Viola annamensis Bak.f., a Vietnamese endemic species, is reported here for the first time as a source of cyclotides. LC-MS and LC - MS/MS analyses identified 11 cyclotides (3.1-3.8 kDa) bearing the conserved cyclic cystine knot (CCK) motif, including four novel cyclotides designated Vian A, Vian B, Vian C, and Vian D. Fraction M1 contained eight cyclotides, including Vian A, whereas fractions M2 and M3 mainly contained Vian B/Vian C and Vian D, respectively. Vian D was successfully purified, sequenced, and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. The peptide mixtures M2 and Vian D showed antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Listeria ivanovii. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for M2 and Vian D ranged from 6.2 to 8.3 mg/mL, confirming the contribution of these cyclotides to the antimicrobial properties of V. annamensis. Cytotoxicity assessment using the Artemia salina assay showed low toxicity for the salt-precipitated sample, with an LC50 value of 1.042 mg/mL, whereas the purified peptide mixtures exhibited higher, concentration-dependent toxicity. Among them, M1 demonstrated greater potency, with an LC50 of 0.049 mg/mL, followed by M2 with an LC50 of 0.131 mg/mL. This study identifies V. annamensis as a novel source of new cyclotides with potential antimicrobial applications.
The SUMMIT trial showed that the long-acting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide decreased risk of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure (HF) in patients with obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Women outnumber men with HFpEF, and there are sexual dimorphisms in the relationships between body fat and pathophysiology that could influence response to tirzepatide. This study aims to compare baseline characteristics and effects of tirzepatide on primary and other endpoints in women and men with obesity-related HFpEF. In the SUMMIT trial, 731 patients with NYHA functional class II-IV HFpEF and body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to tirzepatide (n = 364) or placebo (n = 367). The primary outcomes were time to cardiovascular death or worsening HF and change in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-Clinical Summary Score (KCCQ-CSS) at 52 weeks. Key secondary outcomes included changes in 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), C-reactive protein, and body weight at 52 weeks. Baseline characteristics and effects of tirzepatide on primary and secondary endpoints were contrasted by sex. Compared with men (n = 338, 46.2%), women with obesity-related HFpEF (n = 393, 53.8%) had greater BMI, waist to height ratio (WHtR), symptom severity (higher NYHA functional class, lower KCCQ-CSS), and poorer exercise capacity (lower 6MWD), whereas men had greater left ventricular remodeling and paracardiac fat. Greater baseline BMI or WHtR were correlated with lower KCCQ-CSS and 6MWD in women and men, with no interaction, but higher WHtR was associated with poorer kidney function exclusively in women (interaction P = 0.043). The effect of tirzepatide on the risk of worsening HF or cardiovascular death did not differ in women and men (HR: 0.66 and 0.61, respectively, interaction P = 0.81), with no heterogeneity of effect on KCCQ-CSS at 52 weeks (8.1- and 5.5-point placebo-corrected improvement, respectively, interaction P = 0.43) or 6MWD (18 m and 15 m placebo-corrected improvement, respectively, interaction P = 0.76). Among patients randomized to tirzepatide, decreases in body weight on treatment were more strongly associated with improvements in KCCQ-CSS in women than men (interaction P = 0.0058). Compared with men, women with obesity-related HFpEF have greater adiposity, symptom severity, and poorer exercise capacity but lower left ventricular mass and paracardiac fat deposition. Despite these differences, tirzepatide resulted in consistent benefits across multiple domains of HF severity that did not differ by sex. (A Study of Tirzepatide [LY3291876] in Participation With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction [HFpEF] and Obesity [SUMMIT]; NCT04847557).
Anionic surfactants are widely used in domestic and industrial products and are commonly discharged into aquatic environments due to inadequate wastewater treatment, particularly in developing countries. This study evaluated the ecological risk of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) in Mexican lotic systems using data from the National Water Quality Measurement Network collected between 2019 and 2024. Measured environmental concentrations were compared with a predicted no-effect concentration of 0.08723 mg/L derived from a species sensitivity distribution model and with a value established by the Mexican state for the protection of aquatic life: Freshwater, 0.1 mg/L. Ecological risk was characterized using risk quotients (RQs), which identified sites with unacceptable risk (RQs ≥ 1). Spatial analyses revealed persistent multi-year hotspots, suggesting semi-continuous discharges and limited contaminant removal. Key uncertainties include reliance on acute toxicity data, Interferences associated with the MBAS method, and limited information for native tropical species. These findings emphasize the need to strengthen wastewater treatment policies (in low and middle-income countries) and expand chronic toxicity assessments using native aquatic species.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely disabling neurological disorder caused by primary mechanical trauma and subsequent secondary damage, resulting in persistent neurological deficits and imposing a significant social and economic burden. The existing treatment methods - including drug therapy, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation therapy - have limited effects in promoting functional recovery. In recent years, neural stem cells (NSCs) and their derived exosomes have emerged as highly promising innovative treatment options. NSCs promote neural repair through their multifaceted differentiation ability, secretion of neurotrophic factors, and regulation of the immune response in the injured microenvironment. However, factors such as low graft survival rate, ethical restrictions, and the risk of immune rejection have hindered their clinical translation. In contrast, NSC-derived exosomes offer an emerging cell-free alternative solution. NSC-derived exosomes can inhibit neuroinflammation, reduce glial scar formation, enhance axonal regeneration and promote angiogenesis. Compared with the transplantation of NSCs, NSC-derived exosomes may have lower immunogenicity and can avoid direct graft-related excessive proliferation. At the same time, they are convenient for loading, surface modification, and integration with hydrogels, scaffolds, or other nanomaterial delivery systems. Despite these advantages, their clinical application still faces challenges. The main challenges include vesicle heterogeneity, standardization of dosage and efficacy, target specificity of the lesion, biodistribution, timing of treatment, safety of repeated administration, storage stability, and GMP-compliant scalable manufacturing. Overall, NSCs and NSC-derived exosomes demonstrate significant therapeutic potential in the repair of SCI.
The rapid urban expansion of Hefei has led to the accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban road dust (URD), posing threats to ecological environmental safety and public health. This study collected road dust samples from five functional zones in Hefei City to assess the contamination levels, ecological and health risks, and source apportionment of 11 PTEs, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, and Zn. Results revealed that the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn exceeded local background values, with contamination levels in the order Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > As > Cd. Spatially, industrial areas and leisure areas exhibit higher pollution levels compared to other areas. Assessments using the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EF) consistently identified Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb as the primary pollutants. The potential ecological risk index (RI) further revealed that Cd was the primary contributor to ecological risk. Integrated analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models identified three primary pollution sources: industrial emissions source (31.97%), natural sources (18.80%), and a mixed traffic-natural source (49.23%). Regarding health risks, although the risk for adults remained within an acceptable range, children showed greater susceptibility. This study provides insights for implementing zonal and categorical pollution control and risk prevention in Hefei City. It also offers a case reference and scientific basis for PTE pollution prevention strategies in other rapidly developing cities.
Treatment-refractory autoimmune cytopenias (AIC) including immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), and Evans syndrome (ES) lack therapies providing durable remission. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 22 adults with refractory primary AIC who received single low-dose daratumumab (100 mg, day 0) combined with rituximab (100 mg weekly ×4 doses) and glucocorticoids. Primary endpoints were overall response rate (ORR), complete response rate (CRR), relapse-free survival (RFS), and safety. Among participants (median age 63.0 years; 81.8% female), 95.5% achieved initial response (CRR 27.3%; partial response rate 68.2%) with median time-to-response 7 days. At median follow-up 322 days, sustained ORR was 81.8% with CRR 59.1%. with disease-specific rates: CRR/ORR of 60.0%/80.0% (AIHA), 60.0%/70.0% (ITP), and 57.1%/100.0% (ES). Cumulative CRR by subtype were 75% (AIHA), 80% (ITP), and 65.7% (ES) (P = 0.031). The median RFS was not reached during the follow-up period. Averse events occurred in 36.4% of patients, primarily infections (27.8%; herpesvirus, urinary/respiratory tract) and rash (9.1%); all resolved with intervention. In conclusion, this dual-pathway targeting regimen induced rapid, durable hematologic responses in refractory AIC with manageable toxicity. The single low-dose daratumumab approach demonstrates significant clinical feasibility, potentially redefining therapeutic paradigms for antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders.
This study aimed to evaluate the association between food insecurity and obesity in adult heads of household considering the differences between men and women. This cross-sectional study used data from the I Survey on Food Insecurity in the City of Rio de Janeiro. Adults (aged 20-59 years) who headed households (n = 1,026) were analyzed. Food security and food insecurity levels (mild and moderate/severe) were assessed by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Self-reported weight and height were used to estimate obesity, assessed by body mass index. Associations between families' food insecurity levels and obesity were estimated by multinomial logistic models (relative risk ratios - RRR - and their 95% confidence intervals - 95%CI) on Stata software. Women with mild (RRR = 2.8; 95%CI: 1.3-5.8) and moderate/severe food insecurity (RRR = 2.5; 95%CI: 1.0-6.4) had a higher risk of obesity. food insecurity constituted a risk factor for obesity only in women, with no statistically significant results in men, showing how gender inequality amplifies the adverse effects of food insecurity on female-headed households, compromising the quality and quantity of their diet. Este estudo buscou avaliar a associação da insegurança alimentar e obesidade em chefes de família adultos, considerando as diferenças entre homens e mulheres. Caracteriza-se como estudo transversal com dados do I Inquérito sobre a Insegurança Alimentar no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisados os indivíduos adultos (20-59 anos) responsáveis pelos domicílios (n = 1.026). A Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar foi utilizada para avaliar a segurança alimentar e os níveis de insegurança alimentar (leve e moderada/grave). As medidas de peso e estatura autorreferidas foram utilizadas para estimar a obesidade avaliada pelo índice de massa corporal. As associações entre os níveis de insegurança alimentar das famílias e a obesidade foram estimadas por modelos logísticos multinomiais (razão de risco relativo - RRR - e respectivos intervalos de confiança - IC95%), utilizando-se o software Stata. As mulheres com insegurança alimentar leve (RRR = 2,8; IC95%: 1,3-5,8) e insegurança alimentar moderada/grave (RRR = 2,5; IC95%: 1,0-6,4) tiveram maior risco de obesidade. A insegurança alimentar foi um fator de risco para obesidade somente entre as mulheres, sem resultado estatisticamente significativo entre os homens, evidenciando como a desigualdade de gênero amplia os efeitos adversos da insegurança alimentar das famílias chefiadas por mulheres, com comprometimento da qualidade e quantidade da sua alimentação. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria (IA) y la obesidad en adultos jefes de hogar en cuanto a diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Estudio transversal con datos de la I Encuesta de Inseguridad Alimentaria en el Municipio de Río de Janeiro. Se analizaron a individuos adultos (20-59 años) responsables de hogares (n = 1.026). Se utilizó la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria para evaluar la seguridad alimentaria y los niveles de inseguridad alimentaria (leve y moderada/grave). Las mediciones de peso y altura autoinformadas se utilizaron para estimar la obesidad evaluada por el índice de masa corporal. Las asociaciones entre los niveles de inseguridad alimentaria de las familias y la obesidad se estimaron mediante modelos logísticos multinomiales (razón de riesgo relativo -RRR- y respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza -IC95%), utilizando el software Stata. Las mujeres con inseguridad alimentaria leve (RRR = 2,8; IC95%: 1,3-5,8) e inseguridad alimentaria moderada/grave (RRR = 2,5; IC95%: 1,0-6,4) tuvieron un mayor riesgo de obesidad. La inseguridad alimentaria fue un factor de riesgo para la obesidad solo entre las mujeres, sin resultados estadísticamente significativos entre los hombres, lo que muestra cómo la desigualdad de género aumenta los efectos adversos de la inseguridad alimentaria en las familias encabezadas por mujeres y compromete la calidad y cantidad de su alimentación.
Studying the demographic history of wildlife populations provides fundamental information for conservation and sustainable development. The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is the most widely naturally distributed nonhuman primate species; however, local populations can face extirpation due to human disturbance. This study investigated the demographic history of free-ranging Taihangshan macaques (M. mulatta tcheliensis) in the Wulongkou area, Jiyuan City, China, a site developed for tourism in the early 1980s and representative of wildlife-based tourism in China. The key findings demonstrated that the Taihangshan macaque population in the southern Wulongkou area has experienced significant fluctuations over the past three decades. The mean group size tended to return to its historical average size. Natality was relatively stable from 2012 to 2022 and then increased, and newborn mortality increased from 2012 to 2019 and then decreased since 2020. Many males remained in their natal group or dispersed to neighboring groups within the same area. These findings suggested that the Taihangshan macaque population may be constrained by environmental factors rather than food availability, as food has been regularly provisioned since the onset of tourism. We emphasize the need for future studies to identify the key challenges and to incorporate population genetic analysis to better evaluate the future viability of the Taihangshan macaque populations.
This study evaluated renal perfusion and T1-mapping parameters for diagnosing early graft dysfunction (EGD) and analyzed their correlation with renal function within 6 months post-transplantation. An exploratory analysis also examined temporal changes in MRI parameters across renal recovery stages. This prospective study included 43 renal transplant recipients, having EGD (n = 20) or initial graft function (IGF, n = 23). EGD was subdivided into delayed graft function, defined as the need for dialysis within the first week (n = 9), and slow graft function, defined as a daily serum creatinine reduction of < 10% for three consecutive days without dialysis (n = 11). All participants underwent arterial spin labeling (ASL) and T1-mapping MRI to quantify renal blood flow (RBF), T1 values, and corticomedullary differentiation (CMD). Correlation analyses and receiver operating characteristic curves were employed for statistical assessment. In the EGD group, RBF and CMD were significantly positively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on the MRI day and at 3 months. The combination of three models integrating the high specificity of cortical RBF (0.950) and the high sensitivity of eGFR (1.00) significantly enhanced diagnostic efficacy (AUC = 0.983). Compared with IGF patients, EGD patients exhibited reduced perfusion and altered tissue microstructure. The combined MRI parameters demonstrated promising diagnostic performance for EGD. These findings support the feasibility of ASL for noninvasive early monitoring and warrant validation in larger longitudinal cohorts.
Nano-azurin is redox-active protein has recently attracted attention as potential multifunctional therapeutics, primarily in infectious disease and cancer. This review highlights its potential against Campylobacter spp., including antibiotic resistant variants, in addition to anticancer properties. Campylobacteriosis is a serious public health problem worldwide because of its zoonotic potential and the increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates as well as its relationship with gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Nano-azurin not only affects microbial viability and biofilm formation, but also stimulates host immune responses. In cancer settings, it specifically binds to neoplastic cells inducing apoptosis and preventing tumor growth. In particular, a nanoformulation can enhance the stability of the drug, its bioavailability and its selective delivery by lowering systemic toxicity. Moreover, nano-azurin regulates innate immunity functions contributing to the elimination of pathogens and the immune surveillance of tumours. The dual-action profile is promising, though several obstacles with respect to large-scale manufacturing, pharmacokinetics behaviours and clinical translation are important. In summary, nano-azurin is a new nanobiotherapeutic platform at the cross between antimicrobial therapy and cancer immunotherapy, which shows great promise for treatment of malignancies related to infections.
Tackle football is the most participated youth sport in the U.S. with leagues beginning as early as age 5. Exposure to cumulative repetitive head impacts (RHI) over years of play is increasingly viewed as a major contributor to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegenerative disease documented in contact sport athletes. Amid growing awareness of CTE, parents may turn to online information to guide decisions about youth tackle football participation. This cross‑sectional study examined the readability of online CTE information. Using the search term, 'CTE,' 68 URLs providing non‑technical information were identified after applying exclusion criteria. Online software was used to generate metrics from six widely-used readability formulas. Grade-level readability scores were categorized as ≤ Grade 8, 9-12, and ≥ 13 and summarized using descriptive statistics; distributions were compared by URL designation using chi-square tests (P < 0.05). Web page publication/revision date and presence of references were recorded. Median readability scores ranged from high school to early college with few pages meeting the recommended ≤ Grade 8 reading level for the general population. Levels were similarly high across non-commercial (.org,.gov,.edu) and commercial (.com) domains. Nearly 40% lacked clear publication or revision dates; fewer than half (47.1%) included references. Commonly accessed online CTE resources exceed recommended reading levels. This digital barrier impairs parents' functional health literacy and capacity for informed decision-making. As research on CTE and tackle football participation evolves, there is a need for plain‑language, clearly-sourced, updated online resources tailored to this decisional context.
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Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages globally, raising concerns regarding chronic dietary exposure to chemical contaminants. This study provides a comprehensive and simultaneous assessment of pesticide residues, mycotoxins, and heavy metals in coffee products distributed in the Republic of Korea, along with an evaluation of potential health risks. In 2025, a total of 88 samples (green coffee beans, n = 45; roasted coffee beans, n = 43) were collected from online markets, supermarkets, and local coffee shops in Busan. A multi-residue analytical approach targeting 480 pesticides was employed using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS, while mycotoxins were determined by LC-MS/MS and heavy metals were quantified by ICP-MS and a direct mercury analyser. Pesticide residues were detected in 14 samples (15.9%), exclusively in green coffee beans, whereas no residues were detected in roasted coffee. Mycotoxins were identified at trace levels in a limited number of green coffee samples but were absent in roasted products. Pb and Cd were frequently detected, with Cd concentrations significantly higher in roasted coffee beans (p < 0.001), likely due to concentration effects during roasting. Mean total As concentrations were comparable to those of Cd, whereas Hg concentrations were substantially lower than those of the other heavy metals and showed no significant differences between sample types. Dietary exposure was estimated using a screening-level approach (ND = 0). Under a conservative worst-case scenario assuming that 100% of total arsenic was present as inorganic arsenic, the margin of exposure (MOE) was approximately 56. Despite this, exposure levels for all analytes remained substantially below relevant health-based guidance values. Principal component analysis revealed no distinct clustering by origin or processing stage, indicating that contamination patterns are influenced by multiple factors. Overall, these findings demonstrate that coffee distributed in Korea is unlikely to pose significant health risks under typical consumption conditions.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age. Its multifactorial pathogenesis involves complex interactions among genetic patterns, environmental factors, insulin resistance (IR), chronic inflammation, and persistent oxidative stress, collectively manifesting as reproductive, metabolic, and psychological dysfunctions. This review systematically evaluates recent advances in the application of natural products as multi-targeted adjunctive therapeutic strategies for PCOS, to provide critical translational insights. Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical frameworks demonstrates that natural products exert beneficial regulatory effects by suppressing inflammatory cascades, mitigating oxidative damage, restoring insulin signaling, rebalancing steroidogenesis, and normalizing gut microbiota composition. These plant-derived therapies offer broader biological regulatory windows that effectively complement conventional management protocols, such as oral contraceptives, insulin sensitizers, and ovulation inductors. However, translating these promising agents into standardized clinical care remains restricted by substantial challenges, including pronounced study heterogeneity, uncharacterized pharmacokinetic profiles, a lack of standardized dosing, and incomplete long-term toxicological evaluations. Future well-designed, multi-center clinical trials and systems biology approaches are mandatory to establish the therapeutic robustness and chemical standardization required for clinical implementation.
The clinical significance of positive peritoneal cytology (PPC) in endometrial cancer remains controversial, particularly in low-risk disease. This study investigated the distribution of PPC across postoperative recurrence risk groups and its associations with clinicopathological features, recurrence patterns, menopausal status, and exploratory survival outcomes. We retrospectively analyzed 757 patients with endometrial cancer who underwent hysterectomy between 2002 and 2021. Clinicopathological characteristics, recurrence patterns, and exploratory survival outcomes were evaluated according to peritoneal cytology status within postoperative recurrence risk groups. PPC was observed in 29.9% of patients, including 20.0% of the low-risk group. PPC was associated with adverse pathological features, including advanced stage, lymphovascular space invasion, deep myometrial invasion, cervical stromal invasion, and adnexal involvement. PPC was more frequent among premenopausal patients. However, among patients with PPC, menopausal status was not associated with progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS). PPC was associated with peritoneal recurrence in the overall cohort (9.3% vs. 1.9%, P < 0.001), with a trend in the low-risk group (P = 0.057). In exploratory multivariable analyses, PPC was associated with shorter PFS in the low-risk group (P = 0.009) but not with OS. PPC was observed across all postoperative recurrence risk groups, including low-risk disease, and was associated with adverse clinicopathological features and peritoneal recurrence. The higher frequency of PPC in premenopausal patients, despite no association between menopausal status and prognosis among cytology-positive patients, suggests heterogeneity in the mechanisms underlying cytological positivity. These findings are hypothesis-generating and require prospective validation.
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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose aetiology involves an intricate interplay of genetic, immune, metabolic and environmental factors. Endocrine dysfunction-particularly disturbances of thyroid hormone signalling-has been proposed as a contributor to neurodegeneration, but conventional observational studies have produced inconsistent results, and prior Mendelian randomization (MR) work has largely focused on continuous thyroid biomarkers rather than clinically defined hyperthyroid disease states. To clarify this relationship, we performed a two-sample bidirectional and multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis using large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from the FinnGen and IEU Open GWAS databases (European ancestry). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reaching genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10-8) for Graves' disease and thyrotoxicosis with diffuse goitre served as instrumental variables. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was the primary analysis, complemented by MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode and simple mode estimators, and MVMR adjusted for smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index (BMI). In forward analyses, genetically proxied Graves' disease (OR = 0.942, 95% CI 0.901-0.985, p = 0.008) and thyrotoxicosis with diffuse goitre (OR = 0.929, 95% CI 0.879-0.982, p = 0.009) were associated with a lower risk of PD, whereas reverse analyses showed no significant effect of genetic liability to PD on either thyroid trait. The inverse associations remained stable across MVMR models, and sensitivity analyses (Cochran's Q, MR-Egger intercept, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out) showed no evidence of heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. Collectively, these findings provide genetic evidence consistent with a protective relationship between hyperthyroid disease states and PD, independent of major lifestyle confounders. By focusing on clinically defined hyperthyroid entities rather than continuous thyroid indices, our study complements prior MR work and highlights the thyroid-brain axis-encompassing thyroid hormone signalling and autoimmune-mediated immune modulation-as a biologically plausible and potentially modifiable contributor to PD risk that warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation.
This study optimized a phytoremediation system using Sorghum bicolor × sudanense for strontium (Sr)-contaminated soil. We investigated three key factors: optimal harvest time, a microbial combination (MCH, consisting of Deinococcus radiodurans and Bacillus cereus at a 2:1 ratio), and nitrogen (N) fertilizer forms (ammonium sulfate, sodium nitrate, and urea). Plants were harvested at different days after sowing (40-180 days) to determine the optimal harvest period. Under 200 mg kg-1 Sr stress, harvesting at 135 days achieved the highest annual Sr accumulation (21.66 mg kg-1). MCH inoculation increased exchangeable Sr by 64.91%, improved the rhizosphere microbial community, and enhanced plant tolerance to Sr stress. Among the three N sources, urea (0.2 g kg-1 N) showed the best performance in promoting plant biomass and Sr uptake; its co-application with MCH synergistically increased Sr enrichment by 67.45% and 40.09% compared to the non-amended control (CK1) and microbe-only control (CK2), respectively. Although mowing treatments did not improve annual Sr accumulation, certain strategies (e.g., retaining 70% stubble with three mowings per year) showed potential for future optimization. These results demonstrate that integrating microbial inoculation and N management can significantly enhance plant-based Sr remediation efficiency.
Autoinhibited plasma membrane H+-ATPases1 (AHA1) plays a crucial role in wound-induced systemic signaling, yet its role in insect resistance has not been fully explored. Prior research on fungal and plant AHAs has identified extended carboxy-terminal tail (C-tail), which forms a regulatory apparatus involving an autoinhibitory domain. Here, we show that truncation of the C-tail of AHA1 increases pump activity and reduces the duration of repolarization after wounding. This also led to reduced expression of the jasmonate pathway marker gene JAZ10 in both wounded and systemic leaves. By specifically increasing AHA1 activity in phloem cells, we further highlighted the essential role of sieve tube elements in mediating electrical signaling and defense responses. Metabolomic analysis showed that AHA1 influences a broad spectrum of metabolites, including amino acids, sugars, and organic acids. Notably, organosulfur compounds like glucosinolates were strongly accumulated in aha1-7 mutants but not in C-tail truncated lines. Collectively, our study identifies the autoinhibitory C-tail of AHA1 as a key regulator that regulates proton pump activity to coordinate electrical signaling, hormonal regulation, and insect defense. These results provide a mechanistic framework for engineering AHAs activity to strengthen crop resilience against herbivory.