The cumulative probability of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) requiring a stoma at a tertiary center is unknown. We sought to evaluate the time to stoma formation after diagnosis as well as risk factors for stoma formation in CD patients. This is a retrospective, longitudinal cohort study on consecutive patients with CD at an Austrian tertiary referral university center. In brief, patients with CD were identified and disease-specific data were captured prior to June 2023. The probability of stoma-free survival by subgroups of various potential risk factors was assessed by means of Kaplan-Meier estimates (Log-rank test). Of 1267 CD patients, 142 (11.2%) underwent a stoma formation (80 ileostomies, 62 colostomies), of which 51 (35.9%) were permanent stomas. The probability of stoma-free survival at 10 and 20 years after diagnosis was 92% and 86%, respectively. Ileocolonic and colonic location, penetrating behavior, and perianal disease were associated with a higher risk for stoma formation (each P < .001). If these risk factors coincided, the probability of stoma-free survival at 10 and 20 years after diagnosis was only 76.4% and 67.2%, respectively. Patients diagnosed from 2000 onward had a trend for a lower stoma risk than patients diagnosed earlier (P = .084). The coincidence of colonic or ileocolonic involvement, penetrating behavior, and perianal fistulas significantly reduced the probability of stoma-free survival to 68% 20 years after diagnosis. Identification of these risk factors for stoma formation may help identify patients at risk and thus raise awareness for this group.
Controlled donation after circulatory death (cDCD) offers an opportunity to expand the deceased donor pool, yet implementation remains limited in many countries. We conducted a retrospective single-center analysis of all cDCD donors (Maastricht category III) referred to the Transplant Center at the Medical University of Innsbruck between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2024. Donor characteristics, ischemia times, organ utilization, and program-level trends were analyzed. In addition, key steps and protocols essential for establishing a cDCD program were systematically evaluated. Of 56 referred cDCD donors, 53 (94.6%) proceeded to organ recovery (i.e., actual donors), and 42 (75.0%) resulted in the transplantation of at least one organ (i.e., utilized donors). Utilized donors had significantly lower BMI than non-utilized donors (25 vs. 31 kg/m2, p = 0.003). The median functional warm ischemia time was 26 min (IQR 23-28). The mean number of transplanted organs per donor was 2.06. Organ utilization rates were highest for kidneys (60.4%). Nationwide DCD activity increased from 3% to 18% following the implementation of a structured cDCD program in Western Austria. In summary, we have outlined steps and protocols required to successfully implement a cDCD program, resulting in high utilization rates and a measurable impact on national cDCD activity.
In Austria, veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) containing penicillin G or cefoperazone are frequently used to treat dairy cows, which leads to the production of non-saleable waste milk. This study aimed to determine the loss of detectable antimicrobial activity of penicillin G and cefoperazone using a commercial ß-lactamase preparation, Antipen®. Ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processed and raw unpasteurized milk were spiked with penicillin G and cefoperazone (both pure pharmaceutical substances and VMPs), and the effects of temperature (37 °C, 25 °C, and 10 °C), storage time, and pH on Antipen® treatment on antibiotic activity were investigated. The aerobic mesophilic count (AMC) and Enterobacteriaceae before and after enzyme treatment in raw milk were also examined to assess the microbiological quality of milk that is potentially fed to calves. The VMPs containing penicillin G (Vanapen®) or cefoperazone (Peracef®) in 50 mL of UHT or raw milk showed a higher stability after Antipen® treatment compared to pure antibiotic substances. Concentrations of 300 μg/mL of Vanapen® tested negative by Delvotest® T under all experimental conditions (12- and 6-h treatment, at natural pH and pH 5.5, at 37-10 °C). Treatments of milk with natural pH spiked with 10 μg/mL of Peracef® tested negative for the antibiotic after 12 and 6 h at 37 °C, while after acidification of the milk to pH 5.5, 10 μg/mL Peracef® was undetectable at all temperatures and time periods. In milk with natural pH treated with Antipen® for 12 h at 10-37 °C, the values of AMC always exceeded 5.0-log cfu/mL, indicating that the milk is not suitable for use as calf feed without prior acidification or subsequent pasteurization. Reducing the exposure time to 6 h or acidifying the milk to a pH of 5.5 during 12-h treatment significantly reduced bacterial growth. This study demonstrated that Antipen® can effectively degrade penicillin, although its efficacy is lower and slower on cephalosporins. Since the study was conducted in a laboratory setting, extrapolation of the effective treatment durations to on-farm application requires validation in practical, real-world conditions.
Serum uric acid has been consistently associated with cardiovascular risk, yet whether this relationship reflects independent vascular pathology or cardiometabolic risk clustering remains unresolved. We examined associations of serum uric acid and hyperuricemia with imaging-defined subclinical coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in a large population-based cohort. We analyzed data from the Paracelsus 10,000 study, a population-based cohort of adults aged 40-77 years recruited from the Austrian national population registry. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) was assessed by computed tomography in 1561 participants with available cardiac computed tomography and polygenic risk score data; carotid plaque burden was assessed by ultrasonography in 8970 participants. Associations were evaluated using ordinal logistic regression - with CAC categorized by Agatston score (0, 1-99, 100-299, ≥ 300) and carotid plaque burden categorized by total plaque area - with sequential adjustment for cardiovascular risk score (SCORE2), metabolic syndrome, polygenic cardiovascular risk, lipoprotein(a) and systemic inflammation. Higher serum uric acid levels were strongly associated with greater CAC burden in unadjusted analyses (OR 1.60 per 1 mg/dL, 95% CI 1.48-1.74). This association was attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for cardiovascular risk score, metabolic syndrome, polygenic risk, lipoprotein(a), and inflammatory markers (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.14-1.38). Hyperuricemia was independently associated with higher CAC categories after adjustment (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.20-2.32). Carotid plaque burden showed a strong unadjusted association with serum uric acid that was substantially attenuated after multivariable adjustment, although a weak association remained statistically significant (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.10). Serum uric acid and hyperuricemia are independently associated with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis beyond established cardiovascular risk factors, genetic susceptibility and systemic inflammation. The attenuation of carotid plaque associations after full adjustment suggests that extracoronary plaque burden is largely driven by cardiometabolic risk clustering rather than urate-specific pathways. These findings position uric acid as a clinically accessible marker of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and raise the question of whether systematic urate assessment should inform cardiovascular risk stratification beyond established risk scores.
Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) and VLUs associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are common, recurrent, and costly to manage. Adjunctive biophysical therapies may improve healing outcomes when combined with standard of care (SOC). Concurrent optical and magnetic stimulation (COMS) has shown promising mechanistic and preliminary clinical results but there is a lack of robust randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This novel adjunct using concurrent optical and magnetic stimulation in a multicenter RCT in Europe (NAZARÉ) is a phase IV, post-market, multicenter, parallel-group, superiority randomized controlled trial conducted in Switzerland, France, Germany, and Austria. A total of 122 adults with VLU or mixed leg ulcers (ankle-brachial index > 0.5 and < 1.30 or ankle artery pressure > 60 mmHg), ulcer area 2-50 cm2, and ulcer duration > 30 days and < 2 years will be enrolled. Following a 2-week run-in to confirm < 30% area reduction under SOC, participants will be randomized 1:1 to SOC + COMS or SOC alone. The primary outcome is percentage wound area reduction (PWAR) at week 12, assessed by blinded evaluators using standardized digital planimetry. Secondary outcomes include complete closure, time-to-healing, pain, health-related quality of life, recurrence, and healthcare resource use. Missing outcome data will primarily be analyzed as observed and may be addressed using multiple imputation under the assumption of data being missing at random. This trial will rigorously assess the effectiveness of COMS as an adjunct to standard care for venous and mixed leg ulcers. By targeting chronic wounds and using a pragmatic, multicenter design, it aims to generate robust, generalizable evidence. If effective, COMS could offer a non-invasive, accessible option to enhance healing outcomes and reduce the burden of chronic leg ulcers. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06528873. Registred on 26 July 2024, https://register. gov/prs/app/action/SelectProtocol?selectaction=Edit&sid=S000ERKB&uid=U0003LG4.
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) cause significant disability. Autologous nerve grafts remain the gold standard but are limited by donor-site morbidity, restricted graft availability, and inconsistent functional recovery. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as promising adjuncts due to their accessibility and regenerative potential. How has global research on ADSCs in peripheral nerve repair evolved, and what are the leading contributors, dominant themes, and emerging trends? A bibliometric analysis was performed using the Web of Science Core Collection for studies published from January 2000 to September 2025. Predefined search terms for ADSCs and peripheral nerve repair were applied. VOSviewer (v1.6.20) and CiteSpace (v6.3.R1 Advanced) were used to build co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence networks and to assess thematic evolution. The final dataset comprised 555 articles authored by 2750 researchers from 54 countries and 849 institutions, citing 16,466 references. Global output increased consistently after 2011, with a peak in 2019. When adjusted for population size, Switzerland showed the highest research intensity (3.22 publications per million inhabitants), followed by Sweden (1.81), Belgium (1.12), and Austria (1.11). Countries with the highest absolute output, including the United States (0.32) and China (0.12), demonstrated lower per capita contributions. Seminal work by Kingham and Coleman formed the conceptual basis for ADSC-mediated nerve regeneration. Keyword analysis revealed a shift from structural tissue engineering toward paracrine signaling, exosome-based strategies, and translational approaches. ADSCs are central to regenerative strategies for PNIs. Despite strong preclinical evidence, clinical translation remains limited, highlighting the need for standardized protocols and robust clinical trials.
Variants in the FBXO7 gene are a recognized cause of juvenile-onset autosomal recessive parkinsonism (PARK15) with a heterogeneous phenotype. There is limited number of reported cases in the literature. To report a 19-year-old Indian man with juvenile-onset parkinsonism harbouring a novel FBXO7 variant and to review the published literature on FBXO7-associated parkinsonism/parkinsonism-pyramidal syndrome, focusing on the clinical, imaging, and genetic spectrum and possible genotype-phenotype correlations. We evaluated an Indian male with FBXO7-associated juvenile parkinsonism and reviewed previously published cases from the literature to assess the clinical, imaging, and genetic spectrum. A total of 32 cases of FBXO7-associated parkinsonism, including our patient, were identified. The median age at onset was 17 years, median age at presentation was 28 years, with slight male predominance and a median disease duration of 5 years. Symmetrical juvenile-onset parkinsonism with tremor and postural instability was the commonest presentation. Dementia, dystonia, pyramidal signs, and gaze abnormalities were less frequent associated features. Most patients showed levodopa responsiveness, although motor complications and psychiatric adverse effects were common. Neuroimaging findings were heterogeneous, ranging from cortical atrophy to pallidal hypointensity and presynaptic dopaminergic deficits on dopamine transporter imaging. Twenty variants were identified, with the homozygous nonsense variant c.1492 C > T (p.Arg498*) being the most frequently reported. FBXO7-associated parkinsonism typically presents as symmetrical juvenile-onset levodopa-responsive parkinsonism, although early-onset parkinsonism is known. Dementia, dystonia, and pyramidal signs are less frequent associated features. FBXO7 variants should be considered in patients with symmetrical juvenile/early-onset parkinsonism, especially when accompanied by levodopa-induced psychiatric adverse effects.
Payers use Managed Entry Agreements (MEAs) across Europe to manage the financial risks associated with high-cost medicines. While these agreements aim to improve affordability and address uncertainty, their confidential nature raises concerns about transparency, international price referencing, and the validity of economic evaluations. This study examines MEA practices across 13 European countries, analyzing adoption trends, reporting practices, and financial outcomes, and their implications for payer decision-making. Data from 2016 to 2022 were collected through (1) mapping national MEA frameworks, stakeholders, and implementation processes; (2) desk research on publicly available activity and financial reports; and (3) validation interviews with public-sector negotiators in each country. Across 13 countries, 24 MEA frameworks were identified. MEA usage increased substantially, with the highest numbers in 2022 in Germany (356) and France (349), and the largest growth in Belgium (+ 250%) and Norway (+ 227%). Reported expenditure reductions ranged from €0.04 billion (Slovakia) to €5.56 billion (France), with estimated discounts between 14% (Germany) and 54% (Belgium). Reporting remained heterogeneous, with activity data available for fourteen frameworks and financial data for ten. More granular reporting, such as by discount mechanism (Netherlands), therapeutic class (France), or gender (Sweden), was uncommon. The growing use of MEAs across Europe has widened the gap between list and actual prices. Incomplete and non-standardized reporting reduces the ability to assess financial performance and limits cross-country comparability. Harmonized reporting of aggregated data, without compromising confidentiality, could improve transparency, accountability, and support value-based pricing strategies.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is influenced by age-related brain alterations and affects cellular aging mechanisms. Machine-learning models can estimate brain-predicted age from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify these aging-related changes. This study examines whether the difference between predicted and chronological age (BrainAGE) relates to clinical disability and biomarkers of neuro-axonal injury in MS. This study analyzed brain-predicted age from structural 3D T1-weighted MRI in 82 patients with relapsing MS enrolled in three prospective clinical trials and 30 healthy controls. BrainAGE, calculated as MRI-predicted minus chronological age, was correlated with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), MS Functional Composite subtests, and serum neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein. The mean chronological age of patients and healthy controls included in this study was 39.2 and 40.9 years, respectively. Patients with MS (n = 82) showed a higher BrainAGE (6.48 ± 6.83 years) than controls (n = 30; 0.69 ± 6.5 years; p = 0.0002). BrainAGE increased stepwise from controls to patients with EDSS < 3 and EDSS ⩾3 (p < 0.0001). Higher BrainAGE correlated with worse 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT, ρ = 0.34, p = 0.002) and Timed 25-Foot Walk performance (T25FW, ρ = 0.23, p = 0.043), but not with serum neurofilament light chain (p = 0.68) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (p = 0.33). In multivariable regression models adjusting for chronological age, sex, disease duration, and disease-modifying therapy, BrainAGE remained significantly associated with EDSS, 9HPT, and T25FW performance. sNfL and sGFAP remained nonsignificant after adjustment. Our findings suggest that BrainAGE and serum biomarkers capture complementary aspects of MS pathology, supporting a multimodal approach to assess disease progression. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: SATURATE: NCT05701423, 360PMS: NCT06501950, SAFEGUIDE-MS: NCT06461481.
Movement disorders associated with neuromuscular diseases are often underrecognized, yet they represent a distinct clinical entity. Abnormalities in areas of the peripheral nervous system, i.e., nerves and muscles, can stem from dysfunction of ion channels and proteins involved in membrane excitability. Hyperexcitability of peripheral motor nerves presents as cramps, stiffness, abnormal posture and gait, as well as changes in motor unit potentials during electromyography studies; hence, it may be classified as a movement problem. Etiologies range from hereditary, immune-mediated, or may be secondary to structural changes. This review focuses on peripheral nervous system and muscle-derived movement disorders associated with autoantibodies. It aims to highlight immune-mediated peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes, stiff-person spectrum disorders, and immune-mediated rippling muscle disease (a movement disorder of muscular origin). It also discusses pathophysiology, diagnosis (particularly immunologic markers), and therapeutics.
This study aims to computationally identify and prioritize anticancer peptide (ACP) candidate sequences derived from the Leishmania major proteins KMP11 and GP63 using an integrated bioinformatics framework that incorporates peptide design, safety assessment, multi-criteria decision-making, and membrane-oriented evaluation. Amino acid sequences of KMP11 and GP63 were obtained from the NCBI database. Peptide fragments ranging from 5 to 25 residues were computationally generated and initially screened for anticancer potential using AntiCP 2.0 and MLACP prediction tools. Candidate peptides were subsequently subjected to systematic amino acid substitutions followed by iterative re-evaluation to optimize predicted anticancer properties. Toxicity, allergenicity, and antigenicity were assessed using TOXINPRED2, ALGPRED2, and VAXIJEN2, respectively. Peptides meeting safety and functional criteria were prioritized using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Structural modeling, exploratory molecular docking, and membrane interaction analyses were then performed to provide comparative mechanistic insights into membrane association and potential receptor accessibility, rather than to predict specific target binding. Reference datasets of experimentally validated ACPs and non-ACPs were compiled, and motif analysis using MERCI identified sequence patterns associated with anticancer activity, with enriched motifs most frequently observed in the 12-13 residue range. Following iterative screening and safety evaluation, subsets of peptides derived from KMP11 and GP63 were identified as non-toxic and non-allergenic according to in silico prediction tools. These peptides were subsequently prioritized using the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model. The top-ranked candidates were further subjected to exploratory molecular docking against selected cancer-associated receptors and coarse-grained membrane interaction analysis to provide comparative mechanistic context regarding membrane interaction propensity and potential receptor accessibility. Based on integrated computational scoring, ten peptides were prioritized as candidate sequences for further experimental validation. This study demonstrates the feasibility of computationally deriving and prioritizing anticancer peptide candidates from L. major proteins KMP11 and GP63. The proposed framework provides a structured, hypothesis-generating strategy for ACP candidate prioritization, emphasizing comparative evaluation rather than direct prediction of therapeutic efficacy or specific molecular targets. By leveraging evolutionary and physicochemical features associated with host-pathogen interactions, this approach enables systematic exploration of parasite-derived peptide sequence space. Experimental validation will be essential to determine the biological activity, selectivity, and translational relevance of the identified candidates.
Osteoporotic pincer-type fractures (OF4) represent a distinct and challenging fracture subtype, yet the absence of reproducible experimental models limits scientific opportunities for biomechanical research and the development of tailored treatments. This study describes and validates a standardized method to generate OF4 pincer fractures in human cadaveric spines. Twelve osteoporotic bisegmental thoracolumbar specimens underwent controlled fracture induction using a servo-hydraulic testing machine. Radiological assessment confirmed fracture morphology consistent with OF4 pincer-type fractures. OF4 fractures were successfully induced in eight specimens (mean age 73.5 ± 7.5 years; mean BMD 68.4 ± 7.2 mg/cm³). Four specimens were excluded due to fracture patterns inconsistent with OF4 pincer-type morphology (instability, scoliosis, asymmetrical collapse, or comminution). Biomechanical testing revealed significant increases in range of motion post-fracture in flexion/extension (+ 9.6° ± 2.4°, p < 0.001), lateral bending (+ 16.2° ± 7.8°, p < 0.001), and axial rotation (+ 6.0° ± 4.3°, p = 0.01). Central vertebral body height loss reached 55% (p < 0.001), reflecting hallmark characteristics of clinical OF4 pincer fractures. This protocol offers a reproducible and biomechanically validated model of osteoporotic OF4 pincer fractures. It presents a model that can potentially be used for biomechanical evaluation of surgical interventions and the development of novel techniques.
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) remains uniformly lethal. Stereotactic biopsy confirms the diagnosis and enables molecular profiling. Metastasis along the biopsy track (BTM) has been reported only anecdotally; its prevalence, clinical relevance, and implications for treatment remain unclear. A multicenter retrospective study in patients with confirmed DIPG and BTM was conducted based on central neuroradiologic review. Radiotherapy schedules were re-assessed to evaluate the feasibility of upfront biopsy track irradiation. Ten children met inclusion criteria (median age 6.8 years). Biopsy route was supratentorial in six and infratentorial in four children, and side-cutting needles were used predominantly. H3F3A mutations were most frequent (n = 8); TP53 alterations were common in tumors with extended molecular profiling available. Median PFS was 8.1 months. Five patients each developed BTM prior to (median 2.7 months) or concurrently with progression of primary tumor. There was no difference in overall survival (median OS 12.0 months) compared with the reference cohort. Estimated BTM prevalence among biopsied DIPG from additional registry data was between 6.9% and 13.0%. Primary biopsy track irradiation proved to be feasible, and comparing the surgical access routes, the infratentorial biopsy track hardly increased radiation exposure of the whole brain. Needle track metastasis is a rare progression pattern in stereotactic biopsied DIPG. Upfront irradiation of the biopsy track may represent a strategy to mitigate the potential risk of BTM. From a dosimetric perspective, an infratentorial approach may therefore be considered, as it was associated with only marginally increased radiation exposure.
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit deficits in postural control (PC) and gait. Dual-task (DT) paradigms, which involve performing concurrent cognitive or motor tasks, may exacerbate these deficits or, conversely, serve as effective interventions. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on how DT conditions affect PC and gait in individuals with DS, examining both acute effects and long-term training outcomes. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception to February 2025. Included studies examined DT effects on PC or gait in DS populations. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I (non-randomized studies; non-RCTs) and RoB-2 (randomized controlled trials; RCTs). Due to heterogeneity in the outcome measures, a narrative synthesis following SWiM guidelines was conducted. Ten studies [363 participants; mean age 13.66 ± 2.53 years; eight non-RCTs (including six with control groups) and two RCTs] met inclusion criteria. Eight studies examining acute DT effects demonstrated that concurrent cognitive or motor tasks significantly impaired gait parameters (reduced velocity, increased step time, prolonged double support phase) and increased postural sway in individuals with DS compared to single-task conditions. These deficits were observed across various DT paradigms, including counting, word generation, and object manipulation. Conversely, two long-term DT intervention studies (8 weeks) reported significant improvements in dynamic balance, functional independence, and DT performance. IQ scores, reported in six studies (mean range: 26.97-66.60), correlated positively with gait speed and step length. Risk of bias was moderate in seven studies, low in two, and raised some concerns in one. Acute DT conditions compromise PC and gait in individuals with DS, reflecting attention resource limitations. However, preliminary evidence suggests that DT training may improve long-term functional outcomes. Longitudinal, high-quality RCTs with standardized protocols and comprehensive cognitive assessment are urgently needed to establish evidence-based DT interventions for this population and determine whether initial improvements are sustained over time. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023483849, CRD42023483849.
In a previous work, the regular cosmological volume function τ V was introduced as an alternative to the regular cosmological time function of Andersson, Galloway, and Howard. Building on work by Chruściel, Grant and Minguzzi, in this paper we show that in many cases of interest, τ V is a continuously differentiable temporal function. This leads to a canonical splitting of the metric tensor, and induces a canonical "Wick-rotated" Riemannian metric. We also provide some further results and examples related to the cosmological time and volume functions.
暂无摘要（点击查看详情）
This study aims to compare the complication rate, local recurrence and survival of different types of pelvic resections. Special interest is to compare the results from external and internal hemipelvectomies if the iliac wing resections are separately evaluated, as they are usually easier to operate and do not need any reconstruction, therefore they might disfigure the results from internal hemipelvectomy in positive direction, if involved in the same group. This non-randomized retrospective study included 75 cases with a mean follow-up time of 6.9 years. We divided them to three groups according to the type of surgery (external and internal hemipelvectomy, iliac wing resection). The oncological stages, surgical margins, local recurrences, complications and the survival rates were recorded for statistical analyses. A wide surgical margin (R0) was achieved in 73.3% after external hemipelvectomy, 47.6% after internal hemipelvectomy and 77.8% after iliac wing resection. We did not find significant differences in rates of local recurrence between the groups: the lowest was recorded after external hemipelvectomy (26.7%) and there was no difference between internal hemipelvectomy and iliac wing resection (33.3%). The 5‑year survival was 26.7% in external hemipelvectomy, 35.7% in internal hemipelvectomy and 61.1% for iliac wing resection. Cox regression analysis identified negative prognostic factors for survival as histological grade, local recurrence and patient's age but not the type of surgery. Internal hemipelvectomy is as safe a procedure as the external hemipelvectomy concerning 5‑year survival, complications and local recurrence, even if iliac wing resections are excluded from this group.
The Stieltjes moment problem is studied in a new framework within the general Gelfand-Shilov spaces defined via weight sequences. The novelty consists of allowing for a naturally larger target space for the moment mapping, which sends a function to its sequence of Stieltjes moments. The motivation comes from a recent version of the Borel-Ritt theorem, concerning the surjectivity of the Borel mapping in Carleman-Roumieu ultraholomorphic classes in sectors, whose defining weight sequence is subject to the condition, weaker than derivation closedness, of having shifted moments. The injectivity and surjectivity of the moment mapping in this new setting is studied and, in some cases, characterized. Finally, results are provided for general weight sequences of fast and regular enough growth when the condition of shifted moments fails to hold.
This Viewpoint discusses the discovery of numerous neuronal autoantibodies and how autoimmune encephalitis is diagnosed and treated.
Changes in decision-making (DM) are frequently observed in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite extensive research, the relationships between DM and various cognitive functions remain incompletely understood. This systematic review aims to synthesize existing evidence on the link between DM and cognition in PD, emphasizing a comprehensive perspective that considers multiple cognitive domains and various DM tasks. A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, PubPsych, and LIVIVO databases. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies that examined the relationship between DM performance and cognitive functions in individuals with PD. Data extraction focused on sample characteristics, types of DM tasks employed, cognitive domains assessed, and key findings on their association. A total of 38 studies, published between 2001 and 2025, involving 1,313 individuals with PD, were identified. Most of these studies used laboratory-based DM tasks-with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) as the most frequently used DM paradigm, followed by the Game of Dice Task (GDT)-whereas only few studies employed ecologically valid DM tasks that simulate real-life DM contexts. A substantial number of studies investigated the association of DM performance with global cognitive status, executive functions, and memory. Fewer studies explored social cognition, psychomotor speed and attention, visuo-construction and visuo-spatial skills, language, and numerical abilities. Most analyses on the association between DM and cognition in PD revealed non-significant findings. Among the studies reporting significant associations, findings did not consistently cluster around specific cognitive domains or DM tasks, indicating heterogeneity in results. This systematic review highlights the complex and often inconsistent relationship between cognitive functions and DM in individuals with PD. Despite some evidence of significant associations, most findings are non-significant, scattered, and influenced by methodological variability across studies. Future research should aim for standardized, ecologically valid assessments and consider the multifaceted nature of cognition and DM to better elucidate these relationships in PD.