The synergistic use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and photosensitizer's offers promise biomedical improvements. This study assesses and creates the potential for photosensitizers (Chlorine e6 (Ce6), Methylene Blue (MB)) and Silver Nanoparticles to work together to enhance biological activity. AgNPs were created by the laser ablation method and characterized using methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD).The antibacterial and anticancer properties of these nanoparticles, both individually and in combination with photosensitizers, were further examined. AgNPs were combined with Methylene Blue and Chlorine e6 to enhance their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, such as Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii, resulting in inhibition zones of up to as large as 0.66 ± 057 mm. The anticancer properties of the combination therapy were also examined against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, where Chlorine e6 alone had an IC50 of approximately 231.2%. Another photosensitizer, Methylene blue, showed a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability, with an IC50 of around 6.52 ± 3.26%. When AgNPs and Methylene Blue combined, the IC50 decreased to 11.42 ± 5.71, indicating a synergistic increase in cytotoxicity. Similarly, Chlorine e6 and AgNPs together significantly decreased the IC50 to 80µM to 100 µM. These findings show that the combined use of Methylene Blue or Chlorine e6 with AgNPs greatly improves anticancer and antibacterial efficacy compared to their individual applications. This research highlights how AgNPs and photosensitizers have the ability to change treatment approaches by providing improved specificity and efficacy in biomedical applications.
Fluorescent Chromophore compounds are characterized by their unique light-absorbing properties. They have emerged as promising candidates in anticancer research due to their ability to interact with cellular components through photodynamic, photothermal, and other therapeutic mechanisms. Recent advancements in synthetic chromophore compounds, such as Coumarin, Fluorescein, Quinoline, and Rhodamine have demonstrated significant anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and disrupting tumor vasculature. The integration of chromophores with nanotechnology and targeted drug delivery systems has enhanced their therapeutic efficacy and selectivity, minimizing side effects. Moreover, their role in photoactivation has opened avenues for non-invasive cancer treatments. Despite these advances, challenges such as drug resistance, limited bioavailability, and potential toxicity need to be addressed. This review summarizes recent developments in fluorescent chromophore-based anticancer therapies, highlighting their mechanisms and potential in combination strategies, while addressing future directions for overcoming current limitations in clinical applications.
Pancreatic cancer is a major cause of death and one of the most challenging types of cancer which responds poorly to conventional chemotherapy and has limited therapeutic options. The scenario highlights the urgent need for the development of newer multi-targeting anticancer drugs for pancreatic cancers with higher potency, selectivity and safety profiles. The proposed research was focused on revealing the anticancer potential and mechanistic involvement of naturally occurring sesquiterpenoid nootkatone against pancreatic cancer through an integrative in silico approach. Network pharmacology and systems biology approaches were applied to identify common therapeutic targets for nootkatone that were pathophysiologically associated with the progression of pancreatic cancer. Protein-protein interaction (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO), and KEGG enrichment analyses were executed to validate the target's involvement in the pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were performed to reveal the binding potential and interactions of the nootkatone with the shortlisted anticancer targets, followed by density functional theory (DFT) analysis, ADMET prediction, and clinical relevance assessment to confirm its electrochemical and physicochemical involvement. A total of 27 overlapping targets were identified with AKT1, MAPK3, IL1β, and COX-2 revealed as the four hub target genes for nootkatone by network pharmacology. Enrichment analyses confirmed the significant involvement of PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint, PI3K-AKT, MAPK, and inflammatory signaling pathways (FDR < 0.05) in the progression of pancreatic cancer. Docking analyses revealed that nootkatone has binding affinity for its targets, especially for MAPK3/ERK1 (- 8.03 kcal/mol) and AKT1 (- 7.35 kcal/mol). MD simulation over 100 ns demonstrated the stable protein-ligand complexes. DFT calculations showed a HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 2.868 eV, indicating moderate chemical reactivity and stability. Nootkatone was found to exert stronger and more stable binding against all four concerned anticancer targets with impressive electrochemical properties. ADMET predictions suggested favourable drug-likeness and Pharmacokinetics. Nootkatone can be a potential multi-targeting agent with anticancer and immunomodulatory properties by modulating the PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint and signalling pathways associated with pancreatic cancer progression. However, these findings are based on in silico analyses and require further validation through in vitro and in vivo experimental studies to develop new plant-based anticancer therapeutics for pancreatic cancer.
Euphorbia milii Des Moul is a plant with a long history of use in traditional medicinal and is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. Traditionally, its sap has been used in folk medicine to treat various conditions such as skin inflammations, pain, and boils. To date, it remains a commonly used herbal medicine in clinical practice. This paper systematically reviews the phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of E. milii to assess its therapeutic potential and guide future studies. A comprehensive literature search was performed based on multiple s databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Elsevier, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang. Additionally, taxonomic databases such as Flora of China and Plants of the World Online (POWO) were consulted to verify the plant's nomenclature and distribution. To date, 85 compounds have been identified from E. milii, comprising 74 diterpenoids, 6 triterpenoids, 2 steroids, 2 flavonoids, and 1 macrocyclic lactone. These phytochemicals exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-gout, molluscicide, and anti-parasitic effects. Given its long history of traditional use, rich phytochemical composition, and diverse pharmacological activities, E. milii can be considered an important botanical resource for applications not only in traditional medicine but also in modern ecological and potential pharmacological contexts. However, in vivo and clinical studies remain limited. Future research should emphasize pharmacokinetic profiling to strengthen the basis for clinical applications and new drug development.
Oral cancer still represents a leading cause of mortality in India. Due to the drawbacks and limitations of current treatment options, a safe, low-cost therapy is the need of the hour. Recently, newer plant extracts with anticancer properties have gained considerable attention. Coleus amboinicus has been studied for its anticancer effects against various cancers. However, research focusing specifically on its effects on oral cancer cells is limited, highlighting the importance of this study. The study intends to evaluate the anticancer effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Coleus amboinicus against CAL 27 cell lines through in vitro assays and to compare this with the previously existing plant-derived anticancer drug used for oral cancer, paclitaxel. Ethanolic extracts of leaves of Coleus amboinicus were prepared, and the anticancer efficacy of the leaf extract as well as paclitaxel was evaluated against CAL-27 oral cancer cells in vitro. MTT assay was performed using various concentrations of the plant extract and the drug on oral cancer cells. The percentage of cell viability for each concentration was calculated, and the IC50 values were derived for both the extracts. Apoptosis detection was done using acridine orange-ethidium bromide dual fluorescence staining. The results revealed a decrease in the percentage of viable cells with increasing concentration of Coleus amboinicus extracts. The IC50 values of Coleus amboinicus and paclitaxel were 206.44 and 54.97 µg/ml, respectively (P < 0.001). Coleus amboinicus showed significant cytotoxicity, although not as effective as paclitaxel, on oral cancer CAL-27 cells. The leaves of Coleus amboinicus exhibit potent anticancer activity against oral cancer (CAL-27) cells.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most significant global health concerns, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies for its effective management. Despite advances in treatment therapies, chemotherapy remains the mainstay of CRC treatment, with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) as a standard first-line agent. However, its clinical effectiveness is hindered by drug resistance, rapid clearance and systemic toxicity, underscoring the need for innovative drug delivery strategies. In this context, the current work involves engineering of a bioinspired nanocomplex (NX) comprising zein and a biological macromolecule, such as chitosan, using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The resulting NX was characterized for particle size (186.13 ± 8.61 nm), polydispersity index (0.194 ± 0.03), and %entrapment of 5-FU (54.39 ± 3.1%) and silibinin (97.44 ± 1.16%), respectively. SEM and TEM analysis revealed the smooth and spherical nature of NX. Thermal analysis was performed using TGA and DSC and XRD was employed for structural characterization. Subsequently, spectroscopic investigations were carried out using FTIR, Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy to examine the potential interactions between the drugs and polymers used in the formulation of the NX system. In vitro studies confirmed controlled drug release with Weibull release kinetic model. The dual-drug-loaded-NX exhibited a significant increase in cytotoxicity compared to individual 5-FU and silibinin, and achieving nearly a 5-fold increase in cytotoxicity compared to silibinin. The NX demonstrated apoptosis induction, S/G2 cell cycle arrest, and improved cellular uptake compared to control group. The current investigation suggests that QbD-engineered zein-chitosan-based-NX could be a promising therapeutic strategy for managing CRC.
This study evaluated the polyphenol content of leaf extracts from Artemisia monosperma (AM) and investigated their antioxidant properties, cytotoxic effects, and potential to induce DNA damage in human cancer cell lines. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantified polyphenols in methanolic (AMM), ethanolic (AME), and aqueous (AMA) extracts, identifying 13 compounds in AME and 12 in AMA. AMM exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 24 µg/ml). Both AME and AMM demonstrated potent anticancer activity against HCT-116 (IC₅₀ = 0.38 µg/mL for AMM) and HUH-7 (IC₅₀ = 21.95 µg/mL for AMM) cells, while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity toward normal skin fibroblast cells (BJ-1; IC₅₀ = 13.05 µg/mL for AMM), with AMM demonstrating particular selectivity for HCT-116 cells. AMM induced DNA fragmentation and modulated apoptosis-related gene expression (Bax, Bcl-2, p53) in HUH-7 cells and caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in HCT-116 cells. Molecular docking further supported AMM's apoptosis activity. These results position A. monosperma as a rich source of bioactive polyphenols and antioxidants, with AMM showing promise as a therapeutic agent, especially for colorectal cancer.
Dexamethasone is typically included in the anti-emetic regimens during the administration of anticancer drugs. However, the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting in patients receiving anticancer therapy, for whom dexamethasone must be avoided to prevent the recurrence of diabetes mellitus or hepatitis, remain unknown. This retrospective, observational study evaluated nausea and vomiting in patients with breast cancer who underwent highly emetogenic chemotherapy, including anthracycline and cyclophosphamide, for breast cancer. In all patients, dexamethasone was completely omitted from the standard antiemetic regimen for reasons such as hepatitis, and only palonosetron and aprepitant were administered. For the 82 evaluated cases, the incidence of nausea was 84.1%, vomiting was 14.6%, and the complete response (CR) rate was 8.5%. In addition, the incidence rate of grade 2 or higher nausea (CTCAE ver. 4) was 47.6%, and the proportion of cases in which anticancer drug doses were reduced in the subsequent course due to nausea and vomiting was 2.4%. Factor analysis showed that treatment regimens, age, drinking history, history of prior chemotherapy, and reasons for omitting dexamethasone had no significant effects on the incidence of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. This study confirmed that the antiemetic effect of only administering palonosetron and aprepitant is insufficient for patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy in whom dexamethasone cannot be administered. Prophylactic administration of other antiemetic drugs is necessary to effectively manage nausea and vomiting in patients receiving anticancer therapy who cannot receive dexamethasone.
Cancer imposes a substantial financial burden. Notably, the National Health Insurance (NHI) program of Taiwan does not cover all indicated treatments for cancer. This study explored differences in medical expenditure across various cancer types. From the National Health Insurance Research Database and Taiwan Cancer Registry, we identified patients with a new diagnosis of advanced cancer of nine major types, namely breast, colorectal, cervical, esophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, lung, head and neck, and prostate cancer, between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2017. We calculated their expenditure from diagnosis to death and compared the expenditure across cancer types. Our analysis included 72,915 patients. Within the first 3 years after cancer diagnosis, patients with advanced breast cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) had the highest mean total medical costs (US$49,243·3 and US$41,466·2 per person, respectively), whereas patients with esophageal cancer and gastric cancer had the lowest mean total medical costs (US$20,802·9 and US$21,954·1 per person, respectively). Additionally, within the first 3 years after diagnosis, patients with advanced breast cancer and CRC had the highest anticancer drug costs (US$26,062·6 and US$17,386·1 per person, respectively), whereas patients with esophageal cancer and cervical cancer had the lowest anticancer drug costs (US$702·0 and US$1,742·6 per person, respectively). The highest and lowest survival-adjusted lifetime medical and anticancer drug costs were those for breast cancer and esophageal cancer, respectively. Substantial disparity exists in the resource allocation for different cancer types in the NHI program. The reimbursement policy should be improved. Policymakers should strengthen Taiwan's NHI reimbursement framework by applying explicit and consistent HTA criteria across cancer types, including clinical benefit, cost-effectiveness, budget impact, disease burden, and unmet medical need. Routine monitoring of cancer-specific expenditure, reimbursement coverage, and patient out-of-pocket burden may help identify under-resourced cancers and guide equitable yet sustainable resource allocation.
With global resources becoming increasingly strained, the development of novel sustainable resources has become particularly important. Spirulina has attracted considerable attention due to its exceptional nutritional value, abundant bioactive components, and superior environmental adaptability. A key functional component in spirulina, phycocyanin is a natural water-soluble protein pigment that exhibits diverse biological activities. In recent years, with advances in extraction and purification technologies, research on phycocyanin in the culinary, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic fields has both rapidly increased and significantly enhanced its commercial value. Despite its broad application prospects, research on its molecular mechanisms and systematic physiological effects requires further integration. This paper aims to comprehensively update the current research status of phycocyanin, systematically elucidate its biological activities as related to its anti-oxidative stress, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and neuroprotective effects. To do so, this paper analyzes the molecular mechanisms through which phycocyanin exerts its effects, and in particular considers its regulation of key signaling pathways such as NRF2/HO-1, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt. This review provides a detailed summary of the protective effects of phycocyanin on organs including the liver, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. It also summarizes the research progress on phycocyanin over the past 10 years, including findings related to its biological activities, functions, and related mechanisms. In conclusion, this review underscores the immense therapeutic potential of phycocyanin as a multi-target natural agent, and highlights the critical need for further clinical translation to fully harness its benefits in promoting human health and combating chronic diseases.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of naturally occurring short peptide chains with a broad spectrum of biological activities, especially showing unique potential in cancer treatment. Its ability to selectively kill tumor cells makes it a research hotspot for anticancer therapy. However, the issues of stability, selectivity and toxicity of AMPs in clinical applications still need to be addressed. This review summarizes the current status of engineering and optimization design of antimicrobial peptides, focusing on ways to improve their biostability, anticancer selectivity and reduce host toxicity through chemical modification, sequence optimization and multifunctional strategies. Furthermore, the design concept of novel stimulus-responsive antimicrobial peptides and their application prospects in targeted therapy are presented. Future research should focus on intelligent design, development of integrated treatment platforms, and innovation in industrial production technologies. Through multidisciplinary collaboration and technological breakthroughs, antimicrobial peptides are expected to play a greater role in cancer therapy and other biomedical fields, providing new solutions for personalized medicine and precision therapy.
Aloe-emodin (AE), known as 1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone, is a naturally occurring anthraquinone that has attracted attention for its diverse pharmacological applications. AE is mainly found in plant species, such as Aloe vera, Rheum palmatum, and Polygonum multiflorum. Accumulating preclinical studies suggest that AE exerts anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. In particular, its anticancer effects, involving apoptosis induction, oxidative stress inhibition, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibition of proliferative and metastatic pathways across multiple cancer cell lines, are especially well-characterized. AE demonstrates promising preclinical results, with a range of effective in vitro doses of 0.05 to 100 µM and in vivo doses of 25-100 mg/kg in animals; however, higher micromolar concentrations have been reported to have cytotoxic and hepatotoxic effects, highlighting AE's translational potential while necessitating further safety evaluation. Simultaneously, proliferative signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK, are widely investigated; some potential signaling pathways, like PIP2 stimulation, which also activates the AKT/mTOR pathway, are still unexplored. AE combats various infectious diseases targeting gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, influenza A, herpes simplex virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, enterovirus 71, and parasites such as Leishmania. Despite the promising pharmacological effects of AE, its clinical application is limited by poor pharmacokinetics, such as low bioavailability, rapid clearance, and inadequate intestinal absorption, along with safety risks like liver, kidney, and light-induced toxicity. Overcoming these challenges require improved delivery systems, structural modifications, and detailed toxicity profiling. Our review consolidates current pharmacological evidence, identifies research gaps, and suggests modifications and future directions for AE as a potential therapeutic agent.
Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound from Curcuma longa, has many biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. However, its use in food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical systems is limited owing to poor water solubility, chemical instability, fast metabolism, and very low oral bioavailability. To address these issues, various formulation strategies have been created. Microencapsulation is one of the most effective methods for improving the stability, bioaccessibility, and controlled release of curcumin. At the same time, computational tools such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations have become more important for understanding curcumin-carrier interactions and predicting formulation stability at the molecular level. Although both experimental encapsulation techniques and in silico modeling are well-established, research in these areas often occurs separately, leading to fragmented understanding of curcumin delivery systems. This review offers a detailed analysis of curcumin research by connecting its physicochemical properties and degradation pathways with microencapsulation strategies and computational modeling. Key encapsulation techniques such as spray drying, ionotropic gelation, complex coacervation, and nanostructured delivery systems are examined in terms of their mechanisms, benefits, drawbacks, and uses. Additionally, recent progress in molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations is discussed to emphasize their growing role in helping choose carriers and design formulations. By linking formulation science with predictions at the molecular level, this review presents a framework to promote the development of effective, stable, and bioavailable curcumin-based delivery systems for food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical purposes.
Membrane-active peptides (MAPs) have garnered significant attention as potential alternatives to conventional cancer therapies, which are frequently limited by severe side effects. Among them, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that leverage differences between the plasma membranes of cancer cells and healthy cells are particularly attractive. While several AMPs have demonstrated anticancer potency, structure-function relationship studies are lacking to explain the molecular basis of their selectivity and to help design improved analogs. Here, we contribute to filling this gap by investigating Nile tilapia piscidin 4 (TP4), an AMP with demonstrated activity against several solid organ cancers. First, we discover through biological assays that the anticancer activity of the peptide, which underscores a promising therapeutic window, is associated with increased plasma membrane permeability in cancer cells compared to normal cells and positively (negatively) correlated with enzymes that enrich (deplete) anionic PS in the outer leaflet. Next, we utilize a suite of complementary techniques on model membranes to investigate the interactions of TP4 with membranes, uncovering behaviors not previously observed in related AMPs. Circular dichroism experiments reveal that TP4 preferentially binds to zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (PC) membranes enriched in anionic PS, while cholesterol markedly impairs binding. X-ray diffraction demonstrates that TP4 disrupts PC-PS membranes by inducing lipid segregation. Covering a range of biologically relevant peptide concentrations with neutron diffraction and reflectometry measurements in fluid bilayers and MD simulations, we unveil how TP4 and associated water gradually insert into the hydrocarbon region and cause convoluted membrane deformations to breach the membrane barriers. These studies highlight the pivotal role of the TP4 polyarginine tail in driving selective membrane binding and disruption on membranes enriched with the anionic lipid PS. Together, our results elucidate the molecular determinants underpinning the selective anticancer effects of TP4, providing a strategic framework for the rational design of advanced membrane-active therapeutics.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer and ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related fatalities worldwide. Recently, prochlorperazine (PCZ), a synthetic antipsychotic medication, has gained attention for its potential anticancer properties. However, the specific mechanisms underlying its anticancer effects remain unclear. In this study, we have identified that PCZ effectively inhibits the proliferation of HCC cells and diminishes the number and size of HCC foci in the mouse model. Subsequent studies have revealed that PCZ can directly bind to β-catenin and enhance the phosphorylation level of β-catenin. This, in turn, inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway, thereby exerting its anticancer effects. This novel finding sheds light on the potential molecular mechanisms of PCZ as a therapeutic strategy for HCC. In summary, our study provides fresh insights into the utility of PCZ as a therapeutic option for HCC and elucidates its molecular mechanisms.
Conventional chemical and physical methods for nanoparticle synthesis often involve toxic reagents, high energy demands, and limited biocompatibility. As a result, the biosynthesis of precious metal nanoparticles (PMNPs) using green algal extracts has gained attention as an eco-friendly, low-cost alternative, particularly for biomedical applications. This review explores the synthesis of PMNPs, i.e., silver, gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium, via green algae, emphasizing the role of algal metabolites and phytochemicals in nanoparticle reduction and stabilization. Biosynthesized PMNPs consistently exhibit strong anticancer properties, including dose-dependent cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis induction, and selective activity against cancer cells, especially in breast, cervical, liver, and colorectal cancer models. However, challenges such as limited mechanistic understanding, variability in synthesis outcomes, and scalability constraints remain. This review highlights the cancer therapeutic promise of green algae-mediated PMNPs while outlining critical directions for future research in anticancer nanomedicine.
Although the prognosis of patients with hematologic cancers has improved significantly owing to the advance of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation therapy, disease relapse and refractory are still very prevalent and remain the major obstacles for long-term patient survival. Recent evidence suggests that drug-tolerant persister (DTP) cells are considered to be the cellular reservoir for tumor relapses and drug resistance formation. DTP cells refer to tumor cells that are acquired tolerance to anticancer drugs during exposure. Distinct from genetic mutations which cause stable drug-resistance, drug-tolerance in DTP cells is reversible which is primarily mediated by non-genetic alterations including changes in epigenetic modification, metabolic reprogramming, and/or transcriptional regulation. However, under prolonged or repeat drug-exposure, DTP cells acquire mutations in genes that are required for drug-treatment response and become stable drug-resistance. Targeting stable drug-resistant cell therapy is very challenge which needs novel drugs. Thus, targeted DTP cells therapy is particularly interesting which only needs to inhibit the essential adaptive pathways to prevent DTP cells formation or restore drug-sensitivity to DTP cells. During the past 15 years, significant efforts have been made to understand the mechanisms that drive the generation of DTP cells and define unique vulnerabilities that can be exploited for targeting DTP cells therapies. Combination of drug with adaptive pathway inhibitors has been attempted to prevent recurrence and refractory for durable treatment efficacy. Here, we review the advances of DTP cells research in hematologic cancers and summarize the phenotypic and functional characterizations of DTP cells defined in different research models. By deliberating the mechanisms of DTP cells generation and evolution, we discuss the potential therapeutic strategies of targeting DTP cells for more an effective treatment of hematological malignancies.
Recently, various basic research and clinical studies have revealed the further potential of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor Olaparib and histone deacetylase inhibitor Chidamide in lung cancer. However, no research available was found to report whether there is a synergistic effect of Olaparib in combination with Chidamide. This research was conducted to investigate whether there is a synergistic effect between the two drugs and the underlying mechanism in lung cancer cell lines. Here, we treat lung cancer cell lines with Olaparib with or without Chidamide in vivo and in vitro. Based on that, we found that there were synergistic effects between Olaparib and Chidamide. Combined use of them cooperatively downregulated the expression of MYBL2, which was responsible for the downregulation of BRCA1, a main member of DNA damage repair. Simultaneously, Olaparib-induced inhibition of PARP expression leads to the 'synthetic lethality' of cells. On the other hand, MYBL2 may regulate the expression of cycle protein dependent kinase 1, causing G2M cell cycle arrest. Consequently, the combination of Olaparib and Chidamide synergistically induces cell apoptosis through synthetic lethality and cell cycle arrest to exert an antitumor effect.
Xanthosoma undipes K. Koch (Beneng taro) leaves are rich in bioactive compounds with reported antioxidant and anticancer potential. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts from Beneng taro leaves cultivated in three locations, identified active compounds using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and assessed their anticancer potential through in silico analysis. Extraction was performed with 96% ethanol, followed by phytochemical screening, quantification of total flavonoids and phenolics, and antioxidant evaluation using the DPPH assay. LC-MS/MS identified several bioactive phenolic and flavonoid compounds, including quercetin, isorhamnetin, hispidulin, oleocanthal and cyclovalone, as key contributors to antioxidant activity. Leaves from high-altitude Cisarua (TB-1) had the highest flavonoid (94.49 ± 1.61 mg QE/g) and phenolic (97.35 ± 1.74 mg GAE/g) contents, with the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 42.96 μg/mL). Drug-likeness screening indicated favourable pharmacokinetic properties for several compounds. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities of quercetin, isorhamnetin, hispidulin, cochliophilin A, cyclovalone and oleocanthal to Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), a key oncogenic protein regulating cell growth, division and mutation, suggesting potential anticancer effects. These findings indicate that cultivation at higher altitudes enhances bioactive compound levels and antioxidant potential. Future studies should isolate active compounds, validate their effects in vivo, optimise cultivation practices, and explore their development into functional foods or nutraceuticals.