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Vaccination is an important tool to prevent infectious disease morbidity and mortality. Increased vaccine hesitancy and declining vaccination are contributing to larger infectious disease outbreaks. This review presents the current state of research and knowledge on vaccine hesitancy, focused on the United States (US). This review covers the history of vaccination and vaccine hesitancy, recent and ongoing outbreaks, and updates in understanding of vaccine hesitancy and use of new psychology-based tools to address it. Articles for inclusion were sourced from extant understanding of the vaccine hesitancy literature as well as PubMed searches to ensure appropriate context. Population-level outreach and effective communication about vaccines is a central component to addressing vaccine hesitancy and restoring and maintaining trust in the vaccination system. With new ways of understanding vaccine hesitancy rooted in the psychology of decision-making, there is a need for research into outreach, message development, and implementation, within the information and social media environment that allows even faster dissemination of mis- and dis-information. Balancing the rigor of communications and implementation research with the need for timely communications is a pressing challenge to be faced by public health and medical professionals when addressing vaccine hesitancy.

People affiliate with others who share their psychological traits. Does the same phenomenon occur with AI instructed to mimic human psychology? Large language models (LLM) were prompted to use language that mimicked anxious symptoms or their absence (Experiment 1; n = 100), extroversion or introversion (Experiment 2; n = 100), and an exact mirror or inverse of participants' personality (preregistered Experiment 3; n = 100). With full knowledge that they were interacting with an artificial system, participants engaged in written interactions with both LLM versions and then evaluated their engagement. Those with anxiety reported a stronger connection to the LLM that mimicked anxiety, a distinction also reflected in the sentiment of the messages they exchanged. Extroverted participants affiliated more with the AI that mimicked extroversion. Finally, when participants interacted with LLMs that mimicked either their own personality profile or the inverse of their personality (i.e., the opposite pattern of their Big-Five scores), they reported more affiliation with the LLM mimicking their personality; this distinction was also reflected in the sentiment of their messages. Results support affiliation in human-AI interactions based on the linguistic presentation of a shared psychology. We propose that through socioaffective tuning, LLMs might achieve greater human-like correspondence.

American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) people represent a culturally diverse people group within the United States. AI/AN people experience some of the most severe health disparities in the United States, including behavioral health. A quarter of AI/AN people in the United States live on tribal lands, experiencing significant barriers to mental health resources and broadband infrastructure for telehealth. We developed Amplifying Resilience Over Restricted Internet Access (ARORA)-a mobile health (mHealth) smartphone app, promoting mindfulness practices and community building through AI/AN culture and values. Originally co-designed with both Hopi/Tewa and Navajo youth and adults, this study evaluated app resonance among Hopi/Tewa youth, supporting its iterative design. While we initially planned in-person user testing, this was moved online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed the potential and acceptability of an mHealth app supporting Hopi/Tewa youth practicing mindfulness inspired by their culture, values, and beliefs. This research served as preliminary work for an ongoing, iterative participatory action research study, identifying points of improvement to align with our partner community's goals. After meeting with 6 community advisory board members and focus groups prior to this study, we developed a prototype for ARORA. This study evaluated intuitiveness and usability through testing and interviews with Hopi/Tewa youth. All meetings with stakeholders were moved online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using screen-sharing via Zoom (Zoom Communications, Inc) and Android emulators, we received feedback for the iterative design process. This study involved 9 participants aged 16-24 years. Of these participants, 1 was male and 8 were female; all identified as Hopi/Tewa and/or Tewa. This study included a quantitative assessment using a modified version of the User Version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale. The mean score across all questions was 3.71 (SD 0.427), suggesting generally positive reception. Qualitative results from thematically analyzing open-ended focus group data produced 5 open codes and 12 axial themes, reaching thematic saturation after engaging with 9 participants. Qualitative feedback revealed that while its use was generally enjoyable, the ARORA app could be more specific to Hopi/Tewa culture. Finally, we reflect on adaptations made to our initial protocol in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, offering guidelines for future mHealth work involving rural or hard-to-reach communities. In this evaluation and usability testing of the ARORA prototype, participants expressed interest and engagement in the mindfulness activities. Participants also identified spaces in which the app could improve, both in usability and in cultural groundedness, especially with the visual dimensions of the app. Reflecting on our experience in facilitating remote user testing, we encourage future work in rural mHealth to consider practices for conducting research when in-person meetings are not feasible.

Globally, approximately 8.6% of people will meet criteria for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in their lifetimes, with 2.2% meeting criteria for AUD in the past 12 months. In the United States, AUD prevalence is even greater, with 13.9% meeting criteria in the past 12 months. Effective treatments for AUD exist, although most people receive help through mutual support groups (ie, Alcoholics Anonymous [AA]). However, AA and other mutual support programs may not be desirable for all individuals, particularly those who do not seek abstinence-based approaches. Treatments that support reductions in drinking have been shown to be as effective as abstinence-based treatments in reducing alcohol-related harms, and may be more appealing to a broader range of people. Mindfulness-based interventions may be particularly effective in supporting long-term recovery, whole-person health, and functioning for those with abstinent and nonabstinent recovery goals. This study is designed to test a novel rolling group-based mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) delivered via videoconferencing, focused on drinking reduction goals and whole-person functioning. This study is a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation design to prospectively test the effectiveness of MBRP and to identify barriers and facilitators of group participation to inform future implementation of MBRP as continuing care. Individuals with AUD (n=470) interested in stopping or reducing their drinking, meet criteria for AUD based on a symptom checklist, report heavy drinking at least once in the past 6 months, consent and understand study procedures in English, and provide a valid US mailing address are recruited nationwide via online sources in the United States. Participants are randomized to either MBRP groups via Zoom (Zoom Video Communications, Inc) or referral to online mutual support (eg, AA). All participants receive an individual orientation session delivered via Zoom that includes brief motivational interviewing and an overview of their assigned condition and next steps (MBRP condition: overview of the MBRP groups and instructions on participating in MBRP via Zoom; referral condition: referral to online mutual support groups). Participants provide blood samples for phosphatidylethanol testing at baseline and 3-year follow-up and complete self-report measures of psychosocial functioning, alcohol and other drug use, addiction cycle domains, and previously established predictors of recovery every 6 months for 3 years. Recruitment began on September 13, 2023, and the last recruited participant was randomized on March 20, 2025. Follow-up data collection is ongoing with all 6-month follow-ups completed (86% retention). This study evaluates the effectiveness and mechanisms of MBRP delivered via videoconferencing, compared with referral to online mutual support groups, in supporting recovery among individuals with AUD. It also examines the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of MBRP as an accessible, freely available continuing care option to support long-term recovery from AUD.

Vaccine hesitancy remains a global health challenge, undermining gains in routine immunization coverage and the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines worldwide. Effective, responsive health communication is needed to counter 'infodemics' and strengthen public trust in vaccination. Evidence on how to design effective digital campaigns to strengthen vaccine demand is limited, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Results from this four-country study demonstrate a process for the design and randomized controlled testing of evidence-based, context-driven persuasive messaging to strengthen vaccine demand. Campaigns led to 3.5 M+ clicks to additional resources, and messages were successful at shifting attitudes toward vaccine confidence, with campaigns in local languages performing better in encouraging information-seeking behavior (clickthrough rate). Strategic partnership with UNICEF country offices was key to convert behavioral insights into effective communication strategies. This work provides a replicable process that local health agencies can adopt to strengthen their digital social and behavior change communications.

Consciousness in Zen meditation has garnered considerable interest in psychology and neuroscience, particularly in relation to its association with enhanced self-awareness. Zen meditation fosters social harmony by addressing mental and social conflicts, linking individuals to various societal aspects through the practice. This meditation, rooted in Buddhism, aims to perceive thoughts without judgment by attentively focusing on the present. However, the neural mechanisms behind its benefits have remained elusive. To investigate, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging on two groups: Zen monks with extensive meditation experience (average 7.53 years) and a control group without meditation background. Both groups completed the Stroop cognitive conflict task followed by meditation. Zen meditation, when performed by skilled monks, improved responses and cognitive control, and reduced cognitive conflict in the lateral and medial prefrontal cortices compared to the control group. Conflict tasks are generally associated with increased activity in the central executive network (CEN), whereas activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, a core component of the default mode network (DMN), has been linked to internally oriented processes such as self-referential thought and mind-wandering. The involvement of the DMN during meditation, however, appears to depend on the specific meditation style and cognitive state, with prior studies reporting mixed findings. These networks are often considered to exhibit an antagonistic relationship, with task engagement typically accompanied by CEN activation and concurrent DMN suppression. However, Stroop conflict trials in the present study did not show a strong inverse relationship between DMN and CEN activity. Instead, connectivity analyses indicated suppression within DMN-related regions.

Patient safety is important when evaluating a healthcare organization's ability to control and eliminate patient dangers when implementing evidence-based practice (EBP). There is limited understanding of how EBP affects safety culture. The purpose of this study was to assess nurses' perceptions of EBP utilization and its effect on patient safety culture. A cross-sectional, descriptive design was employed utilizing self-report questionnaires. A convenience sample of 381 registered nurses was recruited from four major hospitals in Jordan. Descriptive and multivariate linear regression analyses were used. EBP knowledge/skills had the highest positive score. Meanwhile, organizational learning and continuous improvement were the greatest positive scores of patient safety culture among nurses. Nurses who perceived greater knowledge/skill associated with EBP reported higher levels of organizational learning and continuous improvement (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.15, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), increased teamwork within units (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.11, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), lower perceptions of nonpunitive responses to error (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;-0.15, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), greater communication openness (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.16, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), and improved feedback and communications about errors (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.13, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). The association between EBP and patient safety underscores the importance of systematically implementing EBP in healthcare settings. As scientific evidence informs clinical practice, it is crucial for hospitals to integrate EBP into their policies and strategies to sustainably foster a culture of safety and optimize nursing practices.

In 2024, England implemented a world-first initiative providing free vapes and behavioural support to encourage smoking cessation, focussing on groups with higher smoking prevalence. This study aimed to assess awareness of the initiative and associations with socio-demographics, smoking, vaping and past smoking cessation behaviour. Representative cross-sectional surveys conducted January 2024-December 2025 of adults (aged 16+) who currently smoked or had stopped in the last year in England (N=6,950). Associations between awareness and gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic position (occupational social grade), region, smoking status, urges to smoke, vaping status, survey time were assessed using weighted percentages with 95% confidence intervals and multivariable logistic regressions. Multivariable logistic regressions assessed associations with past-year cessation attempts and support used. Post-hoc country comparisons using October-December 2025 included Scotland and Wales (n=153). Overall, 24.1% (95% CI: 23.0%-25.2%) were aware of the initiative. Awareness was lower among people aged 45-54 [adjusted OR=0.78 (0.64-0.97)] than among people aged <25 and among Asian, Black, Mixed/Other compared with white ethnicities [adjOR=0.82 (0.70-0.96)]. Awareness was higher among people reporting slight [adjOR=1.22 (1.02-1.46)] or moderate [adjOR=1.27 (1.08-1.50] urges than among those reporting no urges to smoke. Awareness was associated with having used vapes during the last cessation attempt [adjOR=1.40 (1.09-1.81)]; other characteristics were not significantly associated. About a quarter of people in England who smoked in the past year were aware of a new smoking cessation initiative and awareness was linked with use of vapes for cessation but not higher among socio-economically disadvantaged groups. To reach smoke-free goals, increased smoking cessation is needed; a unique initiative made free vapes and support available to people in England who smoke. While a quarter of the target population had heard about the initiative, coordinated communications may have increased awareness among less advantaged groups with higher smoking prevalence to further improve impact on inequalities.

Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) face increased lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Genetic risk-predictive testing could help identify those at highest risk and guide preventative care. We aimed to assess perceptions of genetic risk scores to help inform future implementation. An online survey of 112 women with current or prior GDM assessed willingness for genetic and non-genetic risk testing, attitudes, lifestyle motivation, and data-use concerns. Quantitative analyses were complemented by thematic analysis of free-text responses. Overall, willingness was high for both genetic testing (83.9%) and non-genetic (90.2%), with no significant difference between them (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.083). Participants identifying as White reported greater willingness for genetic testing (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.020) and stronger agreement that testing should be available on the NHS (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.032) than Non-White participants. Attitudes toward genetic testing were positive and associated with both willingness to test and support for NHS availability (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Younger participants were more motivated to modify lifestyle behaviours (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.015). Overall, concerns around data collection were low; although free-text responses highlighted health insurance implications, psychological burden, actionability of results, and timing of testing as salient themes. Women with GDM were receptive to genetic risk-prediction for T2DM, with low concerns around data usage. Demographic differences in acceptability and motivation highlight the need for inclusive, targeted communications and lifestyle support alongside integration testing into postnatal-GDM care.

Over-the-counter (OTC) hearing aids were introduced to improve the affordability and accessibility of hearing health care for adults with perceived mild-to-moderate hearing loss. While these devices have demonstrated effectiveness in cognitively healthy older adults-particularly in the domains of audibility, self-reported hearing ability, and speech recognition in quiet-their use and outcomes in people with dementia remain underexplored. This issue warrants further attention, as people with dementia often experience co-occurring hearing loss and may rely on OTC hearing aids to overcome cost and access barriers to prescription amplification. However, given the cognitive and functional challenges of dementia, it is unclear whether and how OTC hearing aids can support the hearing care needs of these individuals. To explore interest-holder perspectives on the feasibility and acceptability of OTC hearing aids for community-dwelling older adults with dementia, identifying key facilitators and barriers that influence their use in this population. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 45 participants across three interest-holder groups (15 per group): (1) community-dwelling older adults with dementia and hearing loss, (2) family caregivers of community-dwelling older adults with dementia and hearing loss, and (3) geriatric direct care professionals. Interviews were conducted and recorded via secure Zoom (Zoom Communications) videoconferencing, then transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants endorsed several facilitators and barriers to OTC hearing aid use in people with dementia. Facilitators included increased accessibility, perceived affordability and value, and enhanced autonomy and control. Barriers included mistrust of OTC hearing aids, difficulty assessing candidacy due to unreliable self- and proxy reports of hearing status, caregiver uncertainty regarding device programming and adjustment, challenges evaluating device effectiveness, and concerns about caregiver burden and burnout from long-term device management. OTC hearing aids offer meaningful advantages for people with dementia and their family caregivers. However, significant barriers must be addressed to ensure their feasibility and acceptability for this population. Future research should further examine and quantify these barriers to inform the development of tailored devices, services, and delivery models that promote successful OTC hearing aid use in people with dementia and their family caregivers.

Parricide is an exceptionally rare phenomenon, constituting approximately 2% to 3% of all homicides in the United States. Double parricide, involving multiple victims and/or offenders, is even less common. The most famous case of double parricide in recent history is that of the Menendez brothers, who were convicted of the 1989 murders of their parents. This narrative review examines the evolving societal, academic, and legal attitudes toward the Menendez brothers' case over 35 years. An examination was conducted of criminological studies, media analyses, legal records, and primary source materials such as letters and drawings from the Menendez case. Findings indicate a shift over 35 years from framing the brothers as deviant and greedy to understanding their actions as extreme responses to prolonged familial trauma. Media narratives, true crime portrayals, social media advocacy (through documentaries and platforms like TikTok), and evolving victimology and trauma theories have influenced public opinion and legal reconsideration. The application of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven analysis through multiple professional lenses reveals patterns in pre-offense communications and artwork that may have been underappreciated in traditional forensic evaluation. Forensic nurses are essential in assessing trauma, documenting abuse, and contributing to interdisciplinary evaluations. Trauma-informed approaches enhance accurate risk assessment and ethical consideration of both survivors' and offenders' experiences in cases of extreme familial violence. The emerging integration of AI tools in forensic practice offers forensic nurses new capabilities for systematic case analysis, while maintaining the critical human expertise needed for clinical judgment and compassionate care. The Menendez case serves as a powerful reminder that our understanding of complex human behavior deepens over time, and that maintaining openness to new perspectives and methodologies is essential to providing ethical, evidence-based forensic care.

The cortex generates diverse neural dynamics, ranging from broadband fluctuations to narrowband oscillations at specific frequencies. Here, we investigated whether broadband and oscillatory dynamics play different roles in the encoding and transmission of visual information. We used information-theoretical measures to dissociate neural signals sharing common information (i.e., redundancy) from signals encoding complementary information (i.e., synergy). We analyzed electrocorticography (ECoG) and local field potentials (LFP) in the visual cortex of human and non-human primates (macaque) to investigate the extent to which broadband signals (BB) and narrowband gamma (NBG) oscillations conveyed synergistic or redundant information about images. In both species, the information conveyed by BB signals was highly synergistic within and between visual areas. By contrast, the information carried by NBG was primarily redundant within and between the same visual areas. Finally, the information conveyed by BB signals emerged early after stimulus onset, while NBG sustained information at later time points. These results suggest a potential dual role of BB and NBG cortical dynamics in visual processing, with broadband dynamics supporting nonlinear pattern recognition and oscillations facilitating information maintenance across the cortex.

Modern science is formally structured around scholarly publication, where scientific knowledge is canonized through citation. Precisely how citations are given and accrued can provide information about the value of discovery, the history of scientific ideas, the structure of fields, and the space or scope of inquiry. Yet parsing this information has been challenging because citations are not simply present or absent; rather, they differ in purpose, function, and sentiment. In this paper, we investigated how critical and favorable sentiments were distributed across citations, and tested the hypothesis that more favorable sentiment would be utilized among ingroup members, whereas more critical sentiment would be utilized toward outgroup members. We considered three group types: collaborators, those with a similar h-index, and those with the same gender. We observed that citation sentiment was more favorable to collaborators than non-collaborators, an effect that was modulated by both gender and h-index. Further, we observed that disciplinary and country-level factors impacting a scholar's perception of the size of their ingroup also explained citation sentiment: Largely experimental fields that engage in regular scholarly synthesis through review articles employed less citation sentiment, as did countries with more collectivist attitudes and greater acceptance of social hierarchies. Collectively, we demonstrated how sociocultural groups displayed ingroup preferences in the use of sentiment in scientific communication. Our study contributes to a broader understanding of how human factors influence the practice of science, and underscores the importance of considering the larger sociocultural contexts in which science progresses.

In Complete Vocal Technique (CVT), "metal" and "density" are used as auditory-perceptual concepts to characterize voice quality. Previous studies have explored acoustic, electroglottographic (EGG), and vocal tract-related patterns associated with different metal and density conditions. However, no studies to date have examined how these qualities are reflected in aerodynamic measurements or the glottal flow waveform. This exploratory analysis aimed to provide insights into the concepts of metal and density. The goal was to gain an understanding of how varying degrees of metal and density are reflected in acoustic, EGG, aerodynamic, and glottal inverse-filtering parameters, as well as in vocal efficiency and economy parameters. Two CVT-trained singers (male and female) were recorded while performing consonant-vowel syllables at three pitches across four CVT vocal modes with varying "metal" and "density" conditions. Subglottal pressure (Psub), oral airflow (Q), EGG, and acoustic voice signals were recorded. Contact quotient (CQ) from EGG and an estimate of glottal resistance (GR) were calculated. Glottal flow waveform was studied with inverse filtering. Vocal efficiency and EGG-based estimator of vocal economy (quasi-output-cost ratio [QOCR]) were calculated. Samples were rated for auditory perception of strain by two expert groups with different educational backgrounds. Metallic phonation displayed higher sound pressure level (SPL), Psub, GR, CQ, vocal efficiency (p < 0.001), and lower Q (p < 0.001) and QOCR (p = 0.009) than nonmetallic phonation. Out of glottal parameters, harmonic richness factor was higher and H1-H2 and NAQ lower in metallic phonation. Compared to fuller density, reduced density exhibited lower SPL, Psub, Q, vocal efficiency (p < 0.001), CQ (p = 0.044), AC flow, and MFDR, and higher QOCR (p = 0.055) and NAQ. Strain was rated higher in metallic samples than in nonmetallic samples by vocologists and speech-language pathologists (p < 0.001). The examined parameters were distinguished between nonmetallic and metallic phonation as well as between reduced density and fuller density conditions. While metal and density share common measures, they appear to form their own specific profiles. Larger sample sizes are needed to refine these preliminary findings. Indicators of vocal economy warrant further investigation.

Song, a human cultural universal, fuses music and speech into a single auditory signal, one of the first among infants' auditory experiences. While parents sing to their babies in all human cultures, we still know little about how this experience shapes babies' perception abilities and their neural correlates. This work, therefore, investigates how the newborn brain processes song compared to its two components, speech and hummed melody. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that by regularizing the rhythm of speech, song may support language acquisition. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we found that newborns' (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;40) showed stronger responses for both speech and song in the right temporoparietal regions than activation triggered by humming. Despite their clear acoustic distinctions, no significant differences were observed between the neural response of speech and song. This suggests that singing, just like speech, may represent a salient input for the newborn brain, potentially supporting early speech perception and language development.

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Amidst growing global challenges, perceptions of human cooperation-a cornerstone of societal progress-appear to be in decline. Despite empirical evidence showing that people in both the USA and China exhibit increased cooperation in experimental games, the public remains convinced that morality and trust-two key ingredients of cooperation-have declined over time. To investigate this paradox, this study examines trends in cooperation that people perceive from the past into the future, along with the reasons they perceive to underlie these trends. We conducted a cross-cultural survey of 628 Americans and 449 Chinese, asking them to estimate the likelihood of others' cooperative behavior in a prisoner's dilemma game and to rate four cooperation-related traits-warmth, morality, assertiveness, and competence-at various times between 1960 and 2030. Participants also provided reasons for their beliefs. Our findings revealed a stable belief in declining cooperative behavior in the game, along with all four traits, with a relatively small decline in competence, in both the USA and China. Moreover, over 60% of respondents believed in a more general decline in cooperation. Declining social trust and increasing stress and wealth were the primary perceived reasons for their beliefs in both countries; also, increasing exposure to social media was a stronger perceived reason for U.S. participants, whereas increasing education was stronger for Chinese participants. This study reveals a widespread belief in the declining cooperation in two of the world's largest nations and highlights the profound influence of sociocultural factors on public beliefs.

Perceptions of ageing is an important psychosocial factor that influences health, wellbeing as well as engagement in health- promoting behaviours as people age. This study used a novel Behavioural Artificial Intelligence (AI) solution to examine the association between personality and attitudes towards ageing, and to explore how perceptions of ageing impact health promoting behaviours in UK and Canadian adults. Using a cross-sectional online survey methodology, 1011 UK and 1023 Canadian adults aged 65 years and older were recruited. Participants completed the attitudes towards ageing questionnaire short form and responded to 5 open-ended questions relating to their perceptions of ageing. Natural language computed in the open-ended responses was analysed using Scaled Insights Behavioural AI solution to examine personality attributes associated with attitudes towards ageing. Thematic analysis was also conducted to explore themes that emerged in the participants responses to the open-ended questions. Two personality clusters were identified that were associated with attitudes towards ageing.: Optimistic Ageing and Pessimistic Ageing. The Optimistic Ageing personality cluster had significantly more positive attitudes towards ageing; i.e., towards physical change, and psychosocial loss. Six significant themes emerged relating to participants perceptions of ageing, between those in the Optimistic Ageing and Pessimistic Ageing personality clusters; 1) attitudes towards physical activity and health, 2) mental and emotional health, 3) social connections and relationships, 4) independence and autonomy, 5) attitudes towards ageing and mortality, and 6) experiences of ageism. The findings highlight the important role of personality in attitudes towards ageing and the need for psychologists and other interventionists to consider personality in addressing negative attitudes towards ageing as well as actions to promote healthy behaviour. The novel Behavioural AI solution employed in this study, highlights the potential value of understanding personality both in predicting attitudes towards ageing but also in designing interventions and communications that are more personalised and target older adults based on their personality attributes.

Recent research suggests that brain anatomy may help identify the most effective pharmacological treatment for each individual with bipolar disorder and reduce trial-and-error prescribing. We aimed to investigate whether brain anatomy predicts whether a medication is currently prescribed or has been discontinued, as a proxy for treatment effectiveness. The rationale is that medications that provide clinical benefit without unacceptable side effects are likely to be continued, whereas those with limited benefit or poor tolerability are typically discontinued. We used T1-weighted MRI from twelve ENIGMA-BD cohorts (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;2462; 473 individuals with BD [61% female, age 18-73] and 1989 controls) to derive regional cortical thickness and surface area and subcortical volumes. Site differences were harmonized using ComBat models fitted on controls' data. Within cross-validation, models were trained to first adjust for cumulative dose and other covariates and then predict medication status. On test sets, current prescription (vs. discontinuation) of lithium was predicted by greater cortical thickness and reduced surface area, whereas current prescription (vs. discontinuation) of antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics was predicted by greater cortical thickness. Predictive regions for atypical antipsychotics were generally consistent across subgroups of age, gender, illness duration, and history of psychosis, and in the largest site, and differed from those associated with cumulative effects of medication on the cortex. Predictions were poor for subcortical volumes and for antiepileptic mood stabilizers and typical antipsychotics. These findings provide preliminary support that cortical anatomy may help inform future development of biomarkers for treatment selection, pending validation in longitudinal studies.