Bosonic bunching is a term used to describe the well-known tendency of bosons to bunch together, and which differentiates their behavior from that of fermions or classical particles. However, in some situations, perfectly indistinguishable bosons may counter-intuitively bunch less than classical, distinguishable particles. Here, we report two such counter-intuitive multiphoton bunching effects observed with three photons in a three-mode balanced photonic Fourier interferometer. In this setting, we show that indistinguishable photons actually minimize the probability of bunching. We also show that any non-trivial value of the three-photon collective photonic phase leads to a decreased probability of all photons ending up in the same mode, even as we increase pairwise indistinguishability. Our experiments feature engineering of partial indistinguishability scenarios using both the time and the polarization photonic degrees of freedom, and a polarization-transparent 8-mode tunable interferometer with a quantum-dot source of single photons. Besides the foundational understanding, the observation of these counter-intuitive phenomena open news perspective in devising more efficient ways of routing photons for advantage in metrology and quantum computation.
Due to the Coulomb blockade effect, electrons typically tunnel into a localized state one by one, showing antibunching behavior. However, theory predicts that strong vibronic coupling can generate electron bunching locally, yet direct atomic-scale evidence has remained elusive. In this Letter, we report an atomically resolved shot-noise study probing the transport statistics of single-electron tunneling in an atomic impurity coupled to a vibrational mode. Conventional time-averaged conductance spectroscopy reveals clear signatures of vibron-assisted tunneling in this atomically sized nanoelectromechanical system. Simultaneous shot-noise measurements at the impurity center show super-Poissonian noise, providing direct evidence that vibronic coupling drives electron bunching during tunneling. As a future outlook, if coherence between electrons can be implemented, vibron-mediated electron bunching at single atomic sites may be exploited as a local injection source of N-paired electrons.
We investigate the scattered field from N identical two-level atoms resonantly driven by a weak coherent field in a one-dimensional waveguide. For atoms separated by the drive wavelength, increasing the number of atoms suppresses transmission while enhancing photon bunching. Transmission becomes a superbunched (N+1)-photon scattering process that is predominantly incoherent. Remarkably, we find that transmission occurs through a process where all N atoms are excited, enabling novel heralded multiphoton state generation with applications in long-distance entanglement and quantum metrology.
Background/Objectives: The dark green leaf color trait in bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is an important agronomic trait closely associated with market value; however, its genetic basis remains poorly understood. This study aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with leaf color using SPAD values as a phenotypic indicator. Methods: An F2 population derived from a cross between the dark green line YSG1go and the light green line Asagikei-KUJYO was used. A linkage map was constructed based on RNA-seq-derived SNP markers, and SPAD values were measured for QTL analysis. Results: The linkage map consisted of eight linkage groups with a total length of 2103.0 cM and 765 mapped markers. SPAD values showed significant differences between the parental lines, with high broad-sense heritability (H2 = 0.76), indicating a strong genetic contribution to this trait. Multiple significant QTLs were detected on chromosomes 4 and 5, each explaining 27.4-38.1% of the phenotypic variance. The direction of allelic effects differed among QTLs, suggesting that favorable alleles are distributed between the parental lines. In addition, genes related to chloroplast protein translation were identified within the QTL regions. Conclusions: SPAD values are a suitable indicator for genetic analysis of leaf color in bunching onion, and the QTLs identified in this study provide valuable information for molecular breeding aimed at improving dark green leaf color.
Coherent pulse stacking provides flexible and stable temporal waveform control of picosecond laser pulses, yet its implementation in ytterbium-doped (Yb-doped) fiber lasers is hindered by the stringent requirement for transform-limited (TL) input pulses. Here, a chirped-pulse coherent pulse stacking scheme based on a Solc filter is proposed and demonstrated for high-repetition-rate pulse shaping in a Yb-doped fiber laser system. A frequency-domain iterative model shows that chirped pulses introduce intrinsic comb-like modulation in stacked pulses, whose period and temperature dependence differ markedly from those of TL pulses, thereby enhancing the tunability of coherent pulse stacking and extending its range of applications. Using an eight-crystal YVO4 stacking module, we generate flat-top, sawtooth, and elliptical green laser pulses at 1 MHz and 81.25 MHz with maximum average powers of 2.1 W and 6.2 W, respectively, while maintaining strong tolerance to crystal temperature variations. The shaped pulses are applied to a CsK2Sb photocathode in a DC-SRF-II electron gun to generate electron bunches with an elliptical current distribution, validating the feasibility of the proposed scheme for electron bunch shaping. Overall, these results establish a robust, power-scalable route for high-repetition-rate picosecond pulse shaping in fiber-laser-driven photoinjectors and related accelerator applications.
Atomic-scale steps markedly influence electrochemical activity and stability and exhibit structural instability under electrochemical conditions. Yet the microscopic mechanisms that cause these behaviors remain largely unclear. Herein, we study the microstructure and thermodynamics of the electrical double layer at stepped electrodes, using the semiclassical density-potential functional theory. The theory captures trends observed in experiments regarding the differential capacitance and the potential of zero free charge (PZFC) with step density for stepped Au and Ag . Departing from the case of flat electrodes, the PZFC deviates from the potential of minimum capacitance at stepped electrodes, necessitating local PZFCs to describe heterogeneous surface charging conditions. Furthermore, linking step-induced PZFC shifts to changes of the surface tension, the theory predicts that step bunching is thermodynamically driven at more positive electrode potentials and sensitive to the electrolyte composition.
Respiratory motion poses a persistent challenge in dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, by introducing blurring and ghosting artifacts that reduce image quality and affect reliable clinical interpretation. XD-GRASP method has emerged as an effective motion compensation technique that employs Golden Angle Radial (GAR) acquisitions combined with motion-resolved compressed sensing reconstruction to separate respiratory phases and reduce motion artifacts. Building upon these advancements, this paper proposes a novel framework to reduce the respiratory motion artifacts in free-breathing Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) MRI through GAR acquisitions, binning and the integration of GROG-facilitated Bunch Phase Encoding (GROG-BPE). By merging the strengths of BPE with motion-resolved compressed sensing, our approach optimizes motion compensation without losing temporal resolution. The proposed method has been tested on in-vivo DCE liver and abdominal datasets across two different types of amplitude based binning techniques including uniform and adaptive binning. Performance of the proposed method has been quantitatively evaluated on the basis of signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio, and qualitatively by expert radiologists. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method yields superior performance both quantitatively and qualitatively, in comparison with the contemporary DCE-MRI techniques.
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Biochar is widely recognized for its porous structure, stability and large surface area, making it a promising carrier for beneficial soil microorganisms. However, limited information exists regarding its efficiency in supporting actinomycete enrichment at varying bacterial densities. This study addressed this gap by evaluating the colonization potential of biochar enriched with actinomycetes. The objective was to determine the optimal bacterial density and dilution level for maximizing colony formation under controlled laboratory conditions. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The experiment was conducted from July to October 2024 at the Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Research Activities (CRA), Hasanuddin University, using a randomized group design with three replications. Actinomycetes were inoculated onto biochar at three bacterial densities (10<sup>4</sup>, 10<sup>8</sup> and 10<sup>12</sup> CFU/mL) and three dilution levels (10<sup>5</sup>, 10<sup>6</sup> and 10<sup>7</sup>). Colony observations were recorded weekly for four weeks. Visual colony morphology was documented and environmental conditions (pH, temperature and humidity) were monitored. Data were tabulated and analyzed using ANOVA and significant treatment effects (p<0.05 or p<0.01) were further compared using Tukey's HSD test at α = 0.05. <b>Results:</b> Actinomycete isolates consistently exhibited round, raised colonies with irregular edges and smooth to wrinkled surfaces. The highest average colony count occurred at pH 7.93, 24.8°C and 66% humidity. The 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g enrichment showed the greatest colony formation during the first week, reaching 4.5×10<sup>9</sup> CFU/g, significantly higher than the 10<sup>4</sup> and 10<sup>12</sup> CFU/g treatments. Among dilution levels, 10<sup>7</sup> produced the highest colony count (4.5×10<sup>9</sup> CFU/g), showing a significant difference compared with 10<sup>6</sup> and 10<sup>5</sup>. <b>Conclusion:</b> Biochar demonstrated strong potential as a suitable carrier medium for actinomycete enrichment, with the 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g density and 10<sup>7</sup> dilution yielding optimal growth. These findings highlight biochar's promise as an effective microbial inoculant for enhancing soil health and supporting sustainable agriculture. Further research should explore field-scale validation and long-term microbial stability.
Accurate yield estimation is one of the critical factors for overall management of orchards production and profit estimation. Traditionally, oranges yield estimation is done manually which are not only labor-intensive and time-consuming but also prone to errors, making them inefficient for large-scale agriculture. Modern deep learning techniques have enhanced fruit detection and yield estimation algorithms, helping farmers to implement and mature precision agriculture. Yield estimation of orange trees from the images is still a challenging task due to the multiple factors such as fruit density and overlapping causing occlusion, varying lighting conditions, variation in orange sizes and color, image quality and resolution etc. Most of the existing oranges detection and estimation studies focus on the detection of single oranges. However, in an image, there are overlapping oranges which cause some oranges to be occluded which may cause the model to generate erroneous results. To handle this issue, a standard dataset of orange images needs to be collected which have variation of oranges sizes and are captures in different lighting conditions. The dataset must be annotated with multiple classes of oranges bunches to handle occluded oranges scenario so that different state of the art machine learning and deep learning models can be bench-marked to have high precision of oranges detection and estimation. In this paper, a significant images dataset having 25,541 images has been collected by capturing 41 videos of multiple orange trees at different angles. After doing frame differencing, eventually 9,781 images are selected having variation of orange sizes, colors, occlusion and lighting conditions. A detailed annotation guideline has been defined for the annotation of one orange, bunch of two, three and four oranges separately to ensure the correct estimation of oranges. A total of 205,712 bounding boxes have been annotated having a total of 157,128, 33,208, 10,761 and 5,413 instances of one orange, bunch of two oranges, bunch of three and bunch of four oranges respectively. This dataset will promote research and development in the area of orange yield estimation. In this study yield estimation is done in two passes. Detection of oranges classes using three state-of-the-art multiclass models namely Faster R-CNN, Mask R-CNN, and YOLOv8n by fine-tuning on this dataset. These models are used for the estimation of oranges by aggregating results of detection. Faster R-CNN outperforms for the estimation of oranges, having 18.22 Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and [Formula: see text] of 0.95. Furthermore, the zero-shot evaluation of Vision Large Language Models (VLLMs), specifically Gemini and LLaMA, is also assessed. The evaluation results indicate that Gemini and LLaMA achieve MAPE values of 52.05 and 103.77, respectively and [Formula: see text] values of 0.85 and 0.42 respectively.
Malnutrition is a major global challenge, especially in the developing regions, where improving the nutritional content of staple crops is an important step towards alleviating hidden hunger. Groundnut, a nutrient rich legume, contains several essential nutrients, high protein, essential amino-acids and vitamins required for human health. In this study, multi-season phenotyping data for kernel iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and protein content (PC), along with whole genome re-sequencing (WGRS) data from a mini-core collection, were used to perform genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis. Phenotypic variability analysis revealed a large variation in Fe (7.6 - 42.8 ppm), Zn (10.9 - 62.4 ppm) and PC (12.7 - 33.6%). GWAS analysis identified a total of 15 marker-trait associations (MTAs) and 28 candidate genes for pooled season data, and 44 MTAs and 62 candidate genes for individual seasons. Key candidate genes like MYB transcription factor (Arahy.QI0PHV, Arahy.1I6ZSS), Zn finger MYM type protein, RING finger MYM type protein (Arahy.7P97F6, Arahy.9R964H, Arahy.I3B88T) and NAC domain protein (Arahy.LV3APC), were found to be associated with the Fe and Zn homeostasis pathway. In addition, genes related to protein homeostasis, such as Protein kinase family protein (Arahy.4D7KBI), and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (Arahy.PE3CF6), were identified within significant MTA regions. These findings provide basis for the detection and characterization of potential candidate genes associated with nutritional quality traits. Haplo-pheno analysis revealed that accessions with superior haplotypes for kernel Fe and Zn content were predominantly found in the Spanish Bunch/Valencia Bunch types, whereas the accessions with inferior haplotypes were more common in the Virginia Bunch/Virginia Runner types. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based KASP (Kompetitive Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction) markers for 9 MTAs were designed and validated for Fe and Zn. Among these, three markers (snpAH00636 and snpAH00641 for Fe, and snpAH00644 for Zn) showed polymorphism, and could be utilized in genomics-assisted breeding to develop nutrient-rich groundnut varieties.
Low fruit quality presents a significant challenge for numerous date-producing countries, including certain cultivars resulting from tissue culture. Fruit thinning alone enhances fruit quality but slightly decreases productivity. So, the aim of this experiment was to improve the quality characteristics of Medjool fruits through four different fruit thinning methods: control (12 bunches per palm), removing 1/3 bunches number, removing 1/3 strands length of the bunch, removing 1/3 strands number of the bunches, these methods were integrated with spraying 0.25% calcium boron (CaB) or 0.2% potassium phosphite (KP), as well as control (tap water), which applied once (fruit set or Kimri stage or Khalal stage) for thinning methods. At Kimri stage, removing 1/3 strands number successfully enhanced fruit weight, length, and size by 10.44%, 8.28%, and 15.68%, while incorporating CaB to removing 1/3 strands number led to increases of 43%, 26.78%, and 52.78%, while incorporating KP with removing 1/3 strands number resulted in increases of 42.67%, 26.31%, and 44.22%, compared to control, as mean of both seasons, respectively. At Khalal stage, combining removing 1/3 strands number and CaB increased fruit TSS and total sugars by 18.85% and 33.65%, while combined removing 1/3 strands number and KP increased them by 19.29% and 23.81%, respectively. In conclusion, nutrient spraying improved fruit chemical properties and the early spraying stage was more effective in improving fruit physical properties, whereas later spraying improved fruit chemical properties. Also, thinning enhances fruit physical properties and provides more nutrients for the remaining fruits. The integrated application of thinning and spraying nutrients improved fruit's physical and chemical properties.
In the study, the morphological and structural properties of bunches and berries, as well as the chemical characterisation of three interspecific grapevine cultivars-'Bronner', 'Muscaris', and 'Morava'-were studied. Sugars and organic acids in the grapes were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while phenolic compounds were analysed by HPLC-mass spectrometry. 'Morava' and 'Muscaris' showed higher Hue angle values, indicating a greener skin coloration compared with 'Bronner', which exhibited a more yellow skin colour. 'Muscaris' and 'Bronner' had higher bunch weights than 'Morava', while the 100-berry weight did not differ significantly among the varieties. 'Bronner' must had the highest titratable acidity, and 'Muscaris' had the highest sugar content. Flavanols were the main phenolic compounds in the grapes, accounting for 76-88% of the total phenolic content. The highest concentrations of flavanols and caftaric acid were found in 'Bronner' and 'Muscaris' berries, while 'Morava' had the highest flavonol content. All studied varieties achieved good grape and must quality and are therefore recommended for wine production. 'Bronner' and 'Muscaris' stood out for their high bunch weight and high concentrations of flavanols and total phenolics, which contribute significantly to wine taste and overall quality. 'Muscaris' berries had a high sugar content, making this variety suitable for producing wines with higher alcohol content. In contrast, 'Bronner' is recommended for wines requiring higher acidity levels.
Thermal light, including blackbody radiation and spontaneous emission, exhibits photon bunching. Thermal light sources, however, typically yield low spectral densities, limiting their practical utility. Pseudothermal light sources with higher brightness and longer coherence time are often employed instead. While pseudothermal light also exhibits photon bunching, this property may not suffice to fully replicate the behavior of genuine thermal light. Here we demonstrate a method to directly test the Siegert relation for two sources of photon-bunched light, laser light scattered from a rotating ground glass and spontaneously emitted light from a gas discharge lamp, probing a fundamental criterion expected of thermal light.
Organic viticulture is expanding across Mediterranean wine regions, driven by EU sustainability policies and increasing consumer demand. However, comparative studies assessing both physiological performance and productivity of grapevines under organic and conventional management while maintaining similar soil and climatic conditions remain limited, particularly in dry-farmed warm Mediterranean environments. This study evaluated the physiological and agronomic responses of the grapevine cultivar 'Pedro Ximénez' over two consecutive seasons (2022-2023) in a commercial dry-farmed vineyard in south-western Spain managed under certified organic and conventional management systems. Leaf gas-exchange parameters including net photosynthetic rate (AN), stomatal conductance (gs), intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), and the stomatal stress integral (SIgs) were monitored alongside agronomic parameters such as bunch number, bunch weight, and pruning weight. Across both seasons, organically managed vines showed lower cumulative stomatal stress (SIgs reduced by 37% in 2022 and 14% in 2023) while maintaining similar seasonal iWUE values. During high vapor pressure deficit episodes, electron transport rate (ETR) remained comparable between management systems whereas AN declined, indicating that photosynthetic reductions were mainly associated with CO₂ diffusional or biochemical limitations rather than photochemical impairment. Yield components were comparable between systems, although organic vines produced more clusters per plant in 2023 (17 ± 0.9 vs 15 ± 0.8; Tukey test, P < 0.05). Under the conditions of this commercial, warm Mediterranean vineyard, organic management was associated with reduced seasonal stomatal stress while maintaining comparable productivity, suggesting that organic viticulture may represent a viable strategy for dry-farmed vineyards in warm Mediterranean regions. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Scattering experiments with energetic particles, such as free electrons, have been historically used to reveal the quantum structure of matter. However, realizing coherent interactions between free-electron beams and solid-state quantum systems has remained out of reach, owing to their intrinsically weak coupling. Realizing such coherent control would open up opportunities for hybrid quantum platforms combining free electrons and solid-state qubits for coincident quantum information processing and nanoscale sensing. Here, we present a framework that employs negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centers (NV-) in diamond as quantum sensors of a bunched electron beam. We develop a Lindblad master equation description of the magnetic free-electron-qubit interactions and identify spin relaxometry as a sensitive probe of the interaction. Experimentally, we integrate a confocal fluorescence microscopy setup into a microwave-bunched electron beam line. We monitor charge-state dynamics and assess their impact on key sensing performance metrics (such as spin readout contrast), defining safe operating parameters for quantum sensing experiments. By performing [Formula: see text] relaxometry under controlled electron beam exposure, we do not resolve a measurable reduction in [Formula: see text] within experimental uncertainty, and instead establish an upper bound on the free-electron-spin coupling strength. Our results establish NV- centers as quantitative probes of free electrons, providing a metrological benchmark for free-electron-qubit coupling under realistic conditions, and chart a route toward solid-state quantum control with electron beams.
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important fruit crop cultivated worldwide. However, its production and fruit quality are severely constrained by powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) and Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) diseases. Increasing concerns regarding chemical fungicide resistance and environmental sustainability highlight the urgent need to develop alternative and more sustainable disease management strategies. This study assessed the field efficacy of Pseudomonas protegens-based formulations (TANIRI® WP at 1 g·L-1 and MaxGrowth at 1 mL·L-1) within an integrated disease management program in cv. Chardonnay. Defense-related gene expression analysis revealed that biological treatments predominantly up-regulated pr1, pr2, and pr10 in both leaves and berries. In contrast, the chemical inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) triggered earlier but less consistent induction of pr1 and pr2, alongside transient activation of pal and lox9. Repeated field applications of P. protegens formulations moderately reduced the severity of Botrytis bunch rot (20.89%) and powdery mildew (6.14%), though control levels remained below conventional sulfur/Bacillus subtilis-based treatments (30.04% and 13.56%, respectively). Overall, these findings suggest that biological inducers could complement conventional management practices for grapevine health. In particular, P. protegens may act mainly by systemically inducing host defense responses and partially suppressing pathogen development under field conditions.
Apart from vigilance and flight, anti-predator defense behavior in horses has not been well documented despite its importance during natural selection. In this study, observations of a feral herd (around 140) of Venezuelan horses sympatric with puma and jaguar divided such defense into precaution and reaction. Group living and the avoidance of danger areas are precautionary measures enhanced by the stallion's vigilance and his actions to keep small foals with the band. Reactions to perceived threats comprise communication of alarm; bunching, or cohesion, as a primary response; massed flight following self-organizing principles; and reassembly of bands. Stallions usually initiated this behavioral process. Stallions' initial reactions to perceived threats were "investigation", "move away", "run away", and "stampede", and resulting herd behavior was categorized into 27 responses. Data analysis through Observation Oriented Modeling indicated that each category of initial stallion response to perceived threats was associated with a recurring pattern of subsequent herd behavior. Prominent behaviors enhanced cohesion and synchrony, as well as velocity and direction matching. A fourth observed category was the cohesive "run to band" of a startled outlying member, in which the individual's alarm might transmit to the band or the band's calm transmit to the individual. The results emphasize the importance of communication, social cohesion, and synchronous action in times of perceived threats, their continuous practice during maintenance activities, and the social needs and understanding management of domestic horses.
Colletotrichum spp. and Botrytis cinerea are the main causal agents of grape bunch rot in Brazil. Although chemical control is widely used, it has limitations, such as the selection of resistant pathogen populations and environmental concerns. Biological control emerges as a promising alternative; however, commercial products for viticulture remain limited. We hypothesized that by prospecting endophytic microorganisms from berries of Vitis hosts more resistant to rots, it would be possible to identify isolates with greater biocontrol potential. In this study, 52 endophytic isolates from berries of V. labrusca cv. 'Bordô' were evaluated. In vitro assays showed mycelial growth inhibition of C. nymphaeae and B. cinerea of up to 33% and 60%, respectively. Three isolates antagonistic to both pathogens were molecularly identified as AvCaPR20-VA4L (Clavispora asparagi), AvZmPR20-VB5B (Zygoascus meyerae), and AvTmPR20-PA1N (Tatumella sp.). In postharvest assays, the isolates achieved 31.5-73.5% control of grape ripe rot (C. nymphaeae) and 39.1-59.4% control of gray mold (B. cinerea), with AvTmPR20-PA1N showing the highest efficacy, comparable to chlorothalonil. In untreated berries, disease incidence reached 53.1% for grape ripe rot and 100% for gray mold. Next-generation sequencing of the natural berry microbiota revealed the recurrent presence of Clavispora and Tatumella in non-inoculated 'Bordô' vines, confirming their natural association with grape berry tissues. These findings highlight the potential of exploring microbial diversity from naturally resistant plants as a sustainable strategy for biological disease management in viticulture.
Betatron X-ray sources generated via laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) hold strong potential for diverse applications. Recent progress in tightly focused, high-intensity LWFA has enabled high-charge electron bunches and enhanced betatron radiation. Systematic experimental scans of the laser pulse duration τFWHM, a key control parameter for both acceleration and radiation, remain challenging, motivating particle-in-cell simulations. Accordingly, we simulate tightly focused laser pulses propagating in underdense plasma and show that τFWHM governs transitions between distinct interaction regimes. An optimal duration range of 20-40 fs is identified, where direct laser acceleration contributes substantially, and the conversion efficiencies from laser energy to electron energy and to X-ray energy are simultaneously maximized, reaching 70% and 0.4%, respectively, at ∼1 PW.
This study presents a modified and integrated process for succinic acid production from lignocellulosic biomass wastes, incorporating pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) were employed as representative biomass feedstocks. Comprehensive kinetic analysis was performed to evaluate microbial growth, product formation, and substrate consumption behaviors during fermentation. Pretreatment was conducted using a sequential combination of peracetic acid and alkaline peroxide solutions, assisted by ultrasonication, to enhance cellulose accessibility and reduce lignin content. The pretreated biomass was subsequently subjected to fermentation using two configurations: simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for 48 h at 37 °C, and semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF), consisting of a 6 h pre-hydrolysis step followed by 48 h of SSF. Kinetic analysis showed that microbial growth followed logistic behavior, succinic acid formation was well described by the modified logistic model, and substrate utilization was accurately captured by the modified Gompertz model. Variations in kinetic parameters among the biomass feedstocks highlight the influence of lignin removal efficiency and cellulose accessibility on fermentation performance.