Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms are microengineered systems that combine microfluidic control with living cells to emulate the physiological functions of human tissues and organs in vitro. OoC has become a transformative tool in pharmaceutical research, offering unprecedented capabilities for predicting drug efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity with human-relevant precision. This study presents a comprehensive scientometric and patent landscape analysis of OoC studies in pharmaceutical sciences spanning 2008-2025. Using CiteSpace, we mapped 1,786 publications to identify influential authors, landmark works, and temporal shifts in thematic focus. Keyword burst and clustering analyses reveal emerging frontiers in multi-organ integration, disease modeling, and drug screening. Patent data indicate a rapid expansion since 2016, led by China and the United States, underscoring a translational trajectory from fundamental research to applied biotechnology. These findings delineate the evolving intellectual and technological framework of organ-on-a-chip research in drug development and highlight future priorities in multi-organ systems, biomaterials optimization, and clinical translation.
Current research aims to investigate a less explored bacterium V. fluvialis VB1 from biggest natural carbon dioxide sink marine origin in carbon sequestration study. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) producing bacteria was isolated from marine origin. Out of 35 bacterial isolates, three bacterial (VB1, VB2 and VB3) isolates showed CO2 fixing ability in primary screening test. Among which one of the isolates, VB1 showed high esterase activity in secondary screening. The isolate VB1 was taken further for identification, purification of CA and further experimental findings. The CA strain was identified as Vibrio fluvialis by 16 S-rRNA sequence analysis and sequence submitted in NCBI-GenBank. Furthermore, for more enzyme titres optimization of bacterial growth, a response surface methodology (RSM) was employed by Box-Benken designs (BBDs) model. The optimized parameter resulted in elevation of enzyme production led to their activity from 121.15 µmol/ml to 138.56 µmol/ml. Moreover, the biosequestration activity of CA showed positive result by bioprecipitation of CO2 into CaCO3 confirmed by SEM and EDAX. By which V. fluvialis can be added up on list of potential strain for carbon sequestration and can be used to establish sustainable CCUs.
Yak (Bos grunniens) is a high-altitude adapted bovine species native to the Himalayan and Tibetan plateau, thriving at elevations above 3000 m from msl under hypobaric hypoxia. Despite its remarkable physiological adaptations, a complete transcriptomic understanding across multiple organs remains limited. In this study, full-length transcriptome sequencing of 22 tissues was performed using PacBio Iso-Seq, generating over 200,000 high-quality non-redundant RNA transcripts. This dataset significantly improves yak genome annotation and reveals widespread isoform diversity, including thousands of novel transcripts and 4,319 high-confidence lncRNAs. Enrichment of key hypoxia-related pathways such as HIF-1, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, and TGF-β was observed, along with tissue-specific expression patterns in vascular, immune, and reproductive systems. These results provide a valuable multi-organ transcriptomic resource and offer new insights into the genetic mechanisms supporting high-altitude adaptation in yak.
Energy-supplying molecules are essential for biological processes, particularly for transcription and translation. Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems are powerful tools for in vitro protein production, offering flexibility for applications ranging from high-throughput protein screening to therapeutic protein production. However, energy regeneration in CFPS remains a key challenge, particularly for large-scale or resource-constrained settings. In this study, we introduce phosphoserine (PS) as a simple, cost-effective alternative secondary energy source, capable of partially or fully replacing 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA), the commonly used energy donor in E. coli lysate-based CFPS, whose availability is often limited. By supplementing CFPS reactions with PS, we demonstrate significant improvements in protein yield and cost-efficiency, achieving a 2-fold increase in protein production. Importantly, PS enhancement is maintained across lysate batches and protein targets. Furthermore, we offer affordable CFPS compositions that retain protein synthesis, making the system more accessible for resource-limited settings. Additionally, we show that higher PS concentrations, while reducing final protein yield, extend the reaction duration by more than 2-fold. Therefore, the incorporation of PS as an alternative energy donor enables a tunable modality for balancing protein yield, reaction longevity, and cost. Our data support a model in which PS enhances CFPS via the serine biosynthesis pathway by modulating flux between serine production and glycolysis to support ATP regeneration. Lastly, we validate the use of these optimized CFPS compositions within synthetic cells (SCs). This study establishes PS as a promising energy source for E. coli lysate-based CFPS systems, paving the way for enhanced and economical protein synthesis platforms tailored to diverse clinical, biotechnological, and industrial needs.
The identification of bioactive components (BCs) in food is essential for understanding their biological activities and the health advantages they may provide. Although nanozyme sensor arrays have been developed and used for the detection of BCs, the performance of certain nanozymes remains less than ideal in practical settings. Therefore, developing nanozymes with higher activity is important for enhancing the sensing performance of sensor arrays and broadening their use in biosensing applications. Here, we developed a histidine-functionalized trimesic acid-copper (TA-Cu-His) nanozyme using a defect-engineering approach. Relative to the original TA-Cu material, the resulting TA-Cu-His nanozyme shows enhanced laccase-like (LAC) activity. Because its catalytic activity varies markedly across different pH conditions, we employed a Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) strategy to screen for the optimal pH sensing channels and further applied them for the identification of various BCs. In addition, integrating various machine learning (ML) algorithms with the sensor array improved the precision of the concentration-irrelevant classification system from 58.62 to 100%, thereby enabling the recognition of blind samples. Finally, we further developed an ML-assisted intelligent sensing platform using a Residual Network 50 (ResNet-50) neural network model to improve the practical application of BC identification. Overall, this work offers a new strategy for the intelligent and efficient identification of multiple BCs.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pose substantial environmental and health hazards. Adsorption is a crucial VOCs control technology, and the advancement of adsorbents is highly dependent on precise characterization via both static and dynamic adsorption measurements. Theoretically, a specific conversion relationship should exist between these two measurement methods. However, due to discrepancies in focus and testing conditions, the differences in adsorption capacities obtained by the two methods often vary considerably and lack regularity. In this study, a quantitative framework was established to bridge the gap between static and dynamic adsorption capacities by correlating them under identical partial pressures. Results indicate that the dynamic saturation adsorption capacity (Qds) is ca. 0.93 times the static adsorption capacity (Qs) at the matched partial pressure (Qds= 0.93 × Qs). Additionally, the dynamic penetration capacity (Qdp) is systematically related to Qds through the slope (k) of the adsorption isotherm. Furthermore, by normalizing partial pressures (P/P0), a unified predictive equation (Qdp= (1-0.15 × k) × Qds) was derived. This equation can predict the concentration-dependent evolution of penetration capacity directly from equilibrium isotherms, effectively eliminating temperature effects and ensuring universal applicability. This research establishes a universal approach for calculating dynamic adsorption performance from static isotherm data, which can guide the development of tailored adsorbents for various industrial scenarios.
Two endophytic bacterial strains, designated as Sx8-8ᵀ and SI8-4ᵀ, were isolated from the stem and leaf tissues, respectively, of Kaempferia marginata Carey collected in Thailand. A comprehensive taxonomic investigation employing a polyphasic approach was conducted to characterize these strains. Strain Sx8-8ᵀ is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium that produces yellow pigment on Reasoner's 2A agar (R2A) medium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed this strain within the genus Sphingobium, showing the highest similarity (98.5%) to Sphingobium chungbukense KACC 12347ᵀ (=DJ77T). The draft genome was 4.7 Mb in size with a G+C content of 64 mol%. Genome-wide comparisons with closely related type strains yielded an average nucleotide identity based on blastn (ANIb) and MUMmer (ANIm) values of 82.2-84.0% and 86.7-86.9%, respectively, with digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of 28.4-29.1%. Chemotaxonomic data supported its affiliation to the genus, with Q-10 identified as the major respiratory quinone, along with characteristic fatty acid and polar lipid profiles. These findings support the proposal of a novel species, Sphingobium trunci sp. nov., with Sx8-8ᵀ (=LMG 33805ᵀ=TBRC 17746ᵀ) as the type strain. Strain SI8-4ᵀ is a Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, producing pale pink pigment on R2A medium. It was identified as a member of the genus Peribacillus, sharing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.0%) with Peribacillus frigoritolerans JCM 11681ᵀ and Peribacillus muralis DSM 16288ᵀ. The genome was 4.6 Mb in size, with a G+C content of 43 mol%. Comparative genomic analyses revealed ANIb and ANIm values of 80.0-86.0% and 84.3-87.8%, respectively, while dDDH values were 24.3-32.1%. The major quinone was MK-7, and the fatty acid and polar lipid compositions were consistent with members of the genus Peribacillus. Based on genotypic and phenotypic distinctiveness, strain SI8-4ᵀ is proposed to represent a novel species, Peribacillus folii sp. nov. The type strain is SI8-4ᵀ (=KACC 23903ᵀ=KCTC 43756ᵀ=TBRC 17747ᵀ).
Gliomas are molecularly heterogeneous central nervous system tumors with variable treatment responsiveness and survival outcomes. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation is an important biomarker because it is associated with reduced DNA repair capacity and increased sensitivity to alkylating agents, particularly temozolomide (TMZ). However, its clinical meaning is not uniform across glioma subtypes and should not be interpreted as a universal prognostic marker. In IDH-wildtype glioblastoma, MGMT promoter methylation has the strongest evidence as a predictive biomarker for benefit from TMZ-containing therapy, although survival advantages in treated cohorts should be interpreted mainly as treatment-associated effects unless treatment-independent prognostic value is demonstrated. In IDH-mutant astrocytoma, MGMT methylation may partly reflect IDH-associated global hypermethylation and appears to have limited independent clinical value. In IDH-mutant, 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma, MGMT methylation may provide supportive, treatment-context-dependent information, particularly in patients receiving alkylating chemotherapy. In pediatric-type and rare molecularly defined gliomas, including histone-altered tumors, MGMT status remains exploratory and should be interpreted alongside methylation class, lineage-defining alterations, tumor location, and treatment history. Technical factors, including assay platform, CpG-site selection, cutoff definition, tissue quality, tumor-cell content, and intratumoral heterogeneity, further complicate interpretation. Because MGMT methylation is biologically continuous, this review further argues that borderline results should be reported as gray-zone or intermediate categories when validated, and that quantitative methylation values should be integrated into subtype-aware multivariable models rather than being reduced exclusively to binary calls. This review summarizes the biological and clinical relevance of MGMT promoter methylation across glioma subtypes and proposes a subtype-aware, treatment-conditional, and assay-aware framework for interpreting its predictive and survival-related significance.
Protein amyloid fibrils (AFs) have garnered significant attention in the food industry. However, the acid-thermal preparation method has obvious limitations, such as harsh reaction conditions and poor product homogeneity. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize recent research advances in the formation of AFs from various source proteins, with a focus on innovative strategies for optimizing preparation conditions. It also provided an in-depth analysis of the regulatory mechanisms governing the formation of AFs, influenced by environmental factors such as pH, ionic types and strength, heat conditions, and interactions between substances. The kinetic characteristics and morphological evolution of the AFs assembly process were elucidated at the molecular level. The overview of aforementioned formation mechanism lays theoretical foundation for the precise regulation of the functional properties of AFs. Furthermore, thanks to their excellent functional properties, AFs are increasingly applied and play a crucial in fields such as materials science, biomedicine, and food innovation. Therefore, this review presented the latest research trends and application prospects of AFs in these fields. Finally, while comprehensively analyzing the technical advantages, this review also objectively pointed out challenges in recent investigations, including difficulties in large-scale production and insufficient safety assessment, and put suggestions for development suggestions. This review provides valuable theoretical basis and technical reference for the efficient preparation of AFs from edible proteins through modification or environmental regulation strategies. It also holds its significant research value and broad application potential in the development of novel functional materials, personalized food products, and related fields.
Acinetobacter baumannii, a multidrug-resistant opportunistic bacterium, poses a substantial hazard in hospital settings. The emergence of colistin- and tigecycline-resistant strains further limits treatment options and necessitates detailed investigation of resistance mechanisms. A total of 144 clinical A. baumannii isolates from multiple hospitals in Iran were identified using standard microbiological and molecular techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using both disk diffusion and broth microdilution techniques. Biofilm formation was quantified by crystal violet staining. Resistance and biofilm-related genes were detected by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of key resistance genes (pmrA, pmrB, adeB, adeJ, and adeG) was evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in resistant isolates, and MLST was performed to determine the genetic relatedness among tigecycline- and colistin-resistant isolates. Resistance to colistin and tigecycline was observed in 3 (2.08%) and 2 (1.4%) isolates, respectively, and 90.9% of the isolates were biofilm producers, with higher odds of strong biofilm formation significantly correlating with the presence of blaPER1. All isolates carried pmrA and pmrB, but only colistin-resistant isolates showed overexpression of these genes compared to susceptible ones. MLST revealed diverse sequence types among resistant isolates, including ST188, ST138, ST387, ST2288, and ST3337. This study highlights the complex interplay between the presence of genes, their expression, and the resistance phenotype in A. baumannii and underscores the importance of monitoring chromosomal resistance determinants for effective control and treatment strategies.
Bacterial laccases are multicopper oxidase enzymes that are able to catalyze the oxidation reaction of phenolic and non-phenolic substrates followed by the reduction reaction of molecular oxygen to water as the only byproduct. It exhibits high stability under harsh conditions and can be produced recombinantly in various microbial hosts. Herein, we review recent advances in bacterial laccase research over the past decade, which focus on production technologies, protein engineering strategies, and diagnostic applications. We also discuss how synthetic biology has overcome historical limitations in heterologous expression and enabled industrial-scale production in hosts such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In addition, we analyzed how directed evolution, rational design, post-translational modifications, and computational modeling have enhanced the catalytic properties of laccases. In the final chapter, we evaluate the use of bacterial laccases as peroxidase alternatives for detecting clinical analytes like dopamine, uric acid, and glucose biosensing and point-of-care diagnostics. This review integrated more than 120 peer-reviewed papers and provides a comprehensive assessment of how bacterial laccases are transitioning from laboratory curiosities to practical biocatalysts in environmental monitoring, industrial processing, and medical diagnostics. We conclude the review by identifying remaining challenges and future research directions for realizing the full potential of these versatile enzymes.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of RNAs characterized by a covalently closed loop structure formed between the 5' and 3' splice sites. Over the years, circRNAs have been shown to act in post-transcriptional regulation and as potential sponges for miRNAs. Although the number of circRNAs identified has grown and several databases have been developed, challenges persist in analyzing large datasets and extracting molecular information. Machine learning-based tools have been gaining attention due to their potential to massively analyze molecules and understand patterns in response to stresses. However, there is still a lack of studies that connect circRNAs and abiotic stress using this approach. In this study, we developed circ-EnviroPredict, a tool designed to predict the potential involvement of circRNAs in cold and drought stress conditions based on biological sequence data. Using a Random Forest-based methodology, the circ-EnviroPredict tool was trained using rice and maize circRNA sequence data, in which k-mers were transformed into vector representations using the Word2Vec approach. Using independent test sets, it was possible to obtain accuracy values ~77% and ~81% forcold and drought models respectively. It was also possible to validate using data from other plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Glycine max and Triticum aestivum. In addition, a k-mer density analysis revealed an enrichment of AT-rich motifs in circRNAs associated with abiotic stress conditions, providing biological insights into the sequence patterns captured by the predictive models. These results provide insights into how machine learning and Word2Vec techniques can be used to classify the potential involvement of plant circRNAs under abiotic stress conditions using biological sequence data.
Liver organoids are emerging as human-relevant three-dimensional in vitro systems for chemical safety assessment, however, their application value depends on their ability to generate decision-ready evidence within clearly defined context-of-use (CoU). Here, we review the biological fidelity, quality assessment, exposure characterization, and validation requirements of liver organoids across three CoUs: (1) hazard screening and identification, (2) mechanistic elucidation of hazard, and (3) quantitative risk assessment support. Within this CoU framework, we review recent advances in liver organoids and their applications to chemical safety assessment, highlighting models that already provide useful evidence and those where implementation remains partial or inconsistent. Based on this review, we discuss the major barriers to broader regulatory adoption, which include insufficient biological implementation, limited reproducibility, insufficient exposure characterization, and a lack of harmonized performance criteria and standardization frameworks. By evaluating liver organoids in relation to clearly defined decision questions rather than generalized technological promise, this review clarifies their current contributions, explains why their contributions remain CoU-dependent, and outlines key priorities for developing decision-ready liver organoid platforms for next-generation chemical safety assessment.
The necessity of iodinated contrast agents in radiographic diagnosis comes with an increased risk of kidney injury. The sclerotium of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, a traditional Chinese medicine, exhibits anti-inflammatory and diuretic pharmacological properties. Its extracted polysaccharides demonstrate anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCP) on contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). The purified PCP was characterized using FTIR and monosaccharide analysis. A CI-AKI mouse model was established to evaluate its preventive effects via oral gavage. Mitochondrial structure, function, and biogenesis were assessed by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ROS, ATP, and mitochondrial DNA copy number. Antioxidant capacity and apoptosis levels were evaluated by detecting 8-OHdG, caspase 3/7 activity, cleaved-PARP, MDA, and GSH. Finally, the mechanism of action of PCP was analyzed using qPCR and immunoblotting. The results showed that PCP significantly mitigated CI-AKI by inhibiting contrast-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in kidney tissue. Furthermore, PCP maintained mitochondrial homeostasis in the kidneys by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant capacity. These findings were consistent with in vitro data. Notably, PGC-1α was identified as a key factor in the nephroprotective effects of PCP, with its activation attributed to the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway. These findings suggest that PCP offers significant benefits in mitigating CI-AKI by enhancing antioxidant defenses and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis through activation of the CaMKK2/AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway in the kidney. Therefore, PCP could be a potential preventive agent for CI-AKI.
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) represent an eco-friendly strategy to improve crop yield under abiotic stress conditions. This study aimed to perform a comprehensive genomic and functional profiling of a halotolerant rhizobacterium to evaluate its multi-trait plant growth-promoting (PGP) potential and its precise contribution to mitigating salinity stress for climate-resilient agriculture. In the present study, 24 (8.5%) rhizobacterial isolates showed phosphate-solubilizing activity out of 283 isolated bacteria from rice rhizosphere. From these, strain OSNO4 was selected for detailed evaluation. The isolate demonstrated phosphate solubilization (solubilization index: 1.22) and potassium solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production (38.34 µg/ml), nitrogen fixation, siderophore and ammonia production, protease activity, and biofilm formation in vitro. Additionally, it showed tolerance to salinity (10% NaCl), drought (20% PEG 6000), temperature (45 °C), and a broad pH range. Strain OSNO4 further suppressed the growth of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium concentricum by 54.23%. Whole-genome sequencing analysis identified the strain as Enterobacter roggenkampii (ANI 98.2%, dDDH 85.7%), with a 4.67 Mb genome harboring total 4,546 predicted genes and diverse functional subsystems. Comprehensive genomic study further revealed the presence of genes linked to nutrient mobilization, phytohormone biosynthesis, abiotic stress tolerance, and antifungal activity. Six biosynthetic gene clusters, including siderophore-related and putatively novel clusters were also identified. Pan-genome analysis revealed an open genome structure with high flexibility and genetic variability. Under salinity stress, OSNO4 inoculation significantly improved rice seed germination (52.22% to 85.56% at 100 mM NaCl; 42.22% to 72.22% at 150 mM NaCl), root and shoot development, and biomass accumulation compared to uninoculated controls. The strain also showed broad antibiotic susceptibility and non-hemolytic phenotype, suggesting its biosafe nature. In summary, these data demonstrate that E. roggenkampii OSNO4 possesses a robust repertoire of genomic determinants and functional capabilities, establishing it as a highly potent bioinoculant for deployment in climate-resilient and sustainable agroecosystems.
Insect symbionts play essential roles in host biology, influencing nutrition, immunity, reproduction, and environmental adaptation, ultimately shaping insect physiology, ecology, and evolution. With the rapid growth of functional and genomic datasets on insect symbionts, there remains a critical need for a dedicated platform to systematically compile, organize, and analyze these datasets from an integrative ecological perspective. Here, we developed an insect Symbiont database, named as iSymBase, by manually curating functional records and genomic datasets of insect symbionts from published academic literature. Currently, iSymBase contains over 2657 insect symbiont functional records spanning 795 host species, along with 1494 metagenomes, 14 992 amplicon datasets, and standardized genome and gene catalogs, providing a comprehensive resource for ecological and comparative insect symbiont researches. iSymBase offers standardized query functionalities, such as data browsing, keyword associative search, sequence alignment, data download, and submission. Beyond conventional database functionalities, iSymBase provides several innovative tools: insect-symbiont interaction network for host-symbiont ecological relationships, a batch annotation tool for detecting ecologically functional symbionts from microbiome profiles, and an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered chatbot iSymSeek designed to assist researchers with related knowledge queries. Taken together, iSymBase will serve as an open-access and continually updated platform for storing, querying, and analyzing insect symbiont data, supporting ecological exploration of host-symbiont interactions, symbiont functional diversity, and microbiome-driven adaptation. Database URL: http://symbiont.insect-genome.com/.
Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a potent natural antioxidant in olive oil, has broad food and nutraceutical applications, but sustainable, scalable production remains challenging. Here, we achieved efficient de novo HT biosynthesis in Escherichia coli using glucose-glycerol dual carbon sources, combining metabolic engineering and rational enzyme design. We eliminated feedback inhibition, deleted competing pathways, and rationally mutated the rate-limiting enzyme HpaBC (S462A/M293Y), which enhanced catalytic efficiency by improving substrate entry, oxygen availability, and shortening reaction distance, as revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. Global cofactor optimization boosted HT titer to 4.90 g/L in shake flasks. Under optimized dissolved oxygen in a 5 L bioreactor, HT production reached 13.25 g/L, the highest reported titer in E. coli to date, providing a robust strategy for sustainable HT biomanufacturing.
Nine endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from the leaves of Palaquium amboinense to evaluate their bioactive potential. Among them, isolate DT16 exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity during preliminary screening. Ethyl acetate extracts of DT16 were fractionated into 23 fractions, with Fraction 5 (F5) showing the most consistent biological activity. F5 inhibited Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 625 µg/mL. The fraction significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited biofilm formation and reduced preformed biofilm cells, particularly in B. subtilis. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 89.31 µg/mL in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and 71.51 µg/mL in the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. Cytotoxicity assays showed selective reduction of MCF-7 breast cancer cell viability with an IC₅₀ of 57.19 µg/mL. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) profiling of F5 revealed two putative metabolites, including taurodeoxycholic acid and azedarachin C. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16 S rRNA) gene identified DT16 as closely related to Bacillus velezensis (> 99% similarity), and partial biosynthetic gene cluster analysis detected fragments of polyketide synthase I (PKS I) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes. These findings indicate that P. amboinense-associated endophytic B. velezensis DT16 represents a promising source of bioactive metabolites with antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-026-04916-7.
The global market for high-protein ready-to-eat (RTE) foods is expanding rapidly, driven by consumer demand for convenience and nutrition. However, thermal processing and subsequent reheating frequently induce warmed-over flavor (WOF), a complex off-flavor characterized by rancid and stale notes that can severely compromise product acceptance. This review provides a systematic, cross-system analysis of WOF formation, moving beyond comparative volatile profiling to elucidate the fundamental mechanistic models underlying this defect. We critically evaluate three representative systems, heme-iron-driven lipid oxidation in meat, protease-mediated protein degradation in surimi, and synergistic Maillard-lipid co-oxidation in plant-based analogs. A central insight from this evaluation is that WOF is not a uniform phenomenon but rather a matrix-specific issue dictated by intrinsic compositional and structural factors. Consequently, effective mitigation requires equally tailored interventions. While natural antioxidants and advanced packaging show promise, their efficacy is constrained by the specific biochemistry of the food matrix. Future research should prioritize a shift from descriptive volatile profiling to predictive, mechanism-based science. This will require integrating multi-omics technologies to dynamically map formation pathways and rationally designing delivery systems and smart packaging to build WOF resilience into next-generation RTE foods.
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