Wireless communications are today an important mechanism to connect people, machines and things. There are different uses of this technology like security, business, health, education, entertainment, agriculture among many others. In any case, the operational frequency and the scenario where wireless systems are deployed dictate the radio wave propagation conditions and therefore the quality of the communication signals. The path loss refers to the attenuation that wireless signals experiment between pairs of transmitter-receiver and is the basic parameter of performance of wireless communications. In this study, we reported and share different datasets of path loss derived from a campaign of field measurements conducted in three indoor environments. The operational frequency used in this campaign was 3.5 GHz, which is one of the frequency bands of interest for the fifth generation of wireless communications and beyond. The followed strategy to gather data is described in detail, including measurements parameters like equipment, antennas, dimensions and materials of each scenario and the grids used to locate the reception points.
With the rapid development of 6G communication, optoelectronic integration, and advanced stealth technologies, electromagnetic functional materials are increasingly required to achieve collaborative broadband responses across microwave, terahertz, and optical bands, posing urgent demands for breakthroughs in multispectral electromagnetic response mechanisms and device innovation. This perspective systematically reviews the research advances in 2D electromagnetic materials and their derived multispectral devices, with a particular emphasis on elucidating the correlations between material structures, electromagnetic properties, and multispectral response behaviors. We systematically look ahead at the future development directions of multi-spectral electromagnetic responses and devices from five key aspects, encompassing cross-domain signal conversion systems, environment-driven full-spectrum adaptive reconstruction, interface polarization engineering of low-dimensional nanomaterials, cross-domain integration under extreme environments, and programmability of dynamic spectral responses. These guidelines are intended to lay a theoretical and technical foundation for advancing the development of next-generation intelligent electromagnetic systems, thereby facilitating their applications in fields such as communications, sensing, medicine, and national defense.
The rapid expansion of portable and wearable electronics in the 5G era demands highly integrated, flexible wireless components supported by advanced low-k materials. Here, we present a nanostructured low-k dielectric fabricated via a hybrid phase separation strategy, achieving a dielectric constant of 1.86 ± 0.04 at 5 GHz. This approach combines polymerization-induced and nonsolvent-induced phase separation: the former controls micro/mesoscale pore size, while the latter generates an asymmetric structure. These nanostructured dielectrics exhibit flexibility, hydrophobicity, and good structural integrity. Furthermore, the fabrication process is environmentally friendly, avoiding toxic solvents or catalysts. A compact low-pass filter prototype was fabricated and tested based on the nanostructured dielectrics, with measured results aligning well with simulations (3-dB bandwidth range from 0 to 8.5 GHz, return loss of 16.5 dB, insertion loss of 1.2 dB, and high selectivity). This work demonstrates a promising approach for integrating functional materials into flexible electronics and RF applications.
College students represent a vulnerable group for substance misuse and overdoses in the United States. Prevention programs within higher education that offer overdose prevention programming, including health education and expanded naloxone training and access, have seen positive outcomes in preventing overdoses in this population, though implementation processes that contribute to these positive outcomes are largely understudied. We applied the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to understand college students' perceptions of overdose prevention programming implemented on their college campus, their recommendations for increasing awareness and uptake of overdose prevention programming on campus, and their suggestions for improving overdose prevention programming on campus. Employing a qualitative design using a 34-item semi-structured interview guide among college students based in the Western United States between January and March 2024, we interviewed 19 participants and analyzed the data using descriptive content analysis. Participants highlighted individual, inner setting, and broader community-level factors that play a role in students being able to learn about and access overdose prevention resources on campus. While individual beliefs and knowledge were an important theme throughout, participants strongly recommended tailored health communication to improve outreach strategies within the inner setting and broader community. Working in partnership with students to tailor health communications, including training students, faculty, and staff and strategically placing promotional materials in multiple locations on campus, can improve student awareness of resources and reduce stigma associated with seeking prevention resources. Higher education institutions can be informed by participant recommendations when considering implementing overdose prevention programming on their college campuses.
In this study, we aimed to characterize differences in additional risk minimization measures within the risk management plan for medicinal products approved in both the European Union and Japan. We examined the proportion requiring additional risk minimization measures, types implemented, and content of the related educational materials. Products approved in both regions as of December 2023 were identified. Safety concerns, additional risk minimization measures, and educational materials for healthcare professionals and patients were retrieved and analyzed for each product. We compared the number and proportion of safety concerns covered by additional risk minimization measures, as well as the volume of educational materials, between the two regions. Among 259 products, additional risk minimization measures were present in 33.2% of European Union products and 73.0% of Japanese products. Direct healthcare professional communications were observed only in the European Union, whereas early post-marketing phase vigilance was characteristic of Japan. Controlled access programs were similarly implemented but rarely overlapped. Japanese educational materials covered a greater number of safety concerns and were generally more extensive, whereas European Union materials tended to be more targeted and concise. Japan applies additional risk minimization measures more broadly and gathers information into one material, whereas the European Union emphasizes selective, purpose-specific risk minimization. These differences reflect the distinct regulatory frameworks and healthcare environments. Optimizing additional risk-minimization strategies in Japan may enhance risk mitigation and resource efficiency.
Clinical documentation continues to expand in volume and complexity, spanning outpatient encounters, inpatient summaries, patient-portal communications, and educational materials. These growing demands contribute to clinician burden and reduce time available for direct patient care. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a potential strategy to streamline documentation workflows. This review evaluates current AI applications in clinical documentation, with illustrative examples from urologic practice. Ambient AI scribes can capture the bulk of outpatient encounters and generate structured draft notes that clinicians edit rather than write de novo. Large language models have shown promise in assisting with inpatient documentation and discharge summaries, often producing drafts that are coherent, readable, and shorter than physician-authored text. AI tools can also simplify patient education materials and translate dense radiology reports into accessible language. Across these domains, however, studies consistently demonstrate that AI-generated content remains vulnerable to factual errors, omissions, hallucinations, and misaligned emphasis, reinforcing the need for clinician oversight. Overall, emerging evidence supports a complementary relationship between clinicians and AI. Used as supervised drafting aids rather than autonomous authors, AI tools have the potential to ease documentation burden and create more time for direct patient care without diminishing the clinician's role in shaping the medical record.
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are essential for understanding how cancer treatments affect individuals' symptoms, daily functioning and quality of life. This study examined how PRO data from pivotal clinical trials in breast cancer (BC), gastrointestinal (GI) cancers and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are reflected in regulatory drug labels and public-facing communications such as American Society of Clinical Oncology daily news. The goal was to identify gaps in the communication of these data, particularly in formats accessible to non-technical audiences and to highlight opportunities for improvement. We conducted a targeted review of oncology drugs approved between 2014 and 2024 by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. For each product, we assessed pivotal trials for PRO endpoints and reviewed regulatory labels for PRO claims. Public-facing materials-including sponsor websites, medical society platforms and patient advocacy content-were evaluated for the presence, clarity and visibility of PRO messaging. Messaging strength was internally rated as low, medium or high. Among 128 pivotal trials (28 BC, 34 GI, 66 NSCLC), 105 (82%) included PROs-84 as secondary and 40 as exploratory endpoints. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30-item (EORTC QLQ-C30) was used in 83 trials (79.0%), and EuroQol Group in 72 (68.6%). Only 10 products included PRO content in their regulatory labelling. Of 16 BC drugs, all had PRO data, but only 4 had regulatory PRO claims. Most sponsor websites lacked PRO content; only seven products across all indications included healthcare professional-facing PRO narratives and only two on patient-facing websites. No product achieved a high messaging strength rating; 53 of 64 rated products were categorised as low (limited or no PRO communication). Despite widespread PRO data collection, integration into labelling and public communication remains limited. While label inclusion supports compliant dissemination, some PRO findings appear in public materials without formal claims. Advancing both methodological rigour and clear regulatory guidance is essential to promote balanced, patient-relevant communication in oncology.
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a public health concern of considerable magnitude requiring universal attention and prevention efforts. All parents have the potential to prevent CSA when provided the knowledge and skills to do so; however, engagement in universal prevention is a widely faced challenge that threatens the dissemination of such knowledge and skills into parents' hands. Albeit widely faced, this challenge is poorly understood and largely unaddressed-indicative of a clear need for innovative solutions to promote engagement in universal prevention programs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of communication theory-driven recruitment materials by gauging potential engagement. Participants (N = 350) recruited from Prime Panels by CloudResearch were shown three flyers, each depicting a distinct message rooted in communication science theory. Participants were asked questions related to their emotional reactions and potential engagement with the individual materials should they have seen them in their day-to-day lives, before viewing all three flyers side-by-side wherein questions were posed to evoke comparison. Results were analyzed quantitatively with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and path analyses, as well as qualitatively leveraging a phenomenological approach. Findings indicate issue salience and efficacy as consistent positive predictors on emotions and intentions. They further display that appealing to both mixed emotions and higher intensity emotions are key to motivating action. Sociodemographic predictors of emotions and intentions varied across communication theories. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential for increased engagement in universal prevention interventions by way of theory-based recruitment communications curated to the targeted population.
Prescribed burns are a land management tool with several cultural and ecological benefits. However, they can produce enough smoke to result in adverse health effects increasing the importance of prescribed burn health risk communication. This study evaluated a prescribed burn health risk communication toolkit that is in development. Focus groups were conducted with community and institutional stakeholders. The protection motivation theory and precaution adoption process model were then used to interpret focus group responses to understand what factors of prescribed burn health risk communication influence protective action decision-making. Tailored communications and social context can influence protective action decisions to reduce exposure to prescribed burn smoke. Dissemination of the communication materials from the toolkit may be effective in increasing public health education and communication of prescribed burns and smoke-related health risks, engagement with prescribed burn health risk messages, and smoke-protective decisions. Guidance for involving the community and integrating health risk communication into current practices may increase public engagement with and effectiveness of prescribed burn health risk messaging. This study provides important implications for public health education and communication about prescribed burns and smoke-related health risks. Although prescribed burns could be considered to have relatively low risk, the resulting smoke is still an environmental hazard of which many communities may not be aware. This lack of knowledge underscores the importance of educational and effective public health messaging so that individuals can make informed protective action decisions.
Improve radiodensity measurements through a controlled, cadaveric study with the primary hypothesis that using high-resolution digital radiographs and image calibration with an aluminum step phantom would be more accurate than in the absence of a phantom. Ultimately, the goal is to improve evaluation of osteosarcoma response to chemotherapy prior to resection using radiographs. Five fresh-frozen cadaveric lower extremities were imaged with computed tomography (CT) and radiography (anteroposterior (AP) and lateral) with varying mAs/kVp before and after distal femoral instrumentation with 4 cm2 rods of known radiodensities, simulating tumors of varying density, and a commercial radiographic calibration step phantom. Using Materials Laboratory for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) image analysis, grayscale measurements were obtained for: rods in/out of bone, normal bone proximal to instrumentation, air, and all 16 calibration phantom steps. Radiodensity subtraction accuracy was compared for calibration with all phantom steps, +/- bone or air subtraction. Accuracy was compared using Student T-test and one-way analysis of variance with Tukey HSD post-hoc test. Mean accuracy for Cohort 1 (no calibration) (.12, standard deviation [SD] 0.11, N = 120) was better than that of Cohorts 2-4 (calibration) (0.39, SD 0.54-0.60, N = 1920) (p < 0.001, t = 5.4689). Lateral knee radiographs, specific imager settings (4 mAs-70 kVP, 8 mAs-70 kVp, and 4 mAs-80 kV), and variations in bone density/BMI improved accuracy (p < .001). When measuring radiodensity changes using high-quality, digital images with identical settings, image calibration worsened accuracy, likely by introducing an additional source of potential error. Further work is required to determine if calibration will improve accuracy for images obtained with varying technique.
Dynamic control of polarization is vital for wireless communications, imaging, and information processing. Transmissive metasurfaces offer compact solutions but face limitations in reconfigurability: the performance of switches between co- and cross-polarization is severely limited in bandwidth and efficiency, and the function is isolated from independent phase control. Here, we propose a transmission-type reconfigurable polarization meta-converter enabling dynamic switching between co-polarization and cross-polarization transmission with high efficiency and broad bandwidth. Furthermore, 1-bit phase encoding (0° and 180°) is integrated for independent wavefront control. As a proof-of-concept, a dynamic orbital angular momentum (OAM) meta-switcher is demonstrated, which is capable of transmitting y-polarized waves and generating a focused OAM beam with a topological charge l = +2. Our work integrates dynamic polarization conversion with advanced wavefront engineering technology onto a single transmission-type platform, paving pathways for advanced applications such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), polarization imaging, and 6G wireless communications.
The swift rise of digital communications, particularly in the realm of big data and the Internet of Things (IoT), has accelerated the development of next-generation data storage technologies. Resistive switching (RS) memory devices and artificial synapses remain appealing alternatives, offering low power consumption, ability to accommodate various capacities, and rapid speed. Neuromorphic computing aims to simulate the neuronal structure and functioning of the human brain, enabling advancements in human perception, interpretation, and autonomous adaptation. Halide perovskites are a group of materials that possess several benefits, including a significant distance over which charge carriers can move, a strong ability to absorb light, the ability to carry both positive and negative charges, the ability to conduct ions, and the ability to be processed in solution. Photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and photodetectors are merely some of the numerous applications in which they have proven useful. This article provides an extensive review of the most contemporary advancements in halide perovskite-based artificial synapses and RS memory devices. To begin with, this paper introduces the overall structure and distinctive features of RS memory devices. Next, we delve into the exceptional memory performance supported by comprehensive operational processes. This review also aims at laying the groundwork for the rational development of halide perovskite memory devices and artificial synapses, which will lead to notable performance improvements. Lastly, current obstacles and the possibilities for future progress are discussed.
The exceptional capability of metasurfaces to independently control the phase and polarization of light has fundamentally transformed holography, advancing it from conventional scalar forms to advanced vectorial systems with fully customized wavefronts and polarization properties. However, the operational bandwidth of metasurface-based vectorial holography has remained largely limited to the visible spectrum, constrained by the strong short-wavelength absorption of conventional meta-atom materials. Here, we break this spectral constraint by introducing a diamond-based vectorial metasurface platform that enables ultrabroadband holographic imaging from the visible down to the deep ultraviolet (DUV). We experimentally demonstrate a broadband geometric-phase meta-hologram operating continuously across this entire range, a multisegment DUV hologram generating tailored polarization distributions, and a polarization-multiplexed DUV meta-hologram. Leveraging diamond's outstanding DUV transparency, high damage threshold, and chemical robustness, this work establishes diamond metasurfaces as a robust and ultracompact platform for tailored vectorial holography under extreme spectral and environmental conditions. These advances facilitate transformative applications in high-density optical storage, secure communications, UV-based information encryption, and durable display systems.
As bandwidth demand continues to grow in chip-to-chip interconnects, silicon photonic optical modulators responsible for I/O require faster, more efficient, and more compact. Mach-Zehnder modulators utilizing the slow light effect achieve both higher modulation efficiency and miniaturization compared to conventional designs by reducing light propagation speed and effectively shortening the phase-shifter length. Among slow-light Mach-Zehnder modulators, those utilizing a series of phase-shifted grating resonators provide simplified fabrication processes and stable bandwidth. In this study, we propose an optical modulator that applies a semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor capacitor based carrier-accumulation scheme to these modulators instead of the conventional PN junction-based carrier-depletion approach, achieving high efficiency with greater effective index change and lower driving voltage. By incorporating III-V materials, we secured larger effective index changes and lower absorption loss. Comparative analysis with Si regarding effective refractive index variation and loss demonstrates ultimately higher bandwidth and lower transmitter penalty compared to both crystalline Si and poly-Si implementations. The proposed optical modulator significantly reduces length to tens of micrometers while maintaining high bandwidth, delivering modulation performance comparable to micro-ring modulators. Consequently, this approach is expected to be activated alongside advances in semiconductor manufacturing technology and play a crucial role in next-generation high-bandwidth communications.
Developing circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials with high brightness (BCPL) remains a central challenge, as it demands the synergistic optimization of both chiral response and luminescence efficiency. Through a comparative study of an N-annulated double π-helical perylene diimide dimer and its unmodified counterpart, this work demonstrates that strong excitonic coupling serves as a key strategy for achieving bright and robust CPL. The enhanced excitonic coupling promotes BCPL through a dual pathway: statically, it elevates the luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) by markedly suppressing the electric transition dipole moment under H-aggregation while keeping the rotational strength essentially unchanged; dynamically, it suppresses excited-state symmetry-breaking charge transfer in polar dielectric environments, thereby sustaining a high photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦPL). Consequently, this work establishes the targeted enhancement of excitonic coupling as an effective design paradigm for developing high-brightness CPL materials with concurrently high glum and ΦPL.
Topological interface modes (TIMs) are robust, localized states that emerge at the interface between two topologically distinct materials. In this work, the TIMs are studied in a broader frequency spectrum for both TE and TM polarizations using all-dielectric photonic crystal (PC) layers of Si and SiO2 in a one-dimensional setting, focusing on their localization, tunability, and robustness. By using the novel phase gradient cancellation (PGC) strategy we combine the two centrosymmetric PCs, P and Q, with the same optical thickness but different topological properties, and achieve highly localized TIMs in the working wavelength window around 1548.6 nm using two distinct odd gaps indicated as Gap-1 and Gap-2. Further extending the proposed design to two schemes for defecting the interface region, i.e., by inserting the defect layer directly at the interface, keeping the two PCs intact, and by removing the terminal layers from the interface of adjacent PCs we achieve highly tunable topological defect modes (TDMs) within the topological operating region. The refractive index (RI) sensing by using these two schemes demonstrate the superior performance under ideal conditions defined by the parameters such as the sensitivity (for the best values) of 397.7 THz/RIU or 3179.56 nm/RIU, the ultra-high-quality factor (Q) of 7.24⤫109, ultra-low detection limit (DL) of 7.6⤫10- 11 RIU, and a high figure of merit (FOM) of 1.32 ⤫109 RIU- 1. When realistic material absorption and interface roughness (σ = 0-3 nm, Nevot-Croce model) are incorporated, these metrics represent Q ~ 10⁶, DL ~ 10⁻⁷ RIU, and FOM ~ 10⁷ RIU⁻¹, consistent with experimental demonstrations in comparable Si/SiO2 structures. This work not only enriches the understanding of TIM phenomena but also paves the way to realize multifunctional and high-performance devices in biomedical applications, optical communications, and integrated photonics.
Special operations combat soldiers (SOCS) are susceptible to cervical spine (CS) injuries as they undergo tactical training and perform missions in demanding environments with head-supported mass (HSM). This HSM, which includes the baseline protective helmet, communications, specialized night vision technology, and other attachments, can weigh more than 3 kg. The purpose of this study was to describe the injury epidemiology of CS injuries in SOCS including the effect that HSM may have on both CS injuries and pain. The study population included 284 SOCS and 91 age-matched nonmilitary control subjects. A self-report of CS injury history, which included a description of the cause of the injury and information regarding the HSM relative to the injury was collected from all participants. Participants were asked questions about their military experience, the number of parachute jumps, and HSM exposure. All participants completed a CS pain questionnaire (covering the previous 12 months) and the Neck Disability Index survey. All participants also underwent musculoskeletal testing (strength and range of motion) of the CS. The SOCS reported 1,090 injuries of which 91% occurred while wearing HSM during military activities. Most of these injuries (74.7%) were characterized as sprain or strain and 81.4% were acute (sudden onset). Whiplash (28.5%), followed by parachute opening shock (23.1%), and landing (parachute operations) (23.1%) were the most common injury mechanisms. Treatment was sought in 50% of cases. Eighty-eight percent reported CS pain related to military operational activity during the previous 12 months with parachute opening (69%) listed as the most common task that aggravated neck pain. SOCS with 2 or more injuries, chronic neck pain, or pain in the previous 12 months were typically weaker, had worse range of motion, and worse neck disability. SOCS experience a considerable incidence of CS injuries and frequently report neck pain. Most of these conditions are associated with exposure to HSM and correlate with chronic pain, headaches, difficulties with concentration, and sleep disturbances. Such complications often necessitate medical intervention, may limit duty performance, and could increase susceptibility to further CS injuries. Opportunities for injury prevention exist through policy evaluation and recommendations, equipment assessments, and targeted physical training regimens.
Photodetectors that can achieve both high sensitivity and fast speed remain a challenge due to inherent trade-offs, particularly limiting in photonic integrated circuits. While substantial progress has been made in broadening spectral response, few strategies have directly addressed the simultaneous enhancement of sensitivity and speed. Here, we introduce a two-dimensional photodetector incorporating a functional interlayer, monolayer tungsten oxyselenide (TOS), formed between n-type PdPSe and p-type WSe2. TOS serves multifunctional roles to overcome the trade-offs: suppressing dark current as a hole barrier, enhancing responsivity via photogating, and preserving speed through trap-assisted tunneling and direct tunneling. Under spatially resolved illumination, the device shows a detectivity (D*) of 3.78 × 1015 Jones at 520 nm, with a bandwidth of 0.055 GHz at 785 nm. When integrated onto a silicon photonic platform, it achieves D* of 3.69 × 1011 Jones and a bandwidth of 0.11 GHz at 785 nm, outperforming most reported on-chip photodetectors. These results establish a route to sensitive, high-speed photodetectors for optical interconnect, communications, and sensing applications.
Vector vortex beams (VVBs), characterized by spin-orbit angular momentum coupling, present significant promise for advancing photonic technologies. Nonetheless, the realization of a compact, integrated platform capable of generating VVB arrays with independently addressable optical states has remained an elusive challenge. Here, we demonstrate a monolithic dielectric metasurface based on a dual meta-atom architecture in silicon carbide that overcomes this fundamental barrier. This design provides full access to the spectrum of spatial vector states encoded on higher-order Poincaré spheres. We experimentally realize multimodal VVB arrays and showcase their utility in high-capacity holographic multiplexing and secure information encryption. Our work provides a compact and versatile platform for on-chip multidimensional structured light generation in the visible domain, with promising applications in quantum information science, optical manipulation, and high-density communications.
Background Template-based PET metrics quantify Alzheimer disease (AD) amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau burden but compress whole-brain data into a single scalar, overlooking disease heterogeneity and sometimes causing imaging-clinical discordance. Artificial intelligence (AI) approaches capture richer patterns but often lack biologic interpretability. Purpose To develop and validate an interpretable deep-learning framework that separates AD-specific abnormalities from physiologic uptake using pathophysiologic constraints, generating a clinically meaningful AI biomarker. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, Aβ and tau PET scans from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle study, Global Alzheimer's Association Interactive Network, and the authors' center were analyzed. An adversarial decomposition learning (ADL) network generated voxel-level pathologic maps and an AD adversarial decomposition (ADAD) score. Discriminatory performance for clinical AD versus cognitively normal individuals was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC). Clinical relevance was assessed with cognitive, hippocampal volume, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and neuropathologic measures using longitudinal mixed-effects models and Spearman correlations. Results The study included 7457 Aβ PET scans from 3595 patients (median age, 71.4 years; IQR, 65.7-77.0 years; 1637 female patients) and 1894 tau PET scans from 1127 patients (median age, 72.0 years; IQR, 66.9-78.5 years; 545 female patients). External testing AUCs were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.98) for Aβ and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.00) for tau. ADL generated interpretable pathologic attribution maps that correlated with expert rankings (Aβ and tau, Spearman ρ = 0.79 and 0.63, respectively). Although Centiloid and CenTauRz showed numerically higher correlations with postmortem neuropathologic structure and stronger associations with CSF biomarkers, the ADAD score demonstrated independent baseline and longitudinal associations with cognitive outcomes and hippocampal atrophy after adjustment. Conclusion Pathophysiologic-constrained ADL provided interpretable, personalized pathologic maps and an AI-derived ADAD score that more closely linked PET pathologic abnormalities with multimodal clinical measures. © RSNA, 2026 Supplemental material is available for this article.