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Early and efficient management of bloodstream infections (BSIs) reduces the risk of complications and death. Therefore, it is crucial to identify antimicrobials with good activity against bacteria isolated from BSIs. This study aimed to determine the bacterial pathogens involved in BSIs, pooled antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rate, AMR phenotype rates, and the evolution of AMR over the years in West Africa. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA 2020) were used, and the protocol for this review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database with the registration identification number (CRD420251064773). Keywords were used to conduct a systematic literature review of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, African Journals Online, PubMed, ResearchGate, Embase, and Scopus. Data analyses were conducted using Stata/MP 17.0, and a random-effects model was used to estimate pooled estimates. Twenty-three research articles, including samples collected between 2003 and 2022, were selected for this study. The prevalence of BSIs was 13.1% (95% CI: 12.8-13.3) (6,864 blood culture-positive out of the 52,566 patients screened for BSIs). A total of 4,992 bacteria were isolated, including 3,219 Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and 1,773 Gram-positive bacteria (GPB). The pooled AMR rates of 20 antimicrobials were obtained, and the highest were for ampicillin [73% (95% CI: 66, 80)] and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [72% (95% CI: 63, 80)]. The lowest pooled AMR rates were observed for the carbapenems [10% (95% CI: 1, 25)] and clindamycin [15% (95% CI: 6, 27)]. GNB were more resistant to ampicillin (P = 0.003) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (P = 0.002) than GPB, and the pooled prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) was 53% (95% CI: 30, 75). There were significant upward trends for ciprofloxacin (P = 0.007), carbapenems (P = 0.010), ofloxacin (P = 0.013), and third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) (P = 0.032) when comparing the pooled AMR rates of 2004-2013 to those of 2014-2022. Carbapenems and clindamycin showed relatively low resistance rates, but high study heterogeneity and limited data warrant caution in their empiric use. Overall, the findings highlight the need to prioritize local antibiograms and strengthen antimicrobial stewardship to address rising AMR in West Africa. Not applicable.
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), genus Pestivirus, is the causative agent of congenital tremor type A-II, a neurological disease in newborn piglets that is characterized by tremors. Although the virus can spread horizontally, clinical disease is observed only after in utero infection. While venereal transmission has been proposed as a potential route, the pathogenesis and transmission dynamics of APPV remain incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of APPV in semen from Norwegian breeding boars, its temporal shedding patterns, and the potential impact of APPV on semen producing organs. An initial screening of 110 breeding boars revealed that 50.9% (56/110) were APPV-positive in semen, as determined by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The virus load in semen was highly variable, with concentrations up to 4.0 × 10^6 genomic copies (GC)/mL. Extended sampling of a smaller subset of APPV-positive boars (n = 19) revealed that virus shedding in semen typically persisted for less than 3 months, although intermittent shedding for up to 7 months was observed in one boar. At slaughter, the virus was detected in reproductive organs and accessory glands - even in boars with negative semen and serum samples - but it was not associated with histopathological lesions. As artificial insemination (AI) is widely used in all tiers of pig production, APPV-positive semen from breeding boars may represent an important source of virus transmission. To assess the viability of APPV in AI semen and clarify its potential role in transmission, further research, such as virus isolation for infectivity studies and experimental infections in naïve sows, are required.
Rapid and accurate identification of intracellular pathogenic Brucella species and biovars is essential for effective public health surveillance, outbreak control, and preservation of animal and human health. While traditional biotyping remains the gold standard for biovar classification, it is time-consuming, technically demanding, dangerous, and costly. We validated artificial intelligence (AI)-coupled Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for Brucella biotyping as a faster, automated, and cost-effective alternative. One hundred and sixty-three strains of different species and biovars, originating from humans and animals, were assessed. The FTIR achieved high accuracy across all assessed species, achieving 95-100% sensitivity and specificity. On the biovar level, differentiating also vaccine from wild type strains, it achieved 80-100% sensitivity and specificity, depending on the species and the number of available strains for different biovars. Our research shows the identification of the FTIR as a highly robust and automated high-throughput method. This approach generates real-time data that shows potential for real-time epidemiological surveillance and allows early detection of outbreaks caused by zoonotic pathogens. By integrating classical microbiological methods with AI, the method shows great promise for its applicability in routine laboratory work and a high-throughput, fast, simple, safe, and cost-effective strategy for epidemiological surveillance of intracellular pathogenic Brucella bacteria on a global scale.
Cryopreservation of buck spermatozoa is an efficient strategy to improve qualified sperm cells for artificial insemination; however, this process potentially decreases the qualitative characteristics of post-thawed sperm. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the influence of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant "Mito-TEMPO" on buck sperm quality during the cryopreservation process in a plant-based extender. This study indicated that the dosages 10 and 100 µM Mito-TEMPO presented higher (P ≤ 0.05) percentages of total motility, progressive motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, acrosome integrity, and viability while showing lower (P ≤ 0.05) late apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, and lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. Different treatments of Mito-TEMPO indicated no effect (P > 0.05) on sperm cells with abnormal morphology. It can be concluded that this mitochondria-targeted antioxidant may be able to preserve the qualitative parameters in the post-thawed buck spermatozoa.
Congenital malformations in domestic cats are traditionally considered uncommon; however, recent evidence suggests they may represent an underrecognized cause of neonatal mortality. Most reported anomalies occur as isolated defects in individual animals, while the occurrence of multiple severe malformations within the same fetus or affecting an entire litter appears to be rare. Exposure to exogenous substances during critical windows of embryonic development has been proposed as a potential contributing factor. Reports describing congenital abnormalities in feline fetuses following gestational exposure to synthetic progestins remain scarce. A three-year-old intact domestic shorthair cat was presented for veterinary evaluation due to dystocia approximately 65 days after repeated escape episodes from the household. In an attempt to suppress estrus and prevent mating, the owner administered two subcutaneous injections of a commercially available estrus-suppressing agent containing medroxyprogesterone acetate, before pregnancy was clinically recognized. Cesarean section revealed three dead fetuses, all presenting multiple congenital malformations. Cleft palate and arthrogryposis were observed in all fetuses, with arthrogryposis limited to the thoracic limbs in two and generalized in the third. Two female fetuses exhibited clitoromegaly consistent with virilization of the external genitalia. Additional findings included markedly reduced lung size suggestive of pulmonary hypoplasia in one fetus, cranium bifidum associated with meningocele in another, and severe axial and ventral body wall defects compatible with schistosomus retroflexus in the third. Rapid tests for feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, and feline panleukopenia virus in the queen were negative. Histopathological examination revealed diffuse vascular congestion and moderate autolysis, consistent with intrauterine fetal death, without evidence of inflammatory or infectious disease. Although a direct causal relationship cannot be established, the temporal sequence of events and the spectrum of malformations observed are suggestive of disruption of early embryonic development. This case highlights the potential risks associated with the use of synthetic estrus-suppressing progestins in intact queens when pregnancy status is unknown. Increased awareness, cautious use of hormonal contraceptives, and further well-documented reports are warranted to better elucidate their potential impact on fetal development in cats.
The COVID-19 pandemic led to widespread use of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including mask mandates. Although many studies have examined COVID-19 policies, there is a lack of research on the impact of mask mandate relaxation in South Korea. Retrospective analyses of this topic are essential to inform optimized policy responses in future pandemics. We used a discrete-time, age-structured Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Vaccinated-Recovered (SEIVR) compartmental model to simulate COVID-19 transmission in South Korea and conducted counterfactual analyses to assess the impact of five major mask policy adjustment points (PAPs). The model estimated changes in confirmed cases, severe cases, and deaths under counterfactual scenarios in which mask mandates were relaxed 2 weeks earlier or later than they were in reality. Analyses were stratified by age group to evaluate differential effects. Changes in Rt (effective reproduction number) following mask policy relaxations were modest across all five PAPs. While some policy shifts were followed by slight increases or decreases in Rt, none led to uncontrolled epidemic growth. Counterfactual simulations showed that advancing mask relaxation by 2 weeks could have led to significantly more confirmed cases, with increases of up to 29.5% in the 0-17 years group and 25.2% in the ≥ 60 years group, compared to the observed timeline. Conversely, delaying relaxation reduced case numbers across all age groups. The timing of relaxation, especially when Rt was low, appeared to play a more critical role than population immunity in determining transmission outcomes. A positive association was observed between higher Rt at the time of relaxation and increased case counts, whereas immunity levels did not show a consistent correlation. The timing of mask mandate relaxation substantially influenced short-term COVID-19 transmission dynamics. Real-time indicators such as Rt were more predictive of outcomes than estimated immunity levels, suggesting their utility for informing policy adjustments. Counterfactual evidence indicates that premature relaxation increased cases across all age groups, with age differences more evident at certain adjustment points. The public health implications remain greater for vulnerable populations because even similar percentage increases translate into higher absolute risks. Policymakers should incorporate transmission dynamics, age-specific vulnerability profiles, and timing considerations into future pandemic response strategies. Not applicable.
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a key pathogen in porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP) and plays an important role in the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Understanding how vaccination strategies relate to the respiratory microbiota in piglets may provide insights into host-microbiota interactions and vaccine performance. This study evaluated the temporal dynamics of the respiratory microbiota in piglets subjected to different vaccination protocols, including a nanotechnology-based oral vaccine formulated with mesoporous silica (SBA-15), alone or combined with a commercial vaccine, on the respiratory microbiota of piglets. Forty-eight piglets from M. hyopneumoniae-free sows were divided into four experimental groups receiving different vaccination protocols: CV + SBA received the pure silica-based adjuvant (SBA-15) orally and a commercial vaccine at 24 days of life; OV3 + CV received an oral vaccine (OV) at 3 days and an intramuscular commercial vaccine at 24 days; CV received only the intramuscular commercial vaccine at 24 days; and OV + CV received both the oral and commercial vaccines at 24 days. Microbiota composition was assessed at 3, 41, and 71 days of life using 16S rRNA gene sequencing from nasal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Significant differences in nasal microbiota diversity were observed at early life stages. At D3, CV exhibited the highest diversity, while OV3 + CV had the lowest (Shannon index, p < 0.05 between CV and OV3 + CV). At D41, microbiota differences between groups had diminished, with only OV + CV showing higher richness compared with OV3 + CV (Chao1 index, p < 0.05). At D71, no significant differences were observed in overall diversity or bacterial composition among groups. As no treatment had been administered prior to sampling, these differences likely reflect baseline variability between groups. Additionally, no consistent associations were detected between microbiota diversity patterns and vaccination outcomes assessed by lung lesion scores and bacterial DNA load. These findings indicate that early-life differences in nasal microbiota were observed, but these were not sustained over time, and the respiratory microbiota converged toward a more stable community structure regardless of vaccination protocol.
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Erysipelas, caused by infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER), is an emerging disease in non-cage housed laying hens. According to Swedish field experience outbreaks seem more common in older flocks and may also occur in flocks vaccinated against erysipelas. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess single-dose vaccination outcome in laying hens with respect to antibody titres to ER and to monitor selected immune parameters to identify putative risk factors for erysipelas. Blood samples were collected from laying hen flocks at 30, 50 and 75 weeks of age. At each time point, 5 unvaccinated flocks and 5 flocks that had been vaccinated against erysipelas once at placement were sampled (20 hens/flock, total n=600). The results showed that the majority of hens were positive for IgY to ER and that the antibody titres were higher in older hens irrespective of vaccination status. Vaccinated hens had significantly higher IgY titres to ER compared to those of unvaccinated hens. This difference was most prominent for the youngest age category. Among the different leukocyte populations studied, blood heterophil, monocyte and γ/δTCR+ T-cell counts were significantly higher in younger hens. Also, serum MBL-levels were significantly higher in younger hens and MBL-levels were positively correlated to heterophil and monocyte counts at the individual level. Taken together, results indicate that ER or antigenically similar bacteria are common in the hen environment and that this exposure results in antibodies recognising ER that are present at higher levels in older laying hens. In addition, a higher general pathogen load/level of subclinical infections was indicated by altered leukogram patterns and increased MBL-levels in the youngest age category. Nonetheless, among the parameters studied we found no evidence to suggest that antibody responses to single-dose vaccination should fail or why older flocks seem more susceptible to erysipelas outbreaks.
Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with a rising incidence in flood-prone tropical regions. In the Shabelle River Basin of eastern Ethiopia, recurrent flooding combined with close human-animal contact creates conditions conducive to transmission. However, community knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to leptospirosis remain poorly characterized, limiting effective prevention efforts. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in flood-affected districts of Mustahil and Fer Fer in eastern Ethiopia. Adult household heads or primary caregivers were selected using multistage sampling with systematic random sampling within flood-affected kebeles. Data on knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices regarding leptospirosis were collected through a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with high-risk behaviors. Of the 422 respondents, only 15.2% had heard of leptospirosis, and 99.1% demonstrated poor knowledge of its transmission, symptoms, and prevention. Although 60.2% recognized flooding as a serious hazard, only 30.3% acknowledged the risk posed by rodents. High-risk behaviors were prevalent, including floodwater farming (73.0%), barefoot irrigation (64.9%), and sharing water sources with livestock (52.8%). Livestock ownership was strongly associated with high-risk practices (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 16.96), whereas the presence of rodents in households was inversely associated (AOR = 0.31). Higher risk perception modestly reduced engagement in risky behavior (AOR = 0.90). No significant associations were found with other sociodemographic factors. This study highlights critical gaps in community knowledge and widespread high-risk behaviors contributing to leptospirosis transmission in flood-prone areas of eastern Ethiopia. The inverse association between rodent presence and high-risk behaviors likely reflects behavioral adaptations rather than a biological protective effect. Integrated One Health interventions are urgently needed, focusing on culturally appropriate community education, enhanced rodent control through environmental management, improved water and sanitation infrastructure, and increased access to protective equipment. Strengthening health system capacity for leptospirosis diagnosis and surveillance will support timely detection and response. Embedding leptospirosis prevention within existing flood response and zoonotic disease frameworks can enhance resilience to climate-sensitive health risks in vulnerable pastoralist populations. Not applicable.
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Medicinal animals are integral to traditional healthcare worldwide, yet ethnozoological knowledge in many Ethiopian regions remains under-documented. This study documented the diversity of medicinal animals, associated cultural knowledge, preparation methods, and conservation implications among communities in Andracha District, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional ethnobiological survey was conducted from January to August 2025 using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and field observations. Sixty-five informants participated, including 25 key informants purposively selected and 40 general participants randomly chosen. FGDs refined data collection instruments and validated traditional knowledge. Quantitative indices Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Fidelity Level (FL), and Zoological Ethnoknowledge Index (ZEI) summarized knowledge patterns, species importance, and cultural reliability. Jaccard Similarity Index (JSI) and Rahman's Similarity Index (RSI) assessed cross-community similarity. Statistical analyses, including t-tests, ANOVA, and linear regression, explored variations across gender, age, education, and experience using R software. A total of 52 medicinal animal species were documented in Andracha District. Bos taurus, Apis mellifera, and Halictus scabiosae exhibited the highest RFC values. ICF ranged from 0.60 to 0.97, with the strongest agreement observed for respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments. The highest FL was recorded for Capra aegagrus hircus (FL = 83.3%), followed by Apis mellifera (FL = 77.8%). Knowledge of medicinal animals varied significantly with age, gender, literacy, and healer experience (P < 0.05). Major threats to medicinal fauna included agricultural expansion, overgrazing, and overexploitation, while indigenous conservation practices such as sacred forest protection and community stewardship were actively maintained. Medicinal animals are crucial for healthcare, cultural identity, and livelihoods in Andracha District. Environmental pressures and generational gaps threaten both species and associated knowledge. Strengthening community-based conservation, sustainable harvesting, and intergenerational knowledge transmission is essential to safeguard this biocultural heritage. The study documents traditional practices but does not endorse ingestion or application of potentially hazardous animal products.
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Mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) gene has emerged as a major driver of colistin resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the distribution of mcr-variants and mcr-carrying genomes deposited in the NCBI database by sample collection periods and across continents, countries, genera, species, and ecosystems. In this database mining study, the keyword "mcr" was used to identify all mcr-carrying genomes deposited in the NCBI Pathogen Detection database until June 07, 2025, 12h15 GMT. A purely descriptive approach was used in this study, and percentages were calculated by dividing the number of an event by the total number of events (percentage = n/Nx100). Of the 2422739 whole genomes registered in the NCBI database, 18785 (0.78%) carried complete mcr variant sequences. Seventy-seven mcr subvariants were detected, including mostly mcr-1.1 (9431/18785; 50%), and mcr-9.1 (5971/18785; 32%). Mcr-9.1 was the most frequently detected subvariant in several genera, including Serratia spp. (17/17; 100%), Cronobacter spp. (155/160; 97%), and Pluralibacter spp. (19/20; 95%), whereas mcr-1.1 was the most commonly detected subvariant in Escherichia and Shigella spp. (8235/9678; 85%). Regarding geographical distribution, mcr-1.1 was the most observed subvariant in Asia (6759/9033; 75%) and Europe (1886/4680; 40%), whereas mcr-9.1 was the most identified in America (2982/4017; 74%) and Oceania (546/771; 71%). In Africa, mcr-10.1 (52/160; 33%), and mcr-1.1 (50/160; 31%) were the most frequent subvariants. Mcr-carrying genomes deposited in the NCBI database were distributed across ecosystems, including humans (n = 8185), animals (n = 4521), the environment (n = 468), and food (n = 48). The sample collection years for mcr-carrying bacteria ranged from 1953 to 2025, and the distribution of mcr-carrying genomes was as follows: 1953-1990 (n = 49), 1991-1999 (n = 47), 2000-2009 (n = 704), 2010-2019 (n = 12810), and 2020-2025 (n = 4297). Another key finding was that 705 of the 18785 mcr-carrying genomes deposited in the NCBI database (3.8%) harbored multiple mcr genes, including 693 and 12 genomes co-carrying two and three mcr genes, respectively. Mcr-carrying bacteria represent a significant One Health concern because of their major role in colistin resistance and potential for global dissemination. Key actions, such as global surveillance, One Health monitoring, and appropriate stewardship, should be taken to preserve the efficacy of colistin for decades.