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In software-defined vehicles, automotive middleware plays a fundamental role in enabling efficient communication, integration, and coordination among software components. This paper examines how well two of the currently most popular middleware frameworks, ROS 2 Jazzy and AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform R24-11, meet practical requirements elicited from automotive software engineers at one of the major automotive supplier companies, ZF Group. Our objective is to provide insight into an otherwise difficult-to-obtain industrial perspective and support a clearer understanding of priorities in the development and evaluation of middleware for automotive applications.

We present MLPerf Automotive, the first standardized public benchmark for evaluating Machine Learning systems that are deployed for AI acceleration in automotive systems. Developed through a collaborative partnership between MLCommons and the Autonomous Vehicle Computing Consortium, this benchmark addresses the need for standardized performance evaluation methodologies in automotive machine learning systems. Existing benchmark suites cannot be utilized for these systems since automotive workloads have unique constraints including safety and real-time processing that distinguish them from the domains that previously introduced benchmarks target. Our benchmarking framework provides latency and accuracy metrics along with evaluation protocols that enable consistent and reproducible performance comparisons across different hardware platforms and software implementations. The first iteration of the benchmark consists of automotive perception tasks in 2D object detection, 2D semantic segmentation, and 3D object detection. We describe the methodology behind the benchmark design including the task selection, reference models, and submission rules. We also discuss the first round of benchma

Digital twin (DT) technology has become of interest in the automotive industry. There is a growing need for smarter services that utilize the unique capabilities of DTs, ranging from computer-aided remote control to cloud-based fleet coordination. Developing such services starts with the software architecture. However, the scarcity of DT architectural guidelines poses a challenge for engineering automotive DTs. Currently, the only DT architectural standard is the one defined in ISO 23247. Though not developed for automotive systems, it is one of the few feasible starting points for automotive DTs. In this work, we investigate the suitability of the ISO 23247 reference architecture for developing automotive DTs. Through the case study of developing an Adaptive Cruise Control DT for a 1/10th-scale autonomous vehicle, we identify some strengths and limitations of the reference architecture and begin distilling future directions for researchers, practitioners, and standard developers.

RISC-V is emerging as a viable platform for automotive-grade embedded computing, with recent ISO 26262 ASIL-D certifications demonstrating readiness for safety-critical deployment in autonomous driving systems. However, functional safety in automotive systems is fundamentally a certification problem rather than a processor problem. The dominant costs arise from diagnostic coverage analysis, toolchain qualification, fault injection campaigns, safety-case generation, and compliance with ISO 26262, ISO 21448 (SOTIF), and ISO/SAE 21434. This paper analyzes the role of RISC-V in automotive functional safety, focusing on ISA openness, formal verifiability, custom extension control, debug transparency, and vendor-independent qualification. We examine autonomous driving safety requirements and map them to RISC-V architectural challenges such as lockstep execution, safety islands, mixed-criticality isolation, and secure debug. Rather than proposing a single algorithmic breakthrough, we present an analytical framework and research roadmap centered on certification economics as the primary optimization objective. We also discuss how selected ML methods, including LLM-assisted FMEDA generation

Automotive Simulation is a potentially cost-effective strategy to identify and test corner case scenarios in automotive perception. Recent work has shown a significant shift in creating realistic synthetic data for road traffic scenarios using a video graphics engine. However, a gap exists in modeling realistic optical aberrations associated with cameras in automotive simulation. This paper builds on the concept from existing literature to model optical degradations in simulated environments using the Python-based ray-tracing library KrakenOS. As a novel pipeline, we degrade automotive fisheye simulation using an optical doublet with +/-2 deg Field of View (FOV), introducing realistic optical artifacts into two simulation images from SynWoodscape and Parallel Domain Woodscape. We evaluate KrakenOS by calculating the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), which averaged around 0.023 across the RGB light spectrum compared to Ansys Zemax OpticStudio, an industrial benchmark for optical design and simulation. Lastly, we measure the image sharpness of the degraded simulation using the ISO12233:2023 Slanted Edge Method and show how both qualitative and measured results indicate the extent of the

As vehicles become increasingly connected and autonomous, they accumulate and manage various personal data, thereby presenting a key challenge in preserving privacy during data sharing and processing. This survey reviews applications of Secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC) and Homomorphic Encryption (HE) that address these privacy concerns in the automotive domain. First, we identify the scope of privacy-sensitive use cases for these technologies, by surveying existing works that address privacy issues in different automotive contexts, such as location-based services, mobility infrastructures, traffic management, etc. Then, we review recent works that employ MPC and HE as solutions for these use cases in detail. Our survey highlights the applicability of these privacy-preserving technologies in the automotive context, while also identifying challenges and gaps in the current research landscape. This work aims to provide a clear and comprehensive overview of this emerging field and to encourage further research in this domain.

Accurate target parameter estimation of range, velocity, and angle is essential for vehicle safety in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles. To enable spectrum sharing, ADAS may employ integrated sensing and communications (ISAC). This paper examines a dual-deconvolution automotive ISAC scenario where the radar waveform is known but the propagation channel is not, while in the communications domain, the channel is known but the transmitted message is not. Conventional maximum likelihood (ML) estimation for automotive target parameters is computationally demanding. To address this, we propose a low-complexity approach using the controlled loosening-up (CLuP) algorithm, which employs iterative refinement for efficient separation and estimation of radar targets. We achieve this through a nuclear norm restriction that stabilizes the problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate the robustness of this approach under high-mobility and noisy automotive environments, highlighting CLuP's potential as a scalable, real-time solution for ISAC in future vehicular networks.

The transition to mixed-traffic environments that involve automated vehicles, manually operated vehicles, and vulnerable road users presents new challenges for human-centered automotive research. Despite this, most studies in the domain focus on single-agent interactions. This paper reports on a participatory workshop (N = 15) and a questionnaire (N = 19) conducted during the AutomotiveUI '24 conference to explore the state of multi-agent automotive research. The participants discussed methodological challenges and opportunities in real-world settings, simulations, and computational modeling. Key findings reveal that while the value of multi-agent approaches is widely recognized, practical and technical barriers hinder their implementation. The study highlights the need for interdisciplinary methods, better tools, and simulation environments that support scalable, realistic, and ethically informed multi-agent research.

In this paper, we introduce the design of HackCar, a testing platform for replicating attacks and defenses on a generic automotive system without requiring access to a complete vehicle. This platform empowers security researchers to illustrate the consequences of attacks targeting an automotive system on a realistic platform, facilitating the development and testing of security countermeasures against both existing and novel attacks. The HackCar platform is built upon an F1-10th model, to which various automotive-grade microcontrollers are connected through automotive communication protocols. This solution is crafted to be entirely modular, allowing for the creation of diverse test scenarios. Researchers and practitioners can thus develop innovative security solutions while adhering to the constraints of automotive-grade microcontrollers. We showcase our design by comparing it with a real, licensed, and unmodified vehicle. Additionally, we analyze the behavior of the HackCar in both an attack-free scenario and a scenario where an attack on in-vehicle communication is deployed.

The evolution of automotive technologies towards more integrated and sophisticated systems requires a shift from traditional distributed architectures to centralized vehicle architectures. This work presents a novel framework that addresses the increasing complexity of Software Defined Vehicles (SDV) through a centralized approach that optimizes software and hardware integration. Our approach introduces a scalable, modular, and secure automotive deployment framework that leverages a hardware abstraction layer and dynamic software deployment capabilities to meet the growing demands of the industry. The framework supports centralized computing of vehicle functions, making software development more dynamic and easier to update and upgrade. We demonstrate the capabilities of our framework by implementing it in a simulated environment where it effectively handles several automotive operations such as lane detection, motion planning, and vehicle control. Our results highlight the framework's potential to facilitate the development and maintenance of future vehicles, emphasizing its adaptability to different hardware configurations and its readiness for real-world applications. This work

The shift towards electrification and autonomous driving in the automotive industry results in more and more automotive wire harnesses being installed in modern automobiles, which stresses the great significance of guaranteeing the quality of automotive wire harness assembly. The mating of connectors is essential in the final assembly of automotive wire harnesses due to the importance of connectors on wire harness connection and signal transmission. However, the current manual operation of mating connectors leads to severe problems regarding assembly quality and ergonomics, where the robotized assembly has been considered, and different vision-based solutions have been proposed to facilitate a better perception of the robot control system on connectors. Nonetheless, there has been a lack of deep learning-based solutions for detecting automotive wire harness connectors in previous literature. This paper presents a deep learning-based connector detection for robotized automotive wire harness assembly. A dataset of twenty automotive wire harness connectors was created to train and evaluate a two-stage and a one-stage object detection model, respectively. The experiment results indicat

While vehicles have primarily been controlled through mechanical means in years past, an increasing number of embedded control systems are being installed and used, keeping pace with advances in electronic control technology and performance. Automotive systems consist of multiple components developed by a range of vendors. To accelerate developments in embedded control systems, industrial standards such as AUTOSAR are being defined for automotive systems, including the design of operating system and middleware technologies. Crucial to ensuring the safety of automotive systems, the operating system is foundational software on which many automotive applications are executed. In this paper, we propose an integrated model-based method for verifying automotive operating systems; our method is called Model-Checking in the Loop Model-Based Testing (MCIL-MBT). In MCIL-MBT, we create a model that formalizes specifications of automotive operating systems and verifies the specifications via model-checking. Next, we conduct model-based testing with the verified model to ensure that a specific operating system implementation conforms to the model. These verification and testing stages are itera

As automotive radars continue to proliferate, there is a continuous need for improved performance and several critical problems that need to be solved. All of this is driving research across industry and academia. This paper is an overview of research areas that are centered around signal processing. We discuss opportunities in the area of modulation schemes, interference avoidance, spatial resolution enhancement and application of deep learning. A rich list of references is provided. This paper should serve as a useful starting point for signal processing practitioners looking to work in the area of automotive radars.

Security Assurance Cases (SAC) are structured bodies of arguments and evidence used to reason about security properties of a certain artefact. SAC are gaining focus in the automotive domain as the need for security assurance is growing due to software becoming a main part of vehicles. Market demands for new services and products in the domain require connectivity, and hence, raise security concerns. Regulators and standardisation bodies started recently to require a structured for security assurance of products in the automotive domain, and automotive companies started, hence, to study ways to create and maintain these cases, as well as adopting them in their current way of working. In order to facilitate the adoption of SAC in the automotive domain, we created CASCADE, an approach for creating SAC which have integrated quality assurance and are compliant with the requirements of ISO/SAE-21434, the upcoming cybersecurity standard for automotive systems. CASCADE was created by conducting design science research study in two iterative cycles. The design decisions of CASCADE are based on insights from a qualitative research study which includes a workshop, a survey, and one-to-one int

Automotive engine assembly and disassembly are common and crucial programs in the automotive industry. Traditional education trains students to learn automotive engine assembly and disassembly in lecture courses and then to operate with physical engines, which are generally low effectiveness and high cost. In this work, we developed a multi-layer structured Virtual Reality (VR) system to provide students with training in automotive engine (Buick Verano) assembly and disassembly. We designed the VR training system with The VR training system is designed to have several major features, including replaceable engine parts and reusable tools, friendly user interfaces and guidance, and bottom-up designed multi-layer architecture, which can be extended to various engine models. The VR system is evaluated with controlled experiments of two groups of students. The results demonstrate that our VR training system provides remarkable usability in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Currently, our VR system has been demonstrated and employed in the courses of Chinese colleges to train students in automotive engine assembly and disassembly. A free-to-use executable file (Microsoft Windows) an

The automotive industry plays a critical role in the global economy, and particularly important is the expanding Chinese automobile market due to its immense scale and influence. However, existing automotive sector datasets are limited in their coverage, failing to adequately consider the growing demand for more and diverse variables. This paper aims to bridge this data gap by introducing a comprehensive dataset spanning the years from 2016 to 2022, encompassing sales data, online reviews, and a wealth of information related to the Chinese automotive industry. This dataset serves as a valuable resource, significantly expanding the available data. Its impact extends to various dimensions, including improving forecasting accuracy, expanding the scope of business applications, informing policy development and regulation, and advancing academic research within the automotive sector. To illustrate the dataset's potential applications in both business and academic contexts, we present two application examples. Our developed dataset enhances our understanding of the Chinese automotive market and offers a valuable tool for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders worldwide.

Agile methodologies have gained significant traction in the software development industry, promising increased flexibility and responsiveness to changing requirements. However, their applicability to safety-critical systems, particularly in the automotive sector, remains a topic of debate. This paper examines the benefits and challenges of implementing agile methods in the automotive industry through a comprehensive review of relevant literature and case studies. Our findings highlight the potential advantages of agile approaches, such as improved collaboration and faster time-to-market, as well as the inherent challenges, including safety compliance and cultural resistance. By synthesizing existing research and practical insights, this paper aims to provide an understanding of the role of agile methods in shaping the future of automotive software development.

In order to increase the ability to build complex, software-intensive systems, as well as to decrease time-to-market for new functionality, automotive companies aim to scale agile methods beyond individual teams. This is challenging, given the specifics of automotive systems that are often safety-critical and consist of software, hardware, and mechanical components. This paper investigates the concrete reasons for scaling agility beyond teams, the strategies that support such scaling, and foreseeable implications that such a drastic organizational change will entail. The investigation is based on a qualitative case study, with data from 20 semi-structured interviews with managers and technical experts at two automotive companies. At the core of our findings are observations about establishing an agile vehicle-level feedback loop beyond individual teams. (I) We find that automotive OEMs aim to decrease lead-time of development. (II) We also identify 7 strategies that aim to enable scaled-agile beyond teams. (III) Finally, we extract 6 foreseeable implications and side-effects of scaling agile beyond teams in automotive. By charting the landscape of expected benefits, strategies, and

Automotive synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can achieve a significant angular resolution enhancement for detecting static objects, which is essential for automated driving. Obtaining high resolution SAR images requires precise ego vehicle velocity estimation. A small velocity estimation error can result in a focused SAR image with objects at offset angles. In this paper, we consider an automotive SAR system that produces SAR images of static objects based on ego vehicle velocity estimation from the radar return signal without the overhead in complexity and cost of using an auxiliary global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and inertial measurement unit (IMU). We derive a novel analytical approximation for the automotive SAR angle estimation error variance when the velocity is estimated by the radar. The developed analytical analysis closely predicts the true SAR angle estimation variance, and also provides insights on the effects of the radar parameters and the environment condition on the automotive SAR angle estimation error. We evaluate via the analytical analysis and simulation tests the radar settings and environment condition in which the automotive SAR attains a significant p