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Background: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare functional and hemodynamic parameters between patients with Meth-APAH and idiopathic PAH (IPAH). Methods: MEDLINE, Scopus, and gray literature were searched up to September 2025. Eligible studies were observational and compared functional and hemodynamic parameters between patients with Meth-APAH and IPAH. All participants had undergone diagnostic right heart catheterization (RHC) and were classified by methamphetamine use history and/or toxicological screening. Primary outcomes included World Health Organization Functional Class III or IV (WHO-FC III/IV), six-minute walk distance (6-MWD), and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP). Secondary outcomes were cardiac index (CI), right atrial pressure (RAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), stroke volume index (SVI), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), and heart rate (HR). Random-effects models were applied for pooled estimates. Results: Five studies comprising 1991 participants were included. Patients with Meth-APAH demonstrated a significantly higher risk of being classified as WHO-FC III/IV (RR 1.17, 95%CI 1.05-1.30, p = 0.01), as well as higher RAP (MD 1.59, 95%CI 0.07-3.11, p = 0.04) and reduced SVI (MD -3.57, 95%CI -6.74--0.4, p = 0.04), but differences were modest. No significant differences were found for 6-MWD, mPAP, CI, PVR, PAWP, or HR. Conclusions: Meth-APAH could be associated with worse functional and hemodynamic profile compared to IPAH, but available studies are few with high heterogeneity, so that clear differences in several functional and hemodynamic parameters could not be established between these disease entities. These results highlight the need for further research in this direction.

Cerebellar ataxia with neuronopathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a rare, late-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by biallelic intronic AAGGG repeat expansions in the RFC1 gene. Its phenotype is heterogeneous, ranging from isolated sensory neuronopathy to the full clinical triad. Although neuronopathy is present in the majority-if not all-of the cases, the prevalence and clinical significance of neuropathic pain remain insufficiently characterized. We report a genetically confirmed case of CANVAS in a 58-year-old woman presenting predominantly with asymmetrical neuropathic pain. Clinical, neurophysiological, vestibular, and genetic assessments were performed, with longitudinal follow-up over 3 years. Additionally, a case-driven systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search was conducted in May 2026 in two databases (MEDLINE and Scopus) that identified cohorts of CANVAS cases with data on pain. Fourteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Pooled prevalence of neuropathic pain was calculated using a random-effects model. The systematic review included 445 patients with CANVAS. The pooled prevalence of neuropathic pain was 43.2% (95% confidence intervals 34.0-52.9%) with moderate heterogeneity across these studies (I2 = 65%). Evidence from included studies suggests that pain may occur early and represents a significant contributor to disease burden. Neuropathic pain is a frequent and potentially early manifestation of CANVAS, likely reflecting underlying sensory neuronopathy. CANVAS should be considered in patients with idiopathic sensory neuronopathy, even when pain is present. Early recognition and targeted genetic testing are essential to improve diagnosis and optimize patient management in this underdiagnosed condition.

Migrants account for a substantial proportion of people living with HIV in Europe, yet inequalities across the HIV care continuum remain insufficiently characterized. We examined migration-related differences in HIV diagnosis, treatment initiation and retention in care in Greece. We analyzed data from the Athens Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (AMACS), including individuals diagnosed with HIV between 1996 and 2024. Participants were classified by region of origin. Markers of HIV diagnosis (CD4 cell count, late presentation, advanced disease and time from seroconversion to diagnosis) and post-diagnosis outcomes (time to antiretroviral therapy [ART] initiation and loss to follow-up [LTFU]) were evaluated using appropriate regression and flexible parametric survival models. Among 11 467 individuals, 19.3% were migrants. Migrants presented with more advanced disease, including higher rates of late presentation (71.0% among those from Africa vs. 48.9% among Greek-born) and longer diagnostic delays (median 4.8 vs. 3.1 years, respectively). Over time, differences in late presentation narrowed, although advanced disease and diagnostic delay remained higher among some groups. Time to ART initiation decreased substantially with attenuated differences between groups after adjustment for CD4 levels at diagnosis. In contrast, recorded LTFU in AMACS increased over time and remained higher among migrants, reaching 49% within 3 years among individuals from Africa compared with 12% among Greek-born. Inequalities in HIV care outcomes across region-of-origin groups in Greece persist but have shifted along the care continuum. While timely ART initiation has largely equalized, disparities remain in delayed diagnosis and recorded follow-up. Targeted strategies to mitigate observed inequalities are essential.

The purpose of this review is to outline the evolution and changing role of pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy (PLE) in the organ-preservation era, and to review advances, including minimally invasive techniques, neoadjuvant therapy, and immunotherapy, and their impact on outcomes in advanced laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, and cervical esophageal cancers. A narrative review of the literature from 2000 to the present was performed, focusing on studies of surgical innovations, oncologic outcomes, quality of life, and combined treatment strategies in PLE. Historically, PLE was associated with high morbidity and mortality. However, advances in surgical techniques, reconstructive methods, and perioperative care have significantly improved its safety and functional outcomes. Minimally invasive and hybrid PLE approaches reduce pulmonary complications and speed recovery without compromising oncologic outcomes. Chemoradiation has become the first-line treatment for many advanced cases, with PLE now reserved for selected cervical esophageal tumors or persistent disease after radiation. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation can shrink tumors, improve operability, and sometimes allow organ preservation. Immunotherapy before surgery improves pathological response rates and disease-free survival. Recent series report 5-year survival of 20-40% after PLE, and most patients regain swallowing and voice function with rehabilitation. In the organ-preservation era, PLE remains important for certain advanced or treatment-resistant cases. Its role is defined by a multidisciplinary, personalized approach and limited to cases where surgery is essential, often combined with systemic therapy. Ongoing advances in patient selection, minimally invasive techniques, and immunotherapy are expected to further refine PLE's role and improve outcomes.

Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) accounts for approximately 5-15% of all myocardial infarctions and disproportionately affects women. Once treated as a diagnosis of exclusion, MINOCA is now recognised as a heterogeneous, mechanism-based syndrome encompassing atherosclerotic plaque disruption, epicardial and microvascular vasospasm, microvascular dysfunction, coronary thromboembolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). Despite the absence of obstructive disease, it carries substantial morbidity and mortality, underscoring the need for accurate aetiological characterisation and tailored therapy. Our aim is to review the contemporary evidence of the role of advanced imaging modalities-cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), optical coherence tomography (OCT), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and invasive functional testing-in the diagnosis, prognostic stratification, and therapeutic guidance of patients with MINOCA. CMR is the non-invasive reference standard for differentiating true ischaemic MINOCA from non-ischaemic mimics such as myocarditis and Takotsubo syndrome, reclassifying the working diagnosis in up to two-thirds of cases. OCT and IVUS provide intracoronary characterisation of culprit substrates that are invisible via angiography, particularly plaque rupture, erosion, intramural haematoma and SCAD, while acetylcholine and adenosine testing identify endothelium-dependent vasospasm and endothelium-independent microvascular dysfunction respectively. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) could also play an additional role in the diagnosis of epicardial CAD. Each modality additionally carries independent prognostic value, with abnormal findings consistently linked to higher rates of major adverse cardiovascular events. The recently completed PROMISE trial provided the first randomised evidence that stratified, imaging-guided treatment might have some positive impact on angina status and quality of life compared with empirical standard care. In conclusion, advanced imaging has transformed MINOCA from a diagnosis of exclusion into a mechanism-based syndrome amenable to personalised therapy. Broader integration of these modalities into routine practice, supported by further randomised trials, is needed to optimise outcomes.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with cognitive impairment, but the cognitive effects of catheter ablation (CA) using contemporary techniques remain uncertain. To evaluate changes in global and domain-specific cognitive function after CA for AF. This prospective cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing CA for AF and a nonablation AF control group at a tertiary university hospital in Greece between January 2022 and June 2024. Cognitive assessments were performed at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. CA using cryoballoon or pulsed field ablation (PFA). Changes from baseline to 6 months in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores and the novel REMEDES for Alzheimer (R4Alz) total and subdomain scores. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and within 48 hours after ablation to detect new cerebral infarcts. Among 75 patients (40 [53.3%] female) undergoing ablation (mean [SD] age, 61.9 [10.4] years; 54 cryoballoon, 21 PFA) and 40 in a nonablation control group (26 [65.0%] female; mean [SD] age,61.4 [9.2] years), baseline cognitive scores were similar between groups. No new cerebral infarcts were detected after ablation. At 6 months, MoCA scores in the ablation group did not change significantly (mean change, 0.27; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0.62), whereas R4Alz total scores increased (mean change, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.55 to 4.07), mainly associated with gains in short-term working memory and perceptual inhibition. No significant changes were observed in the control group. Compared with the control group, the ablation cohort demonstrated significantly greater improvements in both MoCA (mean difference in change, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.17 to 1.31; P = .01) and R4Alz total score (mean difference in change score, 3.18; 95% CI, 0.87 to 5.49; P = .007). In adjusted analyses accounting for baseline cognitive score and clinical covariates, ablation was independently associated with higher follow-up MoCA (β = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.31 to 1.44) and R4Alz scores (β = 3.80; 95% CI, 1.70 to 5.90). In this prospective observational cohort study of 75 patients undergoing CA for AF, ablation was not associated with cognitive decline and was instead associated with modest short-term improvements in selected cognitive domains. Domain-specific assessment detected changes not captured by global cognitive screening, suggesting that modern ablation techniques may be associated with early subtle cognitive gains.

Epicutaneous patch testing is the gold standard for diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), yet its interpretation relies on subjective scoring and remains prone to inter-observer variability. In this study, we present a machine learning pipeline that complements subjective scoring with objective bioengineering measurements derived from the Antera 3D imaging system. A dataset of skin reactions was analyzed, with particular attention to how the data was split to avoid information leakage between patients. For this reason, methods such as GroupShuffleSplit and GroupKFold, which account for patient-level clustering, were used. Of the models tested, the Random Forest classifier showed the best overall performance, with an AUC of 0.861 (95% CI: 0.830-0.888) on patient data that had not been used during training, outperforming the Multi-Layer Perceptron model. The incorporation of additional features that capture changes between 48 and 72 h improved the results even further, raising the AUC to 0.902 and achieving a very high sensitivity of 96.8%. Overall, the results show that objective biophysical measurements derived from the Antera 3D imaging system can be combined with machine-learning techniques for objective patch-test assessment. Incorporating temporal changes between the 48- and 72-h readings further improved model performance, suggesting that temporal changes provide additional information beyond single-time-point measurements.

To identify incident open-angle glaucoma (OAG) cases detected through regular ophthalmic care and from screening in a population-based cohort and study the additional yield of screening in a population with high prevalence of pseudoexfoliation (PEX). Longitudinal, population-based study in Thessaloniki, Greece. Among eligible subjects, 1092 were examined at the follow-up stage. Previously undiagnosed glaucoma was defined as the absence of prior self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension or prior medical/surgical treatment. Glaucoma severity was assessed using the Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson criteria. The population at risk, after excluding glaucoma patients diagnosed at baseline, consisted of 1042 participants. Forty-six subjects developed incident OAG and 27 of them (58.7%, 95% CI: 43.5-71.7) were undiagnosed at follow-up visit, corresponding to a 2.6% (95% CI: 1.6-3.6) 12-year incidence rate of undiagnosed OAG. After stratification, the incidence of undiagnosed OAG was 1.8% in non-PEX subjects (14 of 772) and 4.8% in PEX subjects (13 of 270). Glaucoma stage did not differ significantly between previously diagnosed and undiagnosed cases (p = 0.46 for better eye and p = 0.72 for worse eye). Among undiagnosed cases, 7 had moderate or worse visual field loss in both eyes, and 17 in at least one eye. The overall rate of undiagnosed incident OAG in this population-based cohort was substantial. A screening programme could have detected a significant number of glaucoma cases. The high rates of undiagnosed glaucoma among PEX subjects could suggest a higher additional yield of screening in this group. More studies are needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of screening in populations with high PEX prevalence.

Blood flow restriction (BFR) training involves partial occlusion of limb blood flow during exercise, and it is known to promote gains in skeletal muscle strength and hypertrophy. However, its impact on muscle oxygenation and microvascular function remains unclear, as recent studies and reviews have mainly focused on macrovascular acute and chronic adaptations. This review aimed to examine the effects of BFR exercise on muscle oxygenation and microvascular function in healthy individuals. Research for this narrative review was conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE in January 2026. Randomized and non-randomized trials on healthy adults assessing the effects of acute or long-term BFR exercise on muscle oxygenation and microvascular function via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), compared to non-BFR exercise, were included. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Acute BFR exercise was associated with significantly elevated skeletal muscle deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) and total hemoglobin (tHb) responses, while O2Hb and tissue saturation index (TSI) decreased to a greater extent compared to non-BFR exercise. Evidence on the effects of chronic BFR training on muscle oxygenation is limited but suggests a potential improvement in muscle oxygen extraction, as reflected by higher HHb levels. The few studies that examined BFR effects on microvascular function/reactive hyperemia report a greater TSI reperfusion slope during vascular occlusion tests following a BFR resistance exercise bout. BFR exercise appears to elicit greater muscle deoxygenation responses than traditional free-flow training, suggesting a stronger stimulus for chronic muscular adaptations. However, evidence regarding microvascular function/reactivity is very limited, and further research is warranted to determine the acute and chronic effects of BFR exercise.

Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of premature death worldwide. Assessing the LDL-C-related burden is critical for guiding prevention and treatment strategies. To estimate the global, regional, and national burden of ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke attributable to elevated LDL-C (relative to 35-54 mg/dL) from 1990 to 2023 and to quantify the contributions of population growth, aging, risk-deleted burden, and exposure changes to burden trends. This comparative risk assessment, part of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023, estimated population-level LDL-C exposure and associated health loss in 204 countries and territories. Mean LDL-C levels were estimated using spatiotemporal gaussian process regression based on 806 studies across 161 countries. Relative risks were derived from meta-analyses of 38 randomized clinical trials. Population-attributable fractions for deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated by age and sex for adults aged 25 years or older from 1990 to 2023, with 95% uncertainty intervals. Population-level LDL-C concentrations. Population-attributable fractions, counts, and rates (all ages and age standardized per 100 000) of LDL-C-attributable deaths and DALYs from ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke, with uncertainty intervals. In 2023, elevated LDL-C accounted for 3.6 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval, 2.2-5.4 million; 6.0% of global mortality) and 90.7 million DALYs (95% uncertainty interval, 58.9-123.3 million; 3.2% of DALYs). Although global all-ages rates remained stable, age-standardized death and DALY rates decreased by 45.6% and 39.5%, respectively, since 1990. In 2023, age-standardized LDL-C-attributable DALY rates were highest in Eastern Europe and lowest in high-income Asia-Pacific. One-third of the global LDL-C burden occurred in India and China. Population growth and aging drove the increasing burden, with notable regional disparities in LDL-C exposure and risk-deleted DALY rates shifting toward middle-sociodemographic settings. Despite declining age-standardized rates, the absolute LDL-C burden has increased since 1990 due to demographic changes and has shifted toward middle-sociodemographic countries. Measurement and surveillance gaps persist. Strengthened prevention, diagnosis, and treatment access strategies are essential to mitigate the health burden of LDL-C.

Surgical intervention remains the cornerstone of treatment for gynecologic malignancies. However, the complex nature of these procedures leads to a significant risk of perioperative and post-operative complications. The European Society of Gynecological Oncology recognized the need for standardized, evidence-based consensus statements with the aim to minimize surgical morbidity and mortality and decrease surgical complications. A literature review was conducted by the methodologist of the group, using the MEDLINE database, based on 5 patient, intervention or exposure, comparison or control, outcome frameworks. Literature published between January 1, 2014, and June 1, 2025, was reviewed and critically appraised. The literature search was limited to publications in English. Priority was given to high-quality systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials, but studies with less evidence, such as prospective cohort studies and retrospective registry-based analyses, were also evaluated. Statements were subsequently drafted collaboratively based on the review of the literature and adapted in an iterative process in conference call meetings including anonymous voting for each statement. The group achieved consensus on 26 statements categorized into six primary surgical domains: Energy Devices and Surgical Environment, Minimally Invasive Entry Techniques, Use of Uterine Manipulators, Lymphedema Prevention and Management, Vulvar Surgery and Wound Management, and Inguinal Lymphadenectomy. This Consensus Statement presents comprehensive guidelines for the prevention of surgical complications in gynecologic oncology. These recommendations are expected to standardize surgical care, reduce perioperative morbidity and lead to improvement of post-operative recovery and ultimately quality of life of patients with gynecologic malignancies.

Urban soils act as sinks for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indicating the intensity of the anthropogenic load, while potential environmental and human health concerns may arise. In the present study, the concentrations, spatial distribution, source apportionment and potential health risks of 16 priority PAHs were investigated in urban soils from the city of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Surface soil samples were collected from 19 locations characterized by different land uses and traffic conditions. The total levels of the 16 PAHs exhibited substantial variability, with a range of 14.09-1565.4 μg kg-1, reflecting heterogeneous contamination patterns across the city. PAH profiles were dominated by high-molecular-weight compounds (4-6 rings) accounting for over 80% of the total PAHs. Diagnostic molecular ratios highlighted pyrogenic sources, verifying that high-temperature combustion processes dominated the PAH inputs in the urban soils from Thessaloniki city. The factor score plot made prominent the presence of localized contamination hotspots in areas characterized by intense and continuous traffic activity, spotlighting vehicular traffic emissions and transport-related activities as primary sources of PAHs in the study area. Carcinogenic risk assessment based on the BaP-EQ approach indicated acceptable risk levels for most of the sampled soils, although limited localized hotspots with elevated carcinogenic risk were identified. This study provides important baseline information for understanding PAH contamination in urban environments and supports the development of targeted pollution mitigation and environmental management strategies.

The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) is a premier body image assessment tool, yet its full 69-item version lacks psychometric validation and cross-gender measurement invariance testing within the Greek population. This study rigorously evaluated the structural validity, internal consistency reliability, and measurement invariance of the complete Greek MBSRQ using a large community sample of 1776 adults (899 men, 877 women). Construct validity was examined via multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) utilizing the Diagonally Weighted Least Squares (DWLS) estimator to properly accommodate ordinal data. The original 10-factor model demonstrated an acceptable fit for women (CFI = 0.903, RMSEA = 0.086) but exhibited a visibly attenuated, marginal fit for the male subsample (CFI = 0.843, TLI = 0.835, RMSEA = 0.089). While the baseline configural invariance model fit fell below conventional thresholds, sequential constraints supported full scalar invariance (Delta-CFI = 0.004, Delta-RMSEA = 0.002). Significant gender differences emerged, with women reporting higher Appearance Orientation and Overweight Preoccupation. Subjective weight perception more adversely impacted female body satisfaction, whereas health evaluation operated completely independently of aesthetic domains. Consequently, the full Greek MBSRQ provides a reliable platform for cross-gender comparisons, though its structural validity requires qualified, highly cautious interpretation due to male-specific model fit limitations.

Chronic kidney disease-associated cardiomyopathy (CKD-CM) is a term that captures the spectrum of myocardial disease that begins early in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and progresses as kidney function declines. Historically described as uremic cardiomyopathy, the condition was associated with severe left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis in patients with kidney failure. However, functional abnormalities and myocardial injury have been shown to begin much earlier, with diffuse interstitial fibrosis preceding overt hypertrophy or reduced ejection fraction. Fibrosis drives heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)-like physiology and atrial fibrillation and increases arrhythmic risk. In this review, we describe the multiple interacting mechanisms, including abnormal loading, neurohormonal activation, metabolic and inflammatory stress, mineral bone disorder, and microvascular dysfunction. We summarize imaging findings across CKD stages and describe established and emerging therapeutic strategies. A better understanding of CKD-CM pathogenesis is likely to enable early intervention and prevention, with successful outcomes measured by reduced progression to severe cardiomyopathy and lower cardiovascular mortality in CKD.

The canonical NF-κB pathway is a major regulator of inflammatory responses, and its persistent activation has been linked to chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer development. It is therefore important to develop effective NF-κB inhibitors that can potentially be utilized in further preclinical studies. In this study, we have synthesized various quinazolinone compounds using novel methodologies. We specifically utilized a two-step protocol comparing an established protocol to a modified alternative procedure and then successfully established a novel one-pot multi-component reaction. All quinazolinones were tested based on their capacity to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-induced NF-κB activation using a commercial transgenic HeLa reporter cell-line. Among the eighteen molecules tested, two compounds affected the NF-κB-dependent luciferase activity, the 5o (3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one) and 10 (N-(6-bromo-2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-4-nitrobenzamide). Only the 5o though, bearing OH at R1 (6 position), attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory interleukin 6 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human primary macrophage cultures. Molecular docking analysis provides supportive computational evidence that 5o could interact with the p65/DNA complex and therefore could potentially be developed for further studies that aim to inhibit the canonical NF-κB pathway.

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To evaluate the clinical, radiographic, histological and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of soft-tissue augmentation (STA) during implant placement in the aesthetic zone using a connective tissue graft (CTG) or a volume-stable collagen matrix (VCMX). In this three-arm randomised controlled trial, 25 patients were allocated to VCMX, SCTG, or no augmentation (control). Soft-tissue thickness (STT) was assessed by ultrasonography, and buccal bone thickness (BBT) by CBCT, at baseline and 6&#x2009;months. Clinical parameters, PROMs and histological findings were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed at the patient level using repeated-measures general linear models, accounting for within-subject variability. Both VCMX and SCTG resulted in significant increases in STT compared with control (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Numerically greater STT gains were observed in the VCMX group. BBT decreased significantly over time in all groups, with no significant differences between treatments. PROMs were comparable, although CTG was associated with slightly higher morbidity. Histological analysis showed favourable integration of both grafting materials. STA significantly increased STT but did not prevent buccal bone remodelling. Within the study limitations, both augmentation approaches were associated with increased STT compared with no augmentation. Further well-designed studies are required to confirm these findings. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06622759; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06622759).

KBG syndrome is a rare autosomal developmental disorder caused by pathogenic variants of the ANKRD11 gene. This scoping review aimed to explore all current literature data regarding clinical and electroencephalographic features of patients with KBG syndrome and epilepsy. We conducted a literature review of previously published cases of patients with KBG syndrome and epilepsy in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases in English, focusing on seizure semiology and electroencephalographic features. Fifty-four studies were included in the review, including 233 patients with KBG syndrome and epilepsy. Most children with KBG syndrome and epilepsy (89.7%) had developmental delay and intellectual disability. The most common neurological symptoms were hypotonia (30.7%), sleep disturbances (20%), ataxia (18.7%), migraine (8.3%), and stereotypies (6.7%) (N&#x2009;=&#x2009;75, available data on neurological symptoms). The median age of developing seizures was 4&#x2009;years (range 1&#x2009;month-51&#x2009;years). Patients with KBG syndrome had most commonly generalized seizures (73.9%), although focal seizures occurred in 37.9% of cases (N&#x2009;=&#x2009;140, available data on seizure type). Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were the most common seizure type (38.2%), followed by absences (26.6%), and focal seizures with or without preserved consciousness (21.9% and 19.1%, respectively). Interictal EEG showed focal and, less frequently, generalized discharges (24.6% vs. 15%) in the 118 patients with available EEG data. Almost 70% of patients were seizure-free after a mean follow-up of 9.9&#x2009;years, while drug-resistant epilepsy was reported in 22.6% of cases. Patients with focal impaired consciousness seizures had significantly lower odds of achieving seizure freedom. Epileptic seizures in patients with KBG syndrome are usually generalized and have an onset between infancy and mid-teens. Common epileptological features in KBG syndrome comprise the good response to antiseizure medication and, in most cases, the remitting nature of epilepsy. Drug-resistant epilepsy can be observed in up to one-third of cases.