搜索结果：Chemical Society reviews

Photochemical rearrangements through diradical intermediates represent a transformative paradigm in modern organic synthesis, offering unparalleled control over molecular architecture through radical-based skeletal remodeling. This comprehensive review presents a unified mechanistic framework for understanding and exploiting these powerful transformations, systematically categorizing them into three key classes: (1) ring-expanding processes that facilitate strategic molecular growth, (2) ring-contracting reactions for complexity generation, and (3) programmable ring constructions spanning small to medium-sized systems. Recent breakthroughs in visible-light mediated photochemistry have dramatically expanded the scope of these transformations, achieving remarkable levels of efficiency and selectivity. We showcase these advances through transformative applications in natural product synthesis and functional materials design, featuring case studies of complex molecular targets assembled via innovative diradical strategies. Looking forward, we identify three key growth areas: (1) synergistic integration of energy transfer catalysis with diradical reactivity, (2) the development of sustainable photochemical rearrangements powered by visible light, and (3) implementation of computational tools for mechanistic prediction and reaction optimization This review serves both as an authoritative reference on fundamental mechanisms and as a strategic guide for future innovation, bridging the gap between theoretical understanding and practical synthetic applications in this rapidly evolving field.

Foodborne diseases are important causes of illness and death. The first estimates of their burden were published by WHO in 2015. We updated WHO estimates of the global, regional, subregional, and national foodborne disease burden caused by 42 infectious and chemical hazards in 2021, including time trends for 2000-21. We provide a high-level summary of foodborne disease burden, expressed as incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Data for burden estimation were provided from a WHO-commissioned series of systematic reviews on the incidence, aetiology, sequelae, and case fatality or mortality of the hazards. Data were analysed using hierarchical meta-regression modelling with geographical clustering and a global linear time trend, disease-specific computational models, and uncertainty propagation through Monte Carlo simulations to calculate 95% uncertainty intervals. Attribution to foodborne transmission was principally based on a structured expert judgement process. Economic impact was measured as lost productivity. For 2021, foodborne transmission of the 42 hazards caused 866 million (95% uncertainty interval 680-1090) illnesses, 1·52 million (0·783-2·51) deaths, and 57·1 million (39·4-81·1) DALYs. Inorganic arsenic, lead, and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (diarrhoeal and invasive disease) resulted in the most DALYs. The greatest burden of foodborne disease was in the African and South-East Asia regions. The incidence in children younger than 5 years was 2·7 times higher than in people aged 5 years or older, resulting in 4·3 times the rate of DALYs. The total burden from all hazards decreased over time. In 2021, these 42 hazards resulted in productivity losses of US$310 billion in nominal terms, and US$647 billion after adjusting for purchasing power parity. Foodborne diseases causes a burden similar to that from tuberculosis, HIV and AIDS, or malaria. The high burden of both communicable and non-communicable foodborne diseases requires countries to prioritise developing strategies to improve the safety of the food supply. WHO.

Spin polarization, an intrinsic electronic degree of freedom, has emerged as a transformative lever in catalysis, offering new avenues to address challenges in environmental pollution control, renewable energy generation, and modern chemical manufacturing. Building on the inherent connection between electronic properties and catalytic activity, spin effects can enhance catalytic performance through mechanisms such as modification of the d-band center, regulation of eg electrons, and promotion of photogenerated carrier separation and transport. In this review, we introduce established mechanisms, representative evidence, and remaining limitations, and present an up-to-date overview of spin catalysis grounded in the fundamental roles of spin-resolved d-band levels, eg occupancy, spin-assisted carrier separation, and spin filtering, with emphasis on applications in hydrogen evolution, O2 evolution/reduction, CO2 conversion, ammonia synthesis, and CO oxidation. We next highlight effective strategies to improve catalytic performance by modulating spin polarization, including structural engineering and the application of external magnetic fields. Finally, we outline priorities for integrating spin effects into advanced catalytic systems through coordinated development in experimental technologies and theoretical approaches, thereby unlocking opportunities for sustainable chemical processes.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), with their customizable structures and properties, can be employed as comprehensive platforms for drug delivery and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). This Tutorial Review outlines practical guidelines for the design, synthesis, and engineering of COFs to achieve oxidative-stress-driven cell death, with a focus on ferroptosis and the emerging pyroptosis pathways. It discusses COF customization to overcome antioxidative barriers, deliver redox-active species, release the abundant ROS, and optimize the therapeutic efficacy, while minimizing adverse effects. The chemical design and mechanism of the COF are comprehensively discussed, within the context of the biological redox environment and oxidative damage leading to ferroptosis or pyroptosis. Furthermore, this review explores strategies for enhancing the specificity and therapeutic effects of ferroptosis and pyroptosis induction in potential synergy with conventional cancer treatments. The challenges and perspectives associated with translating COF-based therapies have also been addressed. Overall, COFs represent a versatile platform for targeted ferroptosis and pyroptosis induction in cancer therapy, offering insights into the future of precision medicine and personalized cancer therapy.

Afterglow imaging shows distinct advantages for bioimaging, such as significantly reduced background signals, an enhanced signal-to-background ratio, and excitation-free in situ detection. To achieve real-time molecular visualization and improve diagnostic specificity, various activatable afterglow probes have been developed that selectively respond to biological targets or microenvironmental stimuli. This Review systematically summarizes organic activatable afterglow probes. We introduce their main material categories and luminescence mechanisms, and analyze chemical design strategies for constructing responsive afterglow probes, including target-cleavable linkers, conformational switching, and energy transfer regulation. We also discuss strategies to optimize imaging performance, such as extending emission lifetime, red-shifting emission to tissue-transparent windows, improving luminescence brightness, and using alternative excitation modes (e.g., X-ray or ultrasound) to overcome optical penetration limitations. Representative applications of activatable afterglow nanoprobes are highlighted, covering analyte sensing, lymph node mapping, immune cell imaging, tumor detection, inflammation imaging, and image-guided therapy. Finally, we address current challenges including oxygen dependence, biocompatibility, unified evaluation standards, and scalability, and propose future directions to promote the translation of afterglow probes in precision biomedicine. This review is expected to provide practical references for the rational design and comparative evaluation of such probes.

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), quasi-one-dimensional graphene nanostructures, are promising candidates for next-generation electronic, optoelectronic, and spintronic applications due to their tunable (opto-)electronic and magnetic properties. The intrinsic properties of GNRs are critically determined by atomic-scale structural parameters such as width, edge configuration, and backbone architecture, all of which can be precisely designed and regulated through bottom-up synthetic strategies. Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress in the bottom-up chemical synthesis of GNRs, and a diverse array of innovative structural engineering strategies, such as edge topology modulation, backbone modification, and heterojunction construction, have been developed. These advances have enabled precise control over GNR characteristics and have deepened understanding of their structure-property relationships, correlating atomic-scale features with electronic band structure, charge-carrier mobility, spin polarization, and topological states. This review summarizes the latest developments of precision GNRs, focusing on how rational design and synthetic breakthroughs have transformed GNRs into a versatile, atomically precise materials platform. By integrating advanced synthesis and characterization methods, the research field is paving the way for functional GNR-based devices in future electronic, spintronic, and quantum information systems.

Ugni molinae, a Patagonian berry traditionally consumed fresh and increasingly explored for value-added applications, has attracted growing interest for the functional food industry due to its distinctive sensory attributes and bioactive profile. The domestication program initiated by Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) in 1996 led to the development of cultivars such as Red Pearl INIA and South Pearl INIA, improving fruit quality and yield and being associated with shifts in secondary metabolite profiles that may depend on genotype, environment, and management conditions. This metabolism includes phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, and pentacyclic triterpenoids associated with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Evidence suggests that domestication may alter specific flavonol profiles, indicating possible trade-offs between agronomic traits and ecological functions. This integrative review was conducted through structured searches in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases covering publications from 2000 to 2025 using combinations of the terms 'Ugni molinae', 'murtilla', 'murta', and 'Chilean guava'. Peer-reviewed articles published in English or Spanish addressing domestication, propagation, phytochemistry, chemical ecology, and food applications were screened for relevance, resulting in 96 studies included in the final synthesis. Previous reviews have primarily addressed phytochemical composition and biological activities of U. molinae. The objective of this review is to provide an integrated overview of the species, encompassing its domestication history, propagation strategies, secondary metabolite composition, ecological roles, and emerging food applications. By linking chemical ecology with technological potential, this work addresses an underexplored integrative dimension and identifies current knowledge gaps and future research priorities required to support the sustainable valorization of this native species. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Crystalline porous materials are orchestrating a paradigm shift in precision medicine. Prototypical metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) define the realm of "pore chemistry" by leveraging compact, thermodynamically stable coordination backbones to construct chemically programmable microenvironments. In stark contrast, hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) introduce an orthogonal paradigm. This new frontier, "pore mechanics", is governed by relatively loose, reversible non-covalent networks. Rather than framing this transition as a linear structural evolution, this review critically conceptualizes it as a fundamental trade-off in material design. We dissect the "chemical gating" strategies, detailing how atomic-level surface engineering and post-synthetic modification of metal-organic frameworks toward applications create smart valves responsive to endogenous biochemical gradients. Subsequently, we delineate the unique behaviours of HOFs, distinguishing between thermodynamically driven "induced-fit" mechanisms-facilitated by the pre-organization of the lattice and an energy barrier descent-and true exogenous mechanochemical scission (e.g., ultrasound-triggered dissociation). By critically contrasting the thermodynamic robustness of MOFs with the kinetic lability of HOFs, we confront their respective translational barriers, weighing the inorganic persistence of MOFs against the severe hydrophobic aggregation risks of free HOF monomers. Emphasizing rigorously controlled comparisons over simple superposition, we establish a rational selection roadmap for clinical translation. Finally, we highlight the frontier of MOF-HOF heterostructures, envisioning a dual logic-gated (AND-gate) delivery model. This architecture synergizes chemical robustness with mechanical intelligence, challenging the field to overcome the formidable spatiotemporal barriers of deep-tissue biological delivery.

Allergic diseases are a heavy clinical and socioeconomic burden to human society. Dysregulated immune responses, especially a Th2 cytokine response and IgE-mediated hyperinflammation, are the main factors of the cascade of cellular and molecular events that underlie the immunopathogenesis of allergic diseases. The traditional antiallergic treatment is restricted today because of a wide variety of adverse effects (skin atrophy, growth retardation in children, hypertension, osteoporosis, and tachycardia). Thus, preclinical research should find other interventions that have fewer side effects and optimize the effectiveness of the treatment plan. Curcumin is a polytropic bioactive polyphenol derived from the rhizome of turmeric plant (strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties). The low water solubility, chemical instability, and rapid systemic metabolism have, however, limited its clinical use. Reportedly, nanotechnology has attempted to improve the pharmacokinetic and therapeutic targeting of nanocurcumin formulations using a number of methods. Therefore, this paper is a review of the immunopharmacological prospects of curcumin and nanocurcumin in allergic diseases, including preclinical and clinical evidence. The current review paper reviews the effects of curcumin in the inhibition of Th2 responses. Moreover, it has explored the Th1/Th2 balance, mast cell degranulation inhibition, decreasing proinflammatory mediators, and immune modulation. Conversely, it has recommended nanotechnological methods to enhance the solubility, cellular internalization, and release characteristics of nanocurcumin preparations to increase its efficacy. Lastly, the review gives future research directions by ranking limitations of the existing literature (methodological diversity and difficulties in applying the results to a clinical setting).

Fresh meat is highly susceptible to microbial contamination and oxidative degradation, compromising both its safety and quality during storage. Novel food packaging technologies are needed to extend its shelf life. Nanotechnology has shown strong potential for the development of antibacterial and environmentally friendly food packaging. Nevertheless, potential nanoparticle toxicity presents significant concerns necessitating the investigation of edible biomaterials for safe, non-toxic fresh meat preservation. This paper reviews recent advances over the past 5 years in the field of safe and non-toxic nanoparticles derived from edible biomaterials. It summarizes preparation methods, characteristics, and applications for synthesizing edible nanoparticles and discusses the synergistic effects and advantages of combining these materials. It elucidates mechanisms - such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and physical barriers - by which edible nanoparticles significantly prolong the shelf life of fresh meat products. The paper also summarizes two methodologies for integrating edible nanoparticles into fresh meat preservation, detailing their advantages and disadvantages. Edible nanoparticles derived from biomaterials have the potential to provide the food industry with safer and more environmentally friendly options for preserving fresh meat. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Southeast Asia generates large volumes of biomass residues, yet most are managed through linear methods such as open burning rather than circular approaches. This study reviews biomass residue valorization research in Southeast Asia, using Indonesia as the primary case study. It investigated trends, conversion pathways, and factors that shape the implementation of biomass residue valorization. From a systematic review of 99 studies in Southeast Asia, 50 cases with country-level data were used to assess Indonesia's valorization landscape. The results reveal that 74% of Indonesian research focused on energy recovery, positioned at R9 on the circularity hierarchy. Higher-value applications such as biochemicals and biochar receive limited attention, risking a technological lock-in that restricts circular material loops. The inductive thematic analysis identifies six categories of drivers: policy, environmental, energy security, human health, economic, and technological. However, two-level barriers constrained them: critical bottlenecks and operational challenges. To bridge this gap, the study proposes the Multi-Level Circular Biomass Residue Valorization (MCBV) framework, advocating for cascading utilization, high-value products before energy recovery, and decentralized pre-processing. These findings offer a pathway for Indonesia and lessons for developing bio-economies in the Global South, pursuing circular economy transition beyond single-purpose energy substitution.

Proton battery (PB) technology has regained attention in recent years as a promising energy storage alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries due to its excellent electrochemical performance, scalability, and environmental friendliness. To assess its potential, we provide a comprehensive review of its re-emergence, including its historical background, construction, working principles, and favorable materials. The growing global demand for energy storage and the role of PBs in addressing this need are highlighted, and the historical background tracing the evolution of PBs, from their early conceptualizations to recent advancements, is covered. Battery components such as electrodes and electrolytes are discussed, and the mechanisms underlying proton conduction, catalytic activity, and surface chemistry at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces are also summarized. Furthermore, various proton-conducting materials and media are examined, along with a discussion on their structural and electrochemical properties. Finally, a SWOT analysis covers the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of PBs and offers valuable perspectives regarding R&D prospects. This review emphasizes the need for continued innovation to unlock the full potential of PBs as sustainable energy storage alternatives.

The escalating crisis of antimicrobial resistance presents an unprecedented challenge to global health, demanding a fundamental redefinition of our approach to pathogenic infections. Hollow micro-/nanostructures are emerging as a disruptive platform poised to meet this daunting new reality, offering innovative strategies for next-generation bacterial biosensing and antibacterial therapy. Herein, we proceed with a comprehensive review systematically examining recent advances in hollow micro-/nanostructures, encompassing their synthetic methodologies, structural engineering, and functional mechanisms for pathogen theranostics. In bacterial biosensing, the analytical performance can be significantly improved by hollow micro-/nanostructures through diverse modes, such as colorimetric, fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemical, and photothermal modes, paving the way for rapid and accurate pathogen diagnostics. The unique physicochemical properties of hollow micro-/nanostructures, such as enzyme-mimetic catalysis, photothermal, photocatalytic activity, controlled drug release, piezocatalytic effects, enable versatile and efficient antibacterial therapies. Furthermore, we critically analyze persistent challenges in scalability, biocompatibility, and clinical translation while proposing forward-looking strategies to design hollow micro-/nanostructures, deepen mechanistic understanding, and foster interdisciplinary collaborations. This work underscores the pivotal role of hollow micro-/nanostructures in redefining pathogen management paradigms, offering a robust framework to safeguard global public health in the post-antibiotic era.

Artificial photosynthesis through proton reduction or CO2 reduction to generate chemical fuels has gained increasing attention as an attractive strategy for solar-to-fuel conversion. In these systems, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) provides the necessary electrons and protons for driving the overall reaction but represents the rate-limiting step due to its inherently sluggish kinetics. Therefore, efficient overall artificial photosynthesis requires photocatalysts that can drive both the oxidation and reduction half-reactions, which impose stringent demands on catalyst design. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer a versatile platform for designing such photocatalysts, owing to their strong light-harvesting capabilities , periodic architectures, and highly tunable frameworks that allow programmable catalytic sites and adjustable electronic band structures. While notable progress has been made in developing COF photocatalysts for the OER and overall artificial photosynthesis, these advances remain scattered across the literature and existing reviews, and a dedicated, systematic overview of the OER and its central role in integrated artificial photosynthetic processes is still lacking. This Review systematically summarizes recent advances in COF-based photocatalysts for the OER half-reaction and overall artificial photosynthesis. Our aim is to offer a comprehensive roadmap that establishes fundamental design principles for next-generation COF-based photocatalysts toward efficient and sustainable artificial photosynthesis.

Nanostructures provide a programmable platform for precision imaging by integrating physical, chemical and biological functionalities within a single system. Switchable (OFF-ON) and biodegradable nanostructures are a transformative class of diagnostic agents with the potential to circulate silently and activate only within diseased tissue, while maintaining sufficient in vivo stability and predictable clearance. The combination of nanoscale design flexibility and biological recognition with temporal control enables these systems to overcome the poor selectivity and high background noise typical of conventional "always-on" probes. Their modular architectures allow them to be activated by tumor-associated triggers such as enzymatic dysregulation, metabolic shifts or immune dynamics, while ensuring they disassemble into fragments that are metabolically compatible and excretable. However, achieving this dual functionality demands a precise balance between in vivo stability, activation responsiveness and degradation kinetics. This tutorial review provides a mechanistic and translational overview of switchable and biodegradable nanostructures for cancer diagnostics, with an emphasis on current design strategies in the context of preclinical performance and translational constraints. We discuss how the physical principles of major imaging modalities guide specific design requirements and synthesize how key physicochemical parameters govern the balance between pharmacokinetics, activation, and degradation/clearance kinetics. Finally, we highlight emerging OFF-ON designs, including cascade amplification and logic-gated strategies, and discuss unresolved challenges in achieving consistent activation performance, sufficient stability and predictable clearance across different imaging scales, including single-cell and whole-body levels.

Electrocatalysis provides a green and scalable route for synthesizing polymer monomers directly from renewable feedstocks such as water, CO2, and biomass derivatives. This review delineates the evolution of electrocatalytic strategies, presenting a progressively advancing framework, from elementary transformations to integrated catalytic systems. The strategies discussed represent different stages of this evolution: (i) primary aqueous electrochemical transformations driven by in situ generated *H or -OH species for producing monomers such as adipic acid, lactic acid, and ethylene; (ii) coupling electrocatalytic transformations, in which electrochemically generated electrophilic or nucleophilic intermediates undergo C-N or C-C coupling to yield complex monomers like cyclohexanone oxime; and (iii) cascade electrocatalytic systems integrating biocatalysis, thermocatalysis, or photocatalysis to enable the synthesis of longer-chain polymer monomers. Emphasis is placed on universal catalyst design principles - including coordination environment regulation, electronic structure modulation, and interfacial microenvironment engineering - as well as mechanistic insights from in situ characterization and theoretical modeling. In addition, this review introduces techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the energy consumption and economic viability of electrocatalytic systems, and further discusses the critical impact of product separation and purification on overall energy efficiency and process feasibility. Finally, perspectives are provided on the future development of renewable monomer electrosynthesis for sustainable polymer production.

Wearable and implantable bioelectronics enable continuous physiological monitoring and therapeutic modulation, yet their performance critically depends on the stability and conformality of the interfaces with soft and dynamic biological tissues. Mechanical and biochemical mismatches between conventional electronic materials and living tissues often lead to interfacial stress, unstable contact, and inflammatory responses that compromise the long-term function of bioelectronics. This review presents a mechanism-driven framework for understanding tissue-bioelectronics interfaces by systematically examining the physical, chemical, and biological interactions that govern device-tissue coupling across temporal and length scales. We show how these interfacial mechanisms inform key design principles in structural engineering and materials development, enabling improved mechanical compliance, adhesion, and long-term interfacial stability. We further highlight recent advances in fabrication strategies that support soft, conformal, and multifunctional bioelectronic systems, together with representative applications spanning physiological sensing and therapeutic modulation. Finally, we discuss emerging strategies for mitigating foreign-body responses and outline remaining challenges and opportunities for achieving durable, adaptive, and clinically translatable tissue-bioelectronics interfaces.

Responsive polymeric materials capable of converting weak and heterogeneous environmental cues into adaptive macroscopic functions are essential for emerging technologies spanning soft robotics, sensing, biointerfaces, and autonomous systems. Coordination-crosslinked polymer networks (CCPNs), constructed by embedding dynamic metal-ligand interactions into polymer matrices, have emerged as a powerful materials platform for this purpose, owing to the unique tunability, reversibility, and multifunctionality of coordination bonds. Unlike conventional covalent or other supramolecular crosslinks, coordination bonds provide continuously adjustable bond strength, well-defined geometry, stimulus-sensitive equilibria, and access to electronic, redox, and catalytic transitions, enabling direct transduction of physical and chemical stimuli into mechanical, optical, and morphological responses. Despite rapid progress, a unified understanding that links coordination chemistry at the molecular level to material responsiveness across length and time scales remains lacking. In this review, we systematically examine how the intrinsic properties of coordination bonds give rise to material responsiveness in CCPNs. We first introduce fundamental coordination chemistry concepts relevant to responsive network design and discuss how these factors govern bond dynamicity, exchange kinetics, and stimulus sensitivity within polymer networks. We then analyse how coordination dynamics manifest as macroscopic responses, with a focus on stiffness variation, optical and chromic switching, shape memory and actuation, and life-like homeostatic behaviors driven by non-equilibrium bond cycling. Moving beyond single-interaction systems, we highlight recent advances in bond coupling strategies, where multiple coordination motifs or coordination bonds integrated with other supramolecular bonds, dynamic covalent bonds, or mechanical bonds generate hierarchical relaxation, orthogonal responsiveness, and synergistic function expression reminiscent of biological materials. Finally, we discuss key challenges and outline future opportunities for transforming coordination chemistry from a crosslinking motif into a molecular-level control framework for engineering responsive and life-like soft materials.

Metal nanoclusters (MNCs) are an emerging class of atomically precise nanomaterials with sizes comparable to the Fermi wavelength of free electrons, exhibiting discrete energy levels, molecular-like behaviors, and tunable physicochemical properties. Among these properties, photothermal conversion-the process of transforming absorbed light into thermal energy-has garnered considerable interest due to its vital importance in applications such as solar energy harvesting, photothermal therapy, and catalysis. This review begins by summarizing recent progress in synthetic strategies for MNCs, including kinetic control, seeded growth, in situ two-phase ligand exchange, and metal exchange, which help overcome challenges such as polydispersity, low yield, restricted surface functionality, and lengthy synthesis times. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis is provided on the photothermal conversion behaviors of various MNC systems (e.g., coinage metal nanoclusters, Ti NCs, and Mo NCs) reported in the past five years, with in-depth discussion of their structural characteristics, absorption properties, photothermal conversion efficiencies, and underlying conversion mechanisms. Finally, the review addresses current challenges and prospects for advancing MNC-based photothermal technologies via atomic-level engineering and interdisciplinary approaches. Through this in-depth and systematic review, we endeavor to provide scholars dedicated to metal nanocluster research-as well as experts engaged in photothermal conversion and its diverse applications-with valuable scientific insights. We are confident that this contribution will not only catalyze innovative breakthroughs but also unlock exciting new frontiers within this vibrant and rapidly evolving field of study.