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Incorporation of peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT) into clinical practice is increasing, but the approaches used and reported outcomes vary. Our aim was to describe a volume-based dosing approach for OIT using store-bought peanut powder in a pediatric population and report initial outcomes. A standardized, volume-based OIT protocol using non-pharmaceutical-grade peanut powder was developed at a single academic center. Retrospective chart review was completed for patients (aged 8 months-18 years) who underwent single-food peanut OIT using this approach. OIT effectiveness was evaluated by determining the proportion of patients who (1) reached maintenance therapy and (2) tolerated a cumulative desensitization challenge using 6 g of peanut protein after 1 year of high-dose maintenance therapy. Tolerance to alternative peanut products with estimated equivalent peanut protein was also evaluated. Safety was assessed through clinical reporting of adverse reactions, retrospective assessment of severity of reaction symptoms, epinephrine use, and diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Of the 76 patients, 82% reached maintenance therapy. The 31 patients who achieved a high daily maintenance dose for at least 1 year completed a desensitization challenge; 94% demonstrated clinical tolerance. All patients challenged with equivalent doses of alternative peanut products were tolerant. The most common adverse symptoms were gastrointestinal symptoms (43%); 5 patients (6.6%) received treatment with epinephrine, and 1 patient (1.3%) was diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis. A volume-based approach using store-bought peanut powder can be implemented in clinical practice for oral desensitization in pediatric patients with peanut allergy. Although mild adverse symptoms are common, patients can tolerate transitions between peanut products, and some tolerate desensitization challenge, allowing for limited dietary consumption.

Poor diet is a leading risk factor of non-communicable diseases. Product placement strategies in retail outlets can influence customers' food preferences. The United Kingdom government introduced legislation in October 2022 restricting chain retailers from using location promotions on unhealthy food and drinks. High-quality scientific evidence is needed to inform the inclusion of healthier product placement approaches into these regulations. In the context of Brexit, COVID-19 and the cost-of-living crisis, this study assessed whether positioning an expanded fresh fruit and vegetable section near store entrances in discount supermarkets, which do not routinely market produce this way, improved store sales, household purchasing and diet. This natural experiment had a prospective matched controlled cluster design, involving 36 stores (18 intervention and 18 control) across England. The intervention was implemented continuously for 6 months. Control stores were matched on store sales, customer profiles and neighbourhood deprivation. Participants were women, aged 18-60 years, with loyalty cards and were assigned to their primary store (n = 280 intervention and n = 300 control). Weekly store sales and household data from loyalty cards were provided by the collaborating supermarket chain. Dietary quality, household food waste and demographic characteristics were collected through questionnaires. A process evaluation and economic evaluation were completed. Store-level sales of fruit and vegetables were greater in intervention stores than predicted at intervention implementation and 3 and 6 months' follow-up, equivalent to ≈ 2525, ≈ 1940 and ≈ 1450 extra portions per store per week, respectively. Effect sizes were somewhat stronger in stores where the produce section moved forwards more than 14 m. The proportion of households purchasing fruit and vegetables were somewhat protected among intervention compared to control participants after 3 and 6 months. Changes in dietary quality were small but generally in the expected direction for health benefit. Changes in frequency of household fruit and vegetable waste were negligible at 3 months' follow-up but increased at 6 months. The intervention was implemented according to the study protocol, with marked differences in the positioning of fresh fruit and vegetables between intervention and control stores post-intervention implementation. Fresh fruit and vegetable availability increased post intervention in intervention compared with control stores. Interviews with store staff demonstrated that changes in staff attitudes had a positive reinforcing effect on intervention implementation. Assessment of the policy context showed that stakeholders across the food system largely support the United Kingdom government's unhealthy placement ban; some felt it does not go far enough. This study shows that positioning produce sections near supermarket entrances can improve the nutrition profile of store sales and may improve household purchasing and diet. The United Kingdom Food (Promotion and Placement) Regulations could be refined to require a produce section near supermarket entrances to increase its health impact. Future research should continue to build the evidence for which healthy eating interventions are effective in retail outlets. Further evaluations of real-world supermarket intervention studies using robust scientific study designs are required, alongside process and economic evaluations, to provide evidence for policy intervention to improve retail food environments in the United Kingdom and internationally. This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme as award number 17/44/46. Supermarkets are a major source of food for families. Discount supermarkets have less-healthy environments than other supermarkets and are used more by families living on lower incomes. We worked with a United Kingdom discount supermarket chain to assess if moving a bigger fresh fruit and vegetable section near store entrances improves what people buy. A total of 580 women aged 18–60 years who regularly shopped at one of 36 stores (18 with changes and 18 with no changes) across England took part. Women did a survey over the phone four times (once before the change in layout and 1, 3 and 6 months after). The survey asked about the foods they and their young children (aged 2–6 years) usually ate, where they shopped for food and how much they spent each week, as well as their age, number of children and highest educational qualification. Information about the food each woman bought from loyalty card data and the total sales of fruit and vegetables for each store in the study was given by the supermarket. We found that the sales of fruit and vegetables were higher in stores where they had been moved to the front when compared to stores where they remained at the back of the store, though the size of the impact decreased over time. We found that during the time of Brexit, COVID-19 and the cost-of-living crisis, all families bought fewer fruit and vegetables over time. Families who shopped mostly at study stores with fruit and vegetables near the front entrance had a smaller decline in fruit and vegetable purchases than families who shopped at stores with fruit and vegetables towards the back. Our study provides new information that governments could use to make all supermarkets place fruit and vegetables near the front of their stores so people buy and eat more fresh produce.

What makes persuasive messages effective: expressing attitudes, describing behaviors, or combining both? Across two preregistered experiments (total N = 1,506) and an internal meta-analysis, we compared attitudinal statements (e.g., “The car was good” or “I liked the car”), behavioral statements (e.g., “I bought the car” or “I intended to buy the car”), and combined attitudinal–behavioral statements (e.g., “The car was good, and I bought it,” or “I recommended buying the car”). Participants read positive or negative social media messages about various products and reported their attitudes, perceived norms, and behavioral intentions. Mixed-effects models revealed that combined attitudinal–behavioral statements had the strongest persuasive impact, attitudinal statements had a moderate impact, and behavioral statements had the weakest impact. These effects were mediated by mental simulation of behavior, generalized across higher- and lower-value products, and were confirmed in a network meta-analysis. These findings advance theory and application in communication by showing how integrating attitudinal and behavioral content enhances persuasion. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-44897-4.

Evaluation of the fluoride content, pH, and titratable acidity in mouthwashes that are commercially available in Riyadh market from different vendors. Twenty mouthwashes were randomly collected from different vendors in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The fluoride was measured using a fluoride-ion-selective electrode compared with the fluoride content printed on the label. The pH was measured using a digital pH meter, and the titratable acidity was measured by adding 0.1 M increments of sodium hydroxide to attain a pH equal to or greater than the neutral pH. Data were analysed using SPSS statistical software. There was no significant difference in the fluoride measured between the brands (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.445). A significant difference was found between the labeled values and the measured fluoride of all brands (p-value&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.002), with the measured fluoride being less than the labeled values. 6 out of 10 drugstore mouthwashes and 8 out of 10 bargain store mouthwashes showed a pH below 5.5, which is considered potentially erosive. Bargain stores' mouthwashes showed higher titratable acidity values compared to the drugstore-bought mouthwashes. A significant difference was found between all the mouthwashes' pH (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and titratable acidity (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Some mouthwashes, which are commercially available in the Riyadh market from drugstores and bargain stores, contain fluoride at concentrations lower than the manufacturers' label value and demonstrate a low pH below the critical threshold for enamel dissolution. Moreover, some of the mouthwashes have high titratable acidity, which poses a potential risk of dental erosion.

Traditional markets are places where edible plants and animals are bought and sold for commercial purposes and/or for human animal consumption. Studies on food biodiversity in markets in the Yucat&#xe1;n Peninsula (YP) are limited or non-existent. Therefore, the principle objectives of this study has been to compile a taxonomically verified inventory of edible plant taxa traded in traditional markets of the Yucat&#xe1;n Peninsula, Mexico, and classify them by culinary category and origin (native vs. exotic); and quantify how product richness and availability are structured across market stalls and states of YP. Semi-structured surveys were conducted among vendors in 10 YP markets to identify, based on culinary classification, the fruits, vegetables, roots, or tubers sold there. A total of 117 taxa (76 species, two subspecies, five varieties, and three hybrids) belonging to 61 genera and 33 botanical families were reported. The botanical origin of these taxa, 14 native and 103 exotic. The culinary classification identified 51 fruits, 44 vegetables, 10 legumes, seven roots or tubers, and five aromatic plants. Fruits and vegetables were the most important part of the commercial offering in the YP, due to the population's dietary preferences. However, a low demand for roots, tubers, legumes, and aromatic plants were observed, most possibly due to the changes in eating habits, the industrialization of consumption, and/or limited access to these products; demonstrating a supply focused on everyday products needs and a high local demand.

PurposeEvaluate trends and correlates of self-reported awareness of and responses to front-of-package warning labels (FoPWLs) on packaged Mexican foods among Mexican Americans (MAs) in the United States (US).DesignInternational Food Policy Study annual cross-sectional surveys (2021, 2022, 2023).SettingOnline survey.SampleMA adults in the US (n = 9662).MeasuresSelf-reported past-month frequency of buying food at Mexican-oriented stores (recoded: often/very often vs less often), awareness of Mexican FoPWLs (recoded: often/very often vs less often), and self-reported reductions in purchasing less healthy foods (yes vs no for eight foods) due to FoPWLs.AnalysisAdjusted logistic models regressed binary outcomes (above) on sociodemographics and survey year.ResultsMost participants bought food in Mexican-oriented stores (87.2%). Of those who noticed Mexican FoPWLs (67.6%), many reported that FoPWLs influenced them to reduce purchasing less healthy foods (range = 31.1% [snacks like chips] to 43.9% [cola]). In adjusted models, noticing FoPWLs often/very often (vs less often) increased over time (AOR2022 vs 2021 = 1.30; AOR2023 vs 2021 = 1.21), as did self-reported reductions in purchasing sweetened fruit drinks (AOR2022 vs 2021 = 1.27), and desserts (AOR2022 vs 2021 = 1.32). People with limited vs adequate health literacy reported higher awareness of FoPWLs (AOR = 1.21).ConclusionMAs' awareness and reported effects of Mexican FoPWLs were high and stable or increased over time, with greater awareness among those with limited health literacy.

Around 95% of all websites selling medicines globally are illegal and contribute to the spread of substandard and falsified medicines. Hence, it is important to identify legal pharmacies when accessing medicines online. During 2022-2024, 250 million prescriptions were legally dispensed in Sweden, and 69% were prescribed in primary care. Pharmacists and general practitioners are key healthcare professionals who can guide people to safe online purchases. The overall aim was to describe Swedes' online purchasing habits for medicines. We used a cross-sectional design and collected information from the general population through an annual digital questionnaire for three years in a row, 2022-2024. In total, 6006 respondents, 18-79&#xa0;years old, were included. Fifty-two percent had bought medicines online in the last year. Most respondents, 91%, did not recognise the common EU logo mandatory for authorised online pharmacies. People buying over-the-counter medicines online were significantly younger than those buying prescription-only medicines online. Female gender and higher level of education were associated with more online purchases of medicines. Most respondents' purchasing habits were not influenced by external factors. Reasons for increased online purchases were, for example, that it helps planning regarding access to treatment. Half of the study participants have used online pharmacies, but fewer than 10% know how to identify a safe online pharmacy, i.e. many are at risk for fraud. Increasing this knowledge by informing those who prefer online purchases has the possibility to use the advantages and avoid the risks associated with online purchases of medicines.

The popularity of over-the-counter (OTC) supplements has led to their increased utilization among patients for kidney stone management.9,11 However, a more thorough understanding of the ingredients in OTC supplements marketed to treat nephrolithiasis is needed. These supplements are often bought online, given the substantial increase in online information and shopping in the past decade. Therefore, it is also important to evaluate public interest and the reliability of online information for these purportedly antilithogenic ingredients. The best-selling supplements marketed to treat kidney stones on Amazon.com were compiled to identify the most common ingredients. A literature review was completed to assess clinical support for common ingredients. BuzzSumo software was used to quantify online engagement with articles on each ingredient, as well as the overall topic of alternative treatments for kidney stones. Articles were evaluated for reliability using the DISCERN tool. Ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to assess oxalate content in the most commonly found ingredients in OTC kidney stone supplements. Evidence for stone prevention for the most common supplement ingredients was limited or lacking altogether, based on literature review. Public interest in supplement ingredients was between 2-fold and 10-fold greater than potassium citrate, a commonly prescribed stone prevention medication. Online articles for all ingredients showed poor reliability. Oxalate analysis showed chanca piedra, turmeric, and cinnamon contained 8.2, 8.6, and 14.0 mg oxalate per dose. These findings suggest that patients and providers should exercise caution while using OTC supplements for stone management, and that additional investigations of the composition and clinical efficacy of these ingredients are needed.

This analysis examined associations between factors in the food environment and fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake among women living in rural Northern Tanzania. We used cross-sectional data from 2597 women and 1275 food sources. Women's self-reported factors included buying frequency, sources, availability, and convenience. We also measured women's access to F&V sources using geospatial measures of distance and time from home to the reported typical sources. Data from a 30-day F&V food frequency questionnaire were used to calculate two scores that captured intake frequency and variety. We conducted a descriptive analysis of indicators of women's experience and tested their associations with the scores using multivariable and Poisson regression models, controlling for covariates. On average, 5% and 35% of women reported buying F&V daily, respectively. Fruit was mostly bought from markets: F: 80%, V: 40%. Two-thirds of respondents perceived F&V as available (F: 65%, V: 60%). Median (IQR) distance and time to fruit sources were 9&#x202f;km (2,19), 39&#x202f;min (19,78), and to vegetable sources were 3&#x202f;km (1,10), 32&#x202f;min (8-69). Compared to women who reported making daily purchases of F&V, those who purchased weekly or monthly reported lower frequency and variety of F&V intake. Women's perceptions that F&V were less available and at a longer distance were associated with lower frequency and variety of vegetable intake.Buying frequency, perceived availability, and distance to markets were associated with women's frequency and variety of F&V intake, underscoring the need to consider these and other factors in food environments to increase F&V intake.

Peanut allergy is the most common food allergy in Australian school-aged children and is rarely outgrown. Access to oral immunotherapy (OIT), a disease-modifying treatment for food allergy, is limited in many regions of the world, including Australia. Clinical trials show high rates of allergic desensitisation and remission are being achieved, particularly in young children, but significant variability in protocols and implementation prevents large-scale evaluation of clinical and patient-reported safety, effectiveness and long-term outcomes. A standardised national model of care OIT program has not been previously attempted. In Australia, the National Allergy Centre of Excellence partnered with 10 paediatric hospitals to develop and implement the ADAPT OIT Program, which aims to change the trajectory from 'Allergy Development to an Accelerated Pathway to Tolerance'. The Program was designed after extensive international expert and consumer consultation, and attempts to be pragmatic, feasible by using existing resources, and equitable, with out-of-pocket costs to families limited to the purchase of the OIT product, store-bought peanut flour. In July 2024, the ADAPT OIT Program was launched. Infants were considered if they had a history consistent with an IgE-mediated allergic reaction to peanut <&#x2009;12&#x2009;months of age and evidence of sensitisation (peanut SPT &#x2265;&#x2009;3&#x2009;mm; peanut sIgE or ara h 2 sIgE &#x2265;&#x2009;0.35kUA/L). A threshold oral food challenge (OFC) was done to confirm a diagnosis of peanut allergy using teaspoon measures (1/64th, 1/32nd, 1/16th, 1/8th, &#xbc;, &#xbd;, 1 tsp. peanut flour, cumulative dose of 2435&#x2009;mg peanut protein), and to determine the OIT starting dose unless the index reaction was a CoFAR Grade 3+. In this case, infants started OIT with a microdose escalation commencing with a red microspoon of peanut flour (3&#x2009;mg peanut protein) up to a maximum of 1/64th tsp. (15&#x2009;mg). Up-dose stage visits were conducted every 4&#x2009;weeks until the maintenance stage was achieved (1/2 tsp. of peanut flour: 650&#x2009;mg peanut protein). After 2&#x2009;years of OIT, infants had an 8-week period of strict peanut avoidance followed by an OFC to assess for sustained unresponsiveness (SU). Infants were followed up for a minimum of 12 months post SU OFC. The ADAPT OIT Program aims to make best-practice peanut OIT accessible to a significant proportion of infants with peanut allergy in Australia. Under a national standardised model, with rigorous and timely evaluation, the Program design enables optimisation over time for maximal impact.

Against the backdrop of intertwined natural and anthropogenic disturbances, dissolved element transport in large rivers has become a core environmental research focus. This study explored the spatiotemporal distribution of F-, As, and NO3- in the karst-dominated Wujiang River, with a focus on the overlapped impacts of vulnerable karst landforms and cascade reservoirs. Mean concentrations of the three anions were 0.49&#xa0;mg/L for F-, 0.75&#xa0;&#x3bc;g/L for As, and 2.71&#xa0;mg/L for NO3- showing significant correlations with karst hydrochemical traits (e.g., TDS, Ca2+). Source analysis based on positive matrix factorization indicated the combined action of natural source and anthropogenic activities. Intense evaporation and mineral desorption drove basin-wide As-F- co-occurrence. Notably, an imbalanced higher Ca2+/HCO3- bought about the persistent supersaturation of fluorite (CaF2), presenting an apparent paradox given the observed low F- levels in aqueous solutions. The high geochemical background in supergene sediments serve as a latent F- source under hydrochemical fluctuations. On the other hand, cascade reservoirs (characterized by age and HRT) further modulated anions:NO3- dynamics were governed by a balance between retention during low-flow periods and partial removal via denitrification under hypoxic conditions, while redox shifts (evidenced by the negative correlations of As with DO/Fe) altered As mobility. Though ecological and health risks of individual contaminant were low, cumulative risks were critical in the midstream of dry seasons and the upstream of wet seasons. The study stresses integrating karst and dam impacts into anion management, which is pivotal for sustainable river governance.

Cannabis supply methods vary depending on the country, legislation, availability, and population characteristics. In many countries, cannabis consumption remains illegal and poses a major public health concern. Therefore, it is essential to study the factors associated with cannabis supply. Data were obtained from the 2017 French ESCAPAD and Health Barometer surveys (HBS). ESCAPAD is a national cross-sectional survey representative of 17-year-olds, while the HBS is a national cross-sectional telephone survey representative of French individuals aged 18-64. To ensure representativeness, data were weighted, and missing data were imputed. Three cannabis supply methods used in the past year were available in both databases and were analyzed using multivariate multinomial logistic regressions: (a) obtained for free; (b) bought from friends, relatives, or dealers; (c) home cultivation. The study included 2,943 17-years-old and 1,221 adults who reported using at least one of the analyzed methods to obtain cannabis. The majority had purchased cannabis (60% in ESCAPAD and 68% in HBS), while 33% and 24%, respectively, obtained it free, and only 5% and 8% had cultivated it. Among both 17-year-olds and adults, compared with obtaining cannabis for free, being male and experiencing problematic cannabis use were associated with buying or cultivating cannabis. Among 17-year-olds, being an apprentice was associated with a higher likelihood of cultivation, while earning money in the past 30 days and experiencing depression were associated with buying cannabis. Early experimentation with cannabis was associated with both supply methods among adolescents. Among adults, the 26-34 age group was associated with both buying and cultivating, while having less than a high school diploma was associated only with purchasing. Cannabis supply methods are similar between minors and adults, with buying from friends, relatives, or dealers being the most common source. This study identifies vulnerable people who use cannabis and their acquisition practices, providing valuable insights for public policies.

In low-socioeconomic contexts like South-eastern T&#xfc;rkiye, where child labor rates exceed national averages due to economic pressures, working youth face amplified risks of gambling as a maladaptive coping mechanism. The present study was conducted to identify gambling addiction, predictors and psychological consequences among working youth in the South-eastern Anatolia Region of T&#xfc;rkiye. This cross-sectional and descriptive study, which was planned in accordance with STROBE guidelines, was conducted between 01.04.2024 and 31.12.2024 with youth working on the streets of &#x15e;anl&#x131;urfa and Diyarbak&#x131;r for more than two years. Ethical approval was obtained from the university and institutional permission was obtained from the governor's office in the province where the study was conducted. After explaining the study to each adolescent and parent, informed consent was obtained from all adolescents and parents. The study was conducted with 671 working youth who met the specified inclusion criteria. Regression analysis and mediation models were used in the analyses. It was found that 18% (122) of the adolescents working on the street played rummikub, 25% (171) played billiards or bowling for money once a week, 32% (217) played iddaa (official football betting game), 17% (112) betted on horse racing, 11% (72) bought numerical lotto tickets, 33% (223) played scratch card games and 23% (152) played online games every week in the last 12&#xa0;months. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire score had a negative statistical effect on multidimensional perceived social support scale (&#x3b2;1&#x2009;=&#x2009;-0.973), and a positive statistical effect on depressive symptoms (&#x3b2;1&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.690) and anxiety symptoms (&#x3b2;1&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.726). The change of 60.2% of the scores in the gambling screening test was explained by depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and multidimensional perceived social support scores (R2&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.602). More than half of the gambling screening test was explained by these three variables. Current evidence indicates that culturally sensitive, enhanced social support could alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety associated with gambling behaviour. However, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to establish causality and the clinical efficacy of this relationship definitively. Therefore, future policy frameworks must balance methodological rigour and robust evidence generation with advocacy for the potential role of such interventions.

Anabolic androgenic steroids play a key role in many important biological processes in human body. One of them is the control and enhancement of muscle growth, and, for this reason, they are closely connected with doping in professional sport. Various steroid-containing preparations have also become popular among amateur sportsmen and bodybuilders as their availability is highly facilitated by an easy access to the Internet, where they can be bought easily and anonymously. Preparations from such unofficial sources, however, can have uncertain composition, and their excessive usage may be harmful to health. It is thus important to seek reliable and fast analytical approaches for the identification and profiling of steroid-containing samples from various suspicious sources to be able to efficiently fight the illegal spread of potentially life-threatening preparations. In the presented work, a combination of two IR spectroscopy techniques and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) was used to analyse several medicines from various unofficial Internet sources and police seizures that allegedly contained anabolic steroids. It turned out that this relatively cheap, user-friendly and fast framework enabled an interesting and reliable tool for the preliminary classification of suspicious pharmaceutical samples in forms of tablets and oil solutions. While IR spectroscopy is often used in forensic practice, application of ECD presents a new interesting approach that advantageously complements the information about the analysed samples, for instance the absolute configuration of the active substances.

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) has been known to adversely affect a person's daily activities, including a person's ability to eat, drink, and engage in the appropriate oral hygiene practices. Literature about DH in Africa as a continent and in Ghana is limited. A cross-sectional study approach was used, and 500 participants were sampled using consecutive sampling. Respondents completed the questionnaire and oral examination. DH was clinically measured by cold air stimulation, and pain was rated using the Schiff cold air score. Almost half (212 out of 500) participants experienced DH, with an equal male-to-female ratio (1:1). Respondents had DH significantly impact drinking (47.3%) (P < 0.0004), rather than eating and brushing (26.5 and 26.1%). Thus, a significant number of sufferers (67.7%) did something about their pain (P < 0.001), with the majority (38.3%) visiting their dentist, while 27.8% bought over-the-counter desensitizing agents and 23.9% opting for a warm saltwater rinse. Patients who responded to cold air stimulation were 71.8% and were found to have either a form of tooth wear or gingival recession. More than half of the respondents (71.8%) responded to cold air simulation, with the majority (46.2%) experiencing a Schiff pain score of 1. The prevalence of DH out of 500 participants was 42.4%, with most patients in the age group of 30-50 (44%) years, followed by >50 (34%) years and the rest below 30 years. There should be renewed public education on DH to help in the prevention and treatment of this condition.