Yoruba réduit les chances d'utiliser les contraceptifs (OR = 0,5). Les données qualitatives confirment ces résultats et les complètent en mettant en avant l'effet du cadre juridique favorable à la pratique contraceptive, la stigmatisation sociale des utilisatrices, et les infox véhiculées en communauté. Nous recommandons des efforts pour le maintien des filles à l'école, la généralisation des services de PF pour les adolescents, la communication communautaire, et la subvention des contraceptifs. Modern contraceptive use is increasing more slowly among younger generations in Benin. The present study analyses trends, determinants of contraceptive use, and their mechanisms of action among adolescent girls. Socio-ecological and intersectional approaches were adopted, with a mixed method approach focusing on sexually active, non-pregnant adolescents aged 15 to 19. The quantitative component used data from Benin's five demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2017–18, with descriptive analysis and stepwise binary logistic regression. Qualitative data collected through observations, focus group discussions and individual interviews with various national stakeholders, were subjected to content analysis. The results reveal a low modern contraceptive prevalence, rising from 4.6% in 1996 to 13.3% in 2017–18, with condoms being the main method used (8.2%). In 2017–18, the chance of using contraceptives was higher among adolescent girls from wealthy households (OR = 2.3), in school (OR = 2.3), unmarried (OR = 2.1), attending family planning services (OR = 1.8), knowing the menstrual cycle (OR = 1.6), and economically active (OR = 1.5). However, being Yoruba reduced the likelihood of using contraceptives (OR = 0.5). Qualitative data confirms these findings and complements them by highlighting the effects of a legal framework favourable to contraceptive practice, the social stigmatisation of users, and misinformation conveyed in the community. We recommend efforts to keep girls in school, generalise family planning services for adolescents, promote community communication, and subsidise contraceptives.

The two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Both diseases have inflammatory flare-ups that alternate with periods of remission. The pathologist may examine biopsies of the digestive tract from IBD patients in different contexts: at the time of the initial diagnosis, in the event of a disease flare-up in order to differentiate a flare of the disease from another cause, particularly an infectious one, and during the long term follow-up of the disease in order to detect the occurrence of dysplastic lesions. Pathologists are increasingly involved in the evaluation of inflammatory activity during the follow-up of IBD patients. The therapeutic management of IBD has evolved significantly and the emergence of new treatments allows a global approach targeting endoscopic mucosal healing. However, mucosal healing is not always correlated with histological healing. Numerous studies have shown the value of histological evaluation during follow-up. A higher score for histological activity in ulcerative colitis predicts a higher likelihood of neoplasia. Histological activity is a better predictor than endoscopic inflammation of the risk. In UC, histological remission may be a long-term therapeutic goal but its role in CD remains unclear. Different scores have been developed to quantify the inflammatory activity of IBD patients and the response to treatment. The aim of this review is to present the main activity scores used in the follow-up of IBD, their interest, their evaluation and their limitations.

Strongyloides sp. (Nematoda) are very wide spread small intestinal parasites of vertebrates that can form a facultative free-living generation. Most authors considered all Strongyloides of farm ruminants to belong to the same species, namely Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856). Here we show that, at least in southern Germany, the predominant Strongyloides found in cattle and the Strongyloides found in sheep belong to separate, genetically isolated populations. While we did find mixed infections in cattle, one form clearly dominated. This variety, in turn, was never found in sheep, indicating that the two forms have different host preferences. We also present molecular tools for distinguishing the two varieties, and an analysis of their phylogenetic relationship with the human parasite Strongyloides stercoralis and the major laboratory model species Strongyloides ratti. Based on our findings we propose that Strongyloides from sheep and the predominant Strongyloides from cattle should be considered separate species as it had already been proposed by [Brumpt, E., 1921. Recherches sur le determinisme des sexes et de l'evolution des Anguillules parasites (Strongyloides). Comptes rendu hebdomadaires des séances et mémoires de la Société de Biologie et de ses filiales 85, 149-152], but was largely ignored by later authors. For nomenclature, we follow [Brumpt, E., 1921. Recherches sur le determinisme des sexes et de l'evolution des Anguillules parasites (Strongyloides). Comptes rendu hebdomadaires des séances et mémoires de la Société de Biologie et de ses filiales 85, 149-152] and use the name S. papillosus for the Strongyloides of sheep and the name Strongyloides vituli for the predominant Strongyloides of cattle.

We conducted two World Health Organization-commissioned reviews to inform use of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We synthesized the evidence regarding efficacy and safety (review 1), as well as risks of droplet dispersion, aerosol generation, and associated transmission (review 2) of viral products. Literature searches were performed in Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Chinese databases, and medRxiv. Review 1: we synthesized results from randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) comparing HFNC to conventional oxygen therapy (COT) in critically ill patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Review 2: we narratively summarized findings from studies evaluating droplet dispersion, aerosol generation, or infection transmission associated with HFNC. For both reviews, paired reviewers independently conducted screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. We evaluated certainty of evidence using GRADE methodology. No eligible studies included COVID-19 patients. Review 1: 12 RCTs (n = 1,989 patients) provided low-certainty evidence that HFNC may reduce invasive ventilation (relative risk [RR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 0.99) and escalation of oxygen therapy (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.98) in patients with respiratory failure. Results provided no support for differences in mortality (moderate certainty), or in-hospital or intensive care length of stay (moderate and low certainty, respectively). Review 2: four studies evaluating droplet dispersion and three evaluating aerosol generation and dispersion provided very low certainty evidence. Two simulation studies and a crossover study showed mixed findings regarding the effect of HFNC on droplet dispersion. Although two simulation studies reported no associated increase in aerosol dispersion, one reported that higher flow rates were associated with increased regions of aerosol density. High-flow nasal cannula may reduce the need for invasive ventilation and escalation of therapy compared with COT in COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. This benefit must be balanced against the unknown risk of airborne transmission. RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Nous avons réalisé deux comptes rendus sur commande de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé pour guider l’utilisation de canules nasales à haut débit (CNHD) chez les patients ayant contracté le coronavirus (COVID-19). Nous avons synthétisé les données probantes concernant leur efficacité et leur innocuité (compte rendu 1), ainsi que les risques de dispersion des gouttelettes, de génération d’aérosols, et de transmission associée d’éléments viraux (compte rendu 2). Des recherches de littérature ont été réalisées dans les bases de données Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, ainsi que dans les bases de données chinoises et medRxiv. Compte rendu 1 : nous avons synthétisé les résultats d’études randomisées contrôlées (ERC) comparant les CNHD à une oxygénothérapie conventionnelle chez des patients en état critique atteints d’insuffisance respiratoire hypoxémique aiguë. Compte rendu 2 : nous avons résumé sous forme narrative les constatations d’études évaluant la dispersion de gouttelettes, la génération d’aérosols ou la transmission infectieuse associées aux CNHD. Pour les deux comptes rendus, des réviseurs appariés ont réalisé la sélection des études, l’extraction des données et l’évaluation du risque de biais de manière indépendante. Nous avons évalué la certitude des données probantes en nous fondant sur la méthodologie GRADE. Aucune étude éligible n’incluait de patients atteints de COVID-19. Compte rendu 1 : 12 ERC (n = 1989 patients) ont fourni des données probantes de certitude faible selon lesquelles les CNHD réduiraient la ventilation invasive (risque relatif [RR], 0,85; intervalle de confiance [IC] 95 %, 0,74 à 0,99) et l’intensification de l’oxygénothérapie (RR, 0,71; IC 95 %, 0,51 à 0,98) chez les patients atteints d’insuffisance respiratoire. Les résultats n’ont pas démontré de différences en matière de mortalité (certitude modérée), ni de durée du séjour hospitalier ou à l’unité des soins intensifs (certitude modérée et faible, respectivement). Compte rendu 2 : quatre études évaluant la dispersion de gouttelettes et trois évaluant la génération et la dispersion d’aérosols ont fourni des données probantes de très faible certitude. Deux études de simulation et une étude croisée ont donné des résultats mitigés quant à l’effet des CNHD sur la dispersion des gouttelettes. Bien que deux études de simulation n’aient rapporté aucune augmentation associée concernant la dispersion d’aérosols, l’une a rapporté que des taux de débit plus élevés étaient associés à des régions à densité d’aérosols élevée plus grandes. Les canules nasales à haut débit pourraient réduire la nécessité de recourir à la ventilation invasive et l’escalade des traitements par rapport à l’oxygénothérapie conventionnelle chez les patients atteints de COVID-19 souffrant d’insuffisance respiratoire hypoxémique aiguë. Cet avantage doit être soupesé contre le risque inconnu de transmission atmosphérique.

One adult syngamid nematode parasite couple was found during routine clinical observation in quarantine at the former Bohorok Rehabilitation Station from sputum of Pongo abelli and determined as Mammomonogamus laryngeus [Railliet, A., 1899. Syngame laryngieu du boeuf. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances et Mémoires de la Société de Biologie 11, 18-21]. This finding confirmed previous record of ova and adult syngamid nematodes, determined by Collet et al. [Collet, J.-Z., Galdikas, B.M.F., Sugarjito, J., Jojosudharmo, S., 1986. A coprological study of parasitism in orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) in Indonesia. Journal of Medical Primatology 15, 121-129] as Mammomonogamus sp. only, in orangutans kept in the Bohorok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre (Northern Sumatra, Indonesia) and presented a serious health hazard to rehabilitants in this locality. Morphometrical features and the first description of the parasite from orang-utan were presented and documented. Coprological monitoring of infection in rehabilitants in this area as well as among the wild population of orangutan is necessary.

PELICAN (« Partager Éfficacement en Laboratoire les Informations des Comptes rendus ANatomopathologiques ») is a software which generates standardized reports and, in parallel, allows to automatically create a database that can be used for research purpose. This application has been used in our laboratory since 2014 for central nervous system tumors. The aim of this work was to extend it to another type of tumor, lung cancer. The content of the pathology reports was previously defined using various standards (Société Française de Pathologie, Institut National du Cancer, WHO Classification 2015, …). A double codification was used with SNOMED and ADICAP codes. The PELICAN application is a Microsoft Excel file containing a software specifically developed for pathology laboratories, written in Visual Basic for Applications and respecting the CDA-R2 standard. After definition of the software specifications, a beta-version was installed in February 2018. After various updates, the 3.19 version was installed in July 2018. Almost all lung cancer surgical pathology reports are now generated with the PELICAN software; a total of 56 reports were validated at the time of writing this manuscript. The medical time for the generation of the report was globally the same or decreased for some pathologists. The secretarial time was greatly reduced. The PELICAN software is an easy to use tool that allows to generate standardized reports in pulmonary pathology and to feed a database that can be easily used for statistical purposes.

We translate Noël Bernard's discovery of orchid symbiotic germination discovered on Neottia nidus-avis, as published in the May 1899 issue of the Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences. In his note, Bernard (1874-1911) establishes the need for a fungus, which is also forming mycorrhizae in adults, for seeds germination. We provide illustrations reproduced from his later works, and summaries of the French text he cited. In our annotations, we show how early this discovery was done in Bernard's career, and insist on the scientific framework at the end of the nineteenth century, where orchid germination was mysterious and the need for vicinity of parents was not fully understood. We comment the text of Bernard on the basis of the most recent knowledge on Neottia nidus-avis and on orchid mycorrhizal fungi. Introducing his following papers, we finally discuss the emergence of the concept of peloton digestion, and how Bernard's work quickly paved the way to a general understanding of mycoheterotrophic germination in orchids and beyond.

This thematic issue issue of the Comptes rendus Biologies contains review articles, original papers and conference reports presented at the first two TRANSCRIPTOME conferences From Functional Genomics to Systems Biology and IMAGE Consortium Invitational workshops (Paris, November 2000 and Seattle, March 2002), and discussed during the inaugural meetings of the SYSTEMOSCOPE International Consortium (Paris, June 2003). We describe the founding principles, missions, working plan and policy for partnership and industrial development of SYSTEMOSCOPE to promote the study of the complexity of biological systems by integrating scientific, medical, ethical and economic issues in implementation of interdisciplinary projects for human health.