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Counterfactual communication refers to cases in which information is exchanged between two remote parties without actual transmission of physical particles. We propose a fully tripartite counterfactual quantum protocol for the task of identity authentication. Here, a trusted certificate authority (Charlie) enables a client (Alice) and an entity (Bob) to share a secure random key based on the modification of early protocols by Aharonov and Vaidman, therefore permitting communication that is counterfactual according to the two-state vector formalism. The protocol has high robustness against environmental noise, while still passing the Fisher information test. With semi-honest Charlie, the counterfactual protocol transforms identity authorization into quantum-assisted key distribution. We show that the counterfactual quantum key distribution can be made secure within a twin-field framework. Our simulation results show that the maximal secure distance of the counterfactual protocol with a practical weak coherent state is around 190 km.

The famous serum run of 1925 has focused upon Balto, Togo, and the Norwegian mushers Gunnar Kaasen and Leonard Seppala. The mushers who ran most of the legs were actually descended from Alaskan Natives, including George and Edgar Nollner and Charlie Evans. Thanks to the Fairbanks Library archivists who sent me the interview with Charlie Evans and Edgar Nollner. This short fiction won one of the inaugural McGovern Center Writing Awards.

Most Americans claim to support freedom of speech, including President Donald Trump who has portrayed himself as an ardent defender of this constitutional right. However, in the wake of Charlie Kirk's assassination, Trump and members of his administration began to explicitly call for speech restrictions. This largely unprecedented rhetoric from a sitting president and his allies provides an opportunity to examine competing theories of public opinion: the influence of partisan elites versus the public's purported commitment to free speech. In a preregistered survey experiment, we found that exposure to such unusually explicit antispeech rhetoric increased Trump voters' support for government censorship of outparty media and individuals but prompted backlash among non-Trump voters, increasing their support for protecting outparty speech. While prior research has established that partisans favor censorship of outparty members, we demonstrate that partisans differentially shifted their censorship attitudes in response to the Trump administration's new rhetoric, whether or not the source was attributed to Trump and his allies. These findings highlight the influence of elite rhetoric on public support for even the most foundational-and popular-democratic norm, raising concerns about the resilience of American democracy in the face of explicitly illiberal elites.

Historically, gender-neutral or androgynous first names have been relatively rare, showing little sign of upward or downward temporal trend in Canada or elsewhere. Using digitized birth registration records from three provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario) and for all of Canada, we highlight a rise, beginning around 1990, in the proportional representation of gender-neutral forenames. Examples of such names include Avery, Charlie, and Riley. Our analyses show that different measures of androgynous names, from different provinces or for all of Canada, produce similar results, revealing a recent and unprecedented temporal rise. We frame a discussion of this acceleration within the context of changing gender relations in Canada. The weakening of gender as a dominant status characteristic, a historical decline in the effect of gender contamination on naming, and the increasing diversity of girls' and boys' first names all play roles in the recent rise of gender-neutral names in Canada. Historiquement, les prénoms neutres ou androgynes ont été relativement rares, ne montrant guère de tendance à la hausse ou à la baisse au fil du temps, au Canada ou ailleurs. À partir des registres numérisés des naissances de trois provinces (Alberta, Colombie‐Britannique et Ontario) et de l'ensemble du Canada, nous mettons en évidence une augmentation, à partir de 1990 environ, de la proportion de prénoms neutres. Parmi ces prénoms, on peut citer Avery, Charlie et Riley. Nos analyses montrent que différentes mesures des prénoms androgynes, provenant de différentes provinces ou de l'ensemble du Canada, donnent des résultats similaires, révélant une augmentation récente et sans précédent. Nous inscrivons cette discussion sur l'accélération de cette tendance dans le contexte de l'évolution des relations entre les sexes au Canada. L'affaiblissement du genre en tant que caractéristique dominante du statut social, le déclin historique de l'effet de la contamination du genre sur les prénoms et la diversité croissante des prénoms féminins et masculins jouent tous un rôle dans la récente augmentation des prénoms neutres au Canada.

Drought is a major abiotic stress limiting coffee production globally. While grafting improves abiotic stress tolerance, the relative contributions of scion and root stock to drought resistance in intraspecific and interspecific grafted Coffea seedlings remain unclear across different stress intensities. We hypothesized that scion genotype dominates drought responses under severe water stress, whereas rootstock effects prevail under normal irrigation. To test this, we conducted a 120-day pot experiment using daily weighing and replenishment, with three treatments: normal supply (18-25% soil water), mild drought (15-17%), and severe drought (10-12%). Two C. canephora scions ('Dafeng No.1','Reyan No.5') were grafted onto intraspecific ('Reyan No.2') and interspecific ('Charlie No.16') rootstocks. 'Reyan No.5' scion conferred superior drought tolerance under severe stress via stronger membrane stability (lower malondialdehyde, MDA), higher osmotic adjustment, and more stable antioxidant defense (super oxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT) .'Dafeng No.1' showed higher water use efficiency (WUE) under mild stress but suffered greater oxidative damage. Principal component analysis confirmed scion genotype explained 44. 78% of total physiological variation. These findings clarify scion dominance in severe drought tolerance and guide drought-resistant coffee grafting selection.

The crosstalk between immune or alveolar epithelial cells and fibroblasts mediated by paracrine signaling molecules is associated with the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, studies investigating the active involvement of soluble mediators derived from bronchial epithelial cells in fibroblast activation and the development of pulmonary fibrosis are limited. Reanalysis of bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing data from human bronchus and IPF lung tissue revealed marked upregulation of parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) in IPF lung tissue compared with normal tissue, with expression predominantly localized to bronchial epithelial cells. parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) translated from PTHLH was significantly increased in the bronchial epithelium of IPF patients and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice. Furthermore, the paracrine peptide PTHrP1-34, generated through post-translational processing of PTHrP, was elevated in lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from fibrotic lungs. Cell- and animal-based experiments showed that PTHrP1-34 activated fibroblasts and extracellular matrix production, resulting in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. In a preclinical evaluation using a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model, attenuating effects against pulmonary fibrosis were observed using neutralizing antibodies, peptides, and gene silencing strategies targeting the PTHrP1-34/parathyroid hormone 1 receptor axis. In conclusion, our results suggest that PTHrP1-34 derived from bronchial epithelial cells is involved in the pathogenesis of IPF and is a promising target for alleviating disease progression.

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Symbioses can be vital on islands, where low species diversity leaves few alternative partners and the failure of associations can cascade into broader community collapse. Key to the functioning of many island ecosystems is the rainforest tree, Pisonia grandis (pisonia). Pisonia attracts nesting seabirds whose guano delivers intense nutrient pulses that fuel coral reef ecosystems. Symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi have been hypothesized to be crucial for capturing and distributing these nutrients to pisonia trees. However, little is known about the factors that influence the distribution of mycorrhizal fungi on islands. Here, we map the diversity and distribution of mycorrhizal fungi in relation to pisonia and other tree species across Palmyra Atoll, the most remote island on Earth that is a US territory in the Northern Line Islands. We found that pisonia is obligately associated with specific Tomentella fungi that are able to survive in the extreme nutrient environments created by seabird feces (guano). Tomentella was widespread in soils across different habitats, and its abundance was predicted by distance to pisonia. In addition, burrowing by crabs, the dominant group of land animals on Palmyra Atoll, was associated with increased fungal diversity, including new or globally rare fungal species. These findings support the hypothesized critical role of mycorrhizal fungi for key atoll tree species, indicating that fungal distributions may affect the success of restoration projects. More broadly, this work highlights the importance of specific interactions between species in isolated island ecosystems. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

Screening for anxiety problems in primary schools and offering parent-led cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) via online and telephone support for those who screen positive could address key barriers to effective early intervention for some of the most prevalent child mental disorders. We aimed to evaluate outcomes from a screening-to-intervention pathway for child anxiety problems alongside usual school provision compared with assessment and usual school provision only. iCATSi2i was a pragmatic, parallel-group, superiority, cluster-randomised, controlled trial in 84 primary and junior schools in England with at least two year-4 classes. Children aged 8-9 years in participating classes who were not opted out by their parent were eligible to participate. After baseline assessments, schools (clusters) were randomly assigned (1:1) to screening, feedback, and intervention, alongside usual school practice (intervention group) or assessment and usual school practice only (control group), stratified by school-level deprivation. Before allocation, schools were ordered by the number of children who screened positive for anxiety problems at baseline (target population). Block randomisation was used with block sizes of two and four. Trial statisticians were masked to group allocation until datasets were ready for final analysis. In schools in the intervention group all parents in sampled classes were invited to complete a two-item screening questionnaire (iCATS-2) at baseline and received feedback on the screening outcome (after randomisation); parents of children who screened positive for anxiety problems (target population) were offered parent-led CBT delivered via online and telephone support, using the Online Support and Intervention for Child Anxiety (OSI) platform (and this was available for other families on request); a single whole-class session on identifying and managing fears and worries was also provided. In both groups, assessments (including the screening questionnaire) were completed and schools continued with usual provision. The primary outcome was screen-negative for anxiety problems (score 0-2 on the parent-reported iCATS-2) versus screen-positive (score 3-6) in the target population at 12 months. Primary analyses were conducted in the intention-to-treat population, with missing data imputed. Adverse events were monitored and recorded throughout. The trial was registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN76119074, and the study is complete. The study management group included individuals with relevant lived experience. We recruited participants and collected baseline assessments between Jan 6, and Nov 30,&#x2009;2022. Parents of 1459 children (27% of 5335 children in participating classes) completed the screening questionnaire, and 409 screened positive (target population). On the basis of parent report, 222 (54%) of 408 children who screened positive were female, 185 (45%) were male, and one (<1%) preferred not to report child gender. 325 (85%) of 384 children were reported by the school as White. The mean age was 8&#xb7;8 years (SD 0&#xb7;3). 42 schools were randomly assigned to the intervention group (target population: 205 children) and 42 to the control group (target population: 204 children). In the target population at 12 months, more children screened negative for anxiety problems in the intervention group (89 [61%] of 145 children) than the control group (62 [38%] of 163 children), with an adjusted odds ratio of 2&#xb7;32 (95% CI 1&#xb7;41-3&#xb7;81; p=0&#xb7;0009) in the primary analysis based on imputed data. No serious adverse events related to trial procedures or the intervention or adverse events related to the intervention were reported. An integrated screening-to-intervention pathway for child anxiety problems in primary schools reduced parent-reported child anxiety problems compared with assessment and usual provision only, providing a promising way to improve access to effective early intervention. National Institute for Health and Care Research Programme Grants for Applied Research.

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence technology and digital tools is becoming pivotal to advancing healthcare. AI technology has demonstrated significant capabilities as a clinical decision support tool, extracting actionable data from free-text medical notes, and saving clinical and administrative time. AI's potential integration in healthcare services has increased the need for up-to-date professional guidance on the safe and effective deployment of trustworthy AI solutions. As a result, it is essential that clinicians receive support in gaining the necessary knowledge and skills to guarantee future successes, and importantly, the critical skills to evaluate AI solutions relevant to practice. However, there is a lack of specific guidance from most health professional regulators on how to navigate and deploy AI safely. Radiology has comprehensive deployment guidance, establishing itself as a benchmark for professional standards applicable to AHPs which could leverage safe and effective AI deployment and support AHPs to be more confident. Here we examine the advantages of an AHP guideline for AI deployment for use across healthcare settings. It emphasises the importance of integrating digital education and literacy at all levels, from novice to expert practitioners, to effectively equip professionals with the necessary skills for trustworthy, safe and effective AI deployment. CONTRIBUTION OF PAPER.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phosphoprotein implicated in colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRCLM), yet the distinct spatial contributions of host- and tumor-derived OPN in driving this disease remain unclear. Using a 2 x 2 genetic knockout mouse model targeting OPN in host and tumor compartments, combined with spatial transcriptomics, we investigated compartment-specific OPN functions in CRCLM. Tumor-derived OPN promotes tumor proliferation through MEK/ERK signaling. Host OPN licenses monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, while tumor OPN polarizes macrophages towards an M2-like state. Both host and tumor OPN suppress T cells in the tumor microenvironment, whereas loss of host OPN reveals an interferon-driven, anti-tumor niche. Translational studies using OPN-blockade immunotherapy in syngeneic and patient-derived xenograft mouse models reduced tumor burden and enhanced T cell infiltration. Together, these findings redefine the OPN-myeloid paradigm in CRC and nominate OPN as a potential therapeutic target.

LGBTQ+ (eg, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) people report more severe body image and eating disorder (ED) psychopathology than their cisgender heterosexual peers. Disparities are linked to unique marginalization and sociocultural processes that intersect to produce poorer psychological well-being. However, few advancements have been made in culturally responsive intervention efforts, and LGBTQ+ people often report stigmatizing ED treatment experiences. Here, the authors present the current state of such efforts and more broadly aim to synthesize various care recommendations and recent empirical studies into a cohesive set of practical clinical recommendations in the absence of widely available tailored interventions.

We investigated the feasibility of adding neoadjuvant FOLFOXIRI to chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in Chinese patients with high-risk, locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma (LARC) and examined the prognostic significance of IGF2 and L1CAM expression. Eligible patients had non-metastatic, T3/T4 disease with or without nodal involvement, threatened circumferential resection margin (CRM) and/or sphincter involvement, received 4 cycles of a modified FOLFOXIRI regimen, followed by CRT, surgery, then adjuvant chemotherapy. Co-primary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) and pathologic complete response rate (pCR). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS) and safety. Archival biopsies were analyzed for IGF2 and L1CAM expression using immunostaining. Forty patients were enrolled with median age of 60 years and median follow up of 72.7&#x2009;months. The ORR of FOLFOXIRI and CRT was 30.8% and 64.1%, respectively in 39 patients evaluated, 71.8% of them exhibiting TNM downstaging. For the entire cohort, the pCR rate was 20.5% and CRM was negative in 30 patients. The 3-year and 5-year OS were 79.5% and 59.5%, respectively. The 3-year RFS was 72.4%. Grade 3-4 toxicities to FOLFOXIRI were diarrhea (13%), neutropenia (8%), and vomiting (5%). Grade 3-4 toxicities to CRT were diarrhea (3%), rectal hemorrhage (3%), and sexual dysfunction (3%). High IGF2 expression was negatively correlated with disease-free survival (P&#x2009;=&#x2009;.0176) but not OS. Neoadjuvant modified FOLFOXIRI followed by concurrent capecitabine-RT and surgery was effective with manageable toxicities in Chinese patients with high risk LARC. Exploratory analyses showed that IGF2 expression may be a negative prognostic factor in LARC. (NCT01941641).

While research shows associations between recent stressful experiences (RSEs) and perinatal mental illness, potential moderators and relationships to well-being are not yet understood. The current study aimed to examine (1) if sensory processing sensitivity (SPS; depth of processing, awareness of subtleties, emotional reactivity and ease of overstimulation), moderated the relationship between RSEs and prenatal mental illness and well-being and (2) if results supported the diathesis-stress (high SPS individuals are more vulnerable to high RSEs) or the differential susceptibility model (high SPS individuals also benefit more from low RSEs). Participants included 574 pregnant individuals in their first trimester recruited via social media advertisements followed by videocalls who were (1) 18+ years old (2) literate in English (3) US citizens/residents, and (4) planning to continue the pregnancy. Participants self-reported mental illness (depression and anxiety symptoms) and well-being (life satisfaction), RSEs, and SPS. Moderated path analyses and region-of-significance analyses were conducted in Mplus. A significant interaction was found between RSEs and SPS in the prediction of depression symptoms but not anxiety or life satisfaction. Simple slopes showed that RSEs predicted depression symptoms when SPS was high only. Region-of-significance analyses showed strong support for the diathesis-stress model, identifying SPS as a vulnerability factor for perinatal depression. The present study found that SPS was a vulnerability factor for depression in pregnant individuals. Screening and awareness of SPS could support more precise and effective mental health care based on research showing therapy can be tailored for individuals high on SPS.

Inflammation is a determining factor in acute kidney injury (AKI) and subsequent kidney repair, yet its regulation is complicated and incompletely understood. In this issue, Feng and colleagues report that site-1 protease (S1P)-dependent cleavage of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR/ATP6AP2) generates soluble PRR (sPRR), which functions as an inflammation amplifier in ischemic AKI. Remarkably, S1P inhibition pharmacologically or genetically suppresses sPRR production and attenuates macrophage infiltration and activation, blunting AKI. The work elevates sPRR from a putative biomarker to a mechanistically active mediator of AKI. It also couples innate immune programming to local renin-angiotensin system engagement, suggesting an immuno-endocrine cross-talk and modulation in the kidney.

To evaluate the association between ICU-acquired infections and 28-day mortality in pneumonia-induced sepsis and to explore associated immune-related gene expression patterns. A secondary analysis was performed using the publicly available GSE65682 dataset, including adult ICU patients with sepsis secondary to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) or hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Patients were stratified based on the development of ICU-acquired infections. 28-day mortality and whole-blood leukocyte gene expression at ICU admission were compared between groups. Among 144 patients, 20 developed ICU-acquired infections. In the CAP subgroup, ICU-acquired infections were associated with numerically higher 28-day mortality compared to those without infection (45.5% vs. 18.2%, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.05), although this finding should be interpreted with caution given the retrospective study design and limited sample size. In HAP patients, a similar pattern was not observed (22.2% vs. 19.6%). Transcriptomic analysis showed significant downregulation of the interleukin-7 receptor (IL7R) in CAP patients who developed ICU-acquired infections, with PRKACB and CD3D also demonstrating a downward trend. These findings suggest that early immune dysregulation may be associated with an increased susceptibility to secondary infections and potentially worse outcomes among CAP patients. IL7R may represent a candidate signal of immune dysregulation and warrants further investigation and validation in future studies.

Transposable elements (TEs) in the human genome are the heritage of ancient parasitic infections. While most of human DNA comprises TEs and TE-derived elements, their repetitive nature poses technical challenges; thus, little is known about their positional identity and regulatory roles. Here, by integrating long-read and multidimensional transcriptional analyses, we investigate when, where and how TEs become part of a gene. We characterize how TE-derived isoforms change across mouse-human variation and how they are linked to gene regulatory networks controlling cell states during differentiation, organogenesis and health (aging and pathological states). Mechanistically, we identify an RNA degradation-dependent and splicing-dependent quality control mechanism that operates independently of conventional mechanisms of TE suppression, such as DNA methylation and heterochromatinization, and prevents TE-chimera expression and TE-induced cell differentiation. Overall, our findings unveil mechanisms by which viral-derived elements enhance transcriptome plasticity.

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