搜索结果：Annals of the American Association of Geographers

C22W38O5 is a chemical that travels. Better known as misoprostol, it was designed as a stomach ulcer drug but is now used around the world as an abortion pill due to the self-experimentation of Latin American communities who were seeking ways to end unwanted pregnancies. We develop a chemical geography approach to misoprostol that allows us to scale inward to understand the chemical properties of this medication while also being able to scale out to understand how medicinal effects are interwoven with and determined by global politics. Misoprostol as a chemical alone does not guarantee a successful abortion and instead 'scaffolding' in the form of mobility and information is required to transform misoprostol from a chemical to a safe and effective technology of abortion. First, we examine how misoprostol is moved by feminist networks in Mexico and Peru. Second, we argue that in order to be useful it is not enough just to access the pills, information on how to use them is required. These themes culminate in our contribution of 'pharmacokinetical geographies'; the micro-geography of the placement of pharmaceuticals in and on a body and its ramifications. The chemical geographies of misoprostol tell a story of power, bodily autonomy, and resistance.

How do technologies animate more-than-human geographies after extinction? How can geographical scholarship evoke, or bring presence to, extinct biota? In an epoch simultaneously characterized by biotic loss at an unthinkable scale and the increased presence of representations depicting nonhuman life through mass media and digitization, we examine the epistemic, affective, and ethical possibilities of extinct animal traces to shape more-than-human geographies. We show how technological apparatuses inaugurate afterlives of extinction troubling binaries of extinct-extant and absence-presence. Specifically, we consider audio and visual remains of two taxa producing awkward and unsettling postextinction geographies: the ivory-billed woodpecker and the bucardo. Sound recordings and other historical traces continue to forge contemporary connections between human searchers and the ivory-billed woodpecker, although no sighting of the ghost bird has been universally accepted since 1944. The bucardo was declared extinct in 2000, but it was tentatively reanimated through a failed 2003 cloning project; in this milieu, visual technologies and representations conjure alternative presence and speculative futures beyond technoscientific spectacle. Through conversing our own situated, speculative, and technologically mediated relations with these taxa-and situating the technological assemblages themselves-we present some of the lively, contested, and dispersed ways technological apparatuses affect and inaugurate animated geographies after extinction. 技术如何激活灭绝后的超人类地理？地理研究如何唤起或展现已灭绝的生物群落？目前, 生物灭绝的规模大得难以想象。与此同时, 越来越多的大众媒体和数字化描绘了非人类生命。我们研究了灭绝动物痕迹在认知、情感和伦理方面的可能性, 并塑造了超人类地理。展示了技术装置如何开启灭绝动物的遗迹, 挑战了灭绝与存活、不存在和存在的二元认知。具体的, 我们考虑了两个类群(象牙喙啄木鸟和布卡多)的音频和视觉遗迹, 质疑了灭绝后地理。尽管自1944年以来就没有发现这种魔鬼鸟的踪迹, 录音和其它历史遗迹继续建立了人类搜索者和象牙喙啄木鸟的联系。布卡多在2000年被宣布灭绝, 但它们在2003年一个失败的克隆项目中暂时复活。在这种背景下, 视觉技术和表现方式唤起了技术科学奇迹之外的另类存在和推测性未来。通过探讨我们特定的、推测性的、技术中介的与这些类群的关系, 并考虑各种技术, 我们呈现了技术装置影响和激活灭绝地理的一些有效的、争议性的和分散式的途径。. ¿Cómo animan las tecnologías a las geografías más-que-humanas después de la extinción? ¿Cómo puede la erudición geográfica evocar o darle existencia a la biota extinta? En una época que simultáneamente se caracteriza por la pérdida biótica a una escala impensable, y la creciente presencia de representaciones que muestran la vida no humana a través de los medios masivos y la digitalización, examinamos las posibilidades epistémicas, afectivas y éticas de las huellas de animales extintos para configurar las geografías más-que-humanas. Mostramos cómo los aparatos tecnológicos inauguran las posvidas de la extinción cuestionando los binarios de lo extinto–existente y de la ausencia–presencia. Específicamente, tomamos en consideración los restos sonoros y visuales de dos taxones que producen geografías postextincionales hoscas e inquietantes: el pájaro carpintero pico de marfil y el bucardo. Las grabaciones de sonidos y otros relictos históricos siguen forjando conexiones contemporáneas entre las búsquedas humanas y el pájaro carpintero pico de marfil, así desde 1944 no haya sido universalmente aceptado avistamiento alguno de esta ave fantasmal. El bucardo se declaró extinto en 2000, pero fue tentativamente revivido por medio de un fallido proyecto de clonación en 2003; en este entorno ambiental las tecnologías y representaciones visuales conjuran una presencia alternativa y unos futuros especulativos más allá del espectáculo tecnocientífico. A través de nuestras propias relaciones situadas, especulativas y tecnológicamente mediadas con aquellos taxones –y situando los propios ensamblajes tecnológicos– presentamos algunas de las formas vivas, controvertidas y dispersas en que los aparatos tecnológicos afectan e inauguran geografías animadas después de la extinción.

Area-level estimates of temperature may lead to exposure misclassification in studies examining associations between heat waves and health outcomes. Our study compared the association between heat waves and preterm birth (PTB) or non-accidental death (NAD) using exposure metrics at varying levels of spatial resolution: ZIP codes, 12.5 km, and 1 km. Using geocoded residential addresses on birth (1990-2010) and death (1997-2010) records from Alabama, USA, we implemented a time-stratified case-crossover design to examine the association between heat waves and PTB or NAD. ZIP code- and 12.5 km heat wave indices (HIs) were derived using air temperatures from Phase 2 of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2). We downscaled NLDAS-2 data, using land surface temperatures (LST) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) product, to estimate fine spatial resolution HIs (1 km). The association between heat waves and PTB or NAD was significant and positive using ZIP code-, 12.5 km, and 1 km exposure metrics. Moreover, results show that these three-exposure metric analyses produced similar effect estimates. Urban heat islands were evident with the 1 km metric. When analyses were stratified by rurality, we found associations in urban areas were more positive than in rural areas. Comparing results of models with a varying spatial resolution of the exposure metric allows for examination of potential bias associated with exposure misclassification.

This article contributes to geographical methodology by presenting an epistemology of plausible reasoning (PR) as a complement to realist and reflexive frameworks for science. I introduce PR's theory of evidence, after Harold Jeffreys and George Pólya, and then extrapolate principles for nonexperimental study designs. This article leverages these principles to structure an investigation into the causes of a racial disparity in the colorectal cancer (CRC) burden in the Houston and Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan areas. Centered on a series of empirical questions pertaining to racial ghettoization, contemporary urbanization, and cancer inequalities, the study uncovers important geographic and social changes in the CRC burden in the study areas between 1999 and 2019. These include the emergence of a substantial class-related inequality in CRC incidence, the rise of aggregate racial disparities in CRC incidence outside of historically ghettoized areas, and an overall intensification of spatial CRC inequality. Drawing on fundamental cause theory and critical urban studies, I propose that these changes are a product of the uneven spread of new preventive technologies (screening colonoscopy) amid extensive and polarizing urbanization processes that are reshaping these regions. The study highlights the value of incorporating concern for dynamic macrostructures and political economy into analyses of spatial health data, and illustrates how PR can contribute to such work.

Recent health threats, such as the SARS, H1N1, and Ebola pandemics, have stimulated great interest in network models to study the transmission of communicable diseases through human interaction and mobility. Most current network models have focused on an individual-centric perspective where individuals are represented as nodes, and the interactions among them as edges. Few of these models are concerned with the discovery of the spatial patterns and dynamics of epidemics. We propose a location-centric, transmission network approach, in which nodes denote locations and edges denote possible disease transmissions between locations. We then identify the dynamics of transmission flows, the dynamics of critical locations, and the spatial-temporal extent of transmission pathways to assess the impact of these spatial dynamics on the evolution of an epidemic. Results show that transmission flows shift from elementary schools to middle schools and finally universities and professional schools at different phases of an epidemic. Critical locations, identified using network analysis, are responsible for the upsurge in transmission flows during the peaks of the epidemic. The length of transmission pathways shows a power law distribution and their spatial extent is rather small. Insights gained from this study will help devise spatially sensitive strategies to control communicable diseases.

Emerging research suggests that the extent to which activity spaces - the collection of an individual's routine activity locations - overlap provides important information about the functioning of a city and its neighborhoods. To study patterns of overlapping activity spaces, we draw on the notion of an ecological network, a type of two-mode network with the two modes being individuals and the geographic locations where individuals perform routine activities. We describe a method for detecting "ecological communities" within these networks based on shared activity locations among individuals. Specifically, we identify latent activity pattern profiles, which, for each community, summarize its members' probability distribution of going to each location, and community assignment vectors, which, for each individual, summarize his/her probability distribution of belonging to each community. Using data from the Adolescent Health and Development in Context (AHDC) Study, we employ latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) to identify activity pattern profiles and communities. We then explore differences across neighborhoods in the strength, and within-neighborhood consistency of community assignment. We hypothesize that these aspects of the neighborhood structure of ecological community membership capture meaningful dimensions of neighborhood functioning likely to co-vary with economic and racial composition. We discuss the implications of a focus on ecological communities for the conduct of "neighborhood effects" research more broadly.

This work advances the critical urban studies literature on "planetary urbanization" by emphasizing the everyday struggles experienced by the people who live in and through planetary transformations. Specifically, we empirically investigated people in Eastern Montana who experienced the intensive and extensive oil and gas production of the Bakken Boom via interview and survey data. In the process, we interrogated Henri Lefebvre's notion of the "blind field," and conclude that what we call the "Bakken blind field" represents a deeply engrained "habit of the mind" that functions for the energy industry as a means of neutralizing the transformative potential that always lurks in response to persistent socio-environmentally exploitative practices. We suggest that the degree of illumination that results from personal hardships can determine the degree to which local exploitation is rejected (or accepted) as a necessary result of living with oil and gas.

Time-location data collected from location-sensing technologies have the potential to advance our understanding of human mobility. Existing human activity studies tend to ignore a critical issue in data collection-the time period for which the activity data will be collected. Our study investigated this significant gap in the literature on temporal aspects of human mobility behavior-how many days constitute a period long enough to capture individuals' highly organized activity episodes and how they vary among individuals with heterogeneous demographic and social-economic characteristics. To determine a minimum number of days to capture individuals' highly organized activity episodes in activity space, we examined a distribution of Kullback-Leibler divergence indexes. To evaluate the differences in the minimal number of observation days per subgroup whose demographic and economic characteristics are heterogenous, we used a Bayesian profile regression model. Our study showed that the estimated minimum number of days required to capture routine activity patterns was 13.5 days with a standard deviation of 6.64. We found that participant's age, employment status, size of household, and accessibility to downtown, food, and physical activity, as well as economic status of residential environment, are important factors that affect temporal aspects of mobility behavior. 区位侦测技术搜集的时间地点数据, 具有增进我们对人类移动的理解之潜能。既有的人类活动研究, 倾向 忽略数据搜集中的一项重要议题——活动数据搜集的时程。我们的研究, 探讨此一在人类活动行为的时 间面向文献中的显着缺失——多少天足以构成能够捕捉个人高度组织化的活动事件之时长, 及其如何在 具有异质的人口和社会经济特徵之个人之间有所变异。为了确定捕捉个人在活动空间中高度组织化的活 动事件之最小天数, 我们检视K-L散度指标的分佈。为了评估人口和经济特徵异质的每个次团体的最小观 察日数差异, 我们运用贝叶斯剖面迴归模型。我们的研究显示, 评估得以捕捉日常活动模式的最小日数是 十三点五天, 标准差则为六点六四。我们发现, 参与者的年龄, 职业身份, 家户大小, 市中心、食物与身体 活动的可及性, 以及居住环境的经济地位, 是影响移动行为的时间面向之重要因素。. Datos sobre la relación tiempo–localización generados a partir de tecnologías de percepción de la localización son potencialmente aptos para avanzar nuestra comprensión de la movilidad humana. Los estudios existentes sobre actividad humana tienden a ignorar un punto crítico en la recolección de datos—el período de tiempo para el cual se recogerán los datos de la actividad—. Nuestro estudio investigó esta brecha significativa en la literatura sobre los aspectos temporales de la conducta de movilidad humana—de cuántos días estará constituido un período lo suficientemente largo para captar los episodios altamente organizados de actividad de los individuos, y cómo varían aquellos entre individuos con características demográficas y socio-económicas heterogéneas—. Para determinar un número mínimo de días necesarios para captar los episodios altamente organizados de actividad de los individuos en un espacio de actividad, examinamos una distribución de los índices de divergencia Kullback–Leibler. Para evaluar las diferencias en el número mínimo de días de observación por subgrupo cuyas características demográficas y económicas son heterogéneas, usamos un modelo de regresión de perfil bayesiano. Nuestro estudio mostró que el número mínimo estimado de días requeridos para captar patrones de actividad rutinaria era de 13.5 días con una desviación estándar de 6.64. Descubrimos que la edad del participante, el estatus de empleo, el tamaño del hogar y la accesibilidad al centro de la ciudad, la alimentación y la actividad física, lo mismo que el estatus económico de los entornos residenciales, son factores importantes que afectan aspectos temporales de la conducta de movilidad.

While agent-based models (ABMs) provide an effective means for investigating complex interactions between heterogeneous agents and their environment, they may hinder an improved understanding of phenomena being modeled due to inherent challenges associated with uncertainty in model parameters. This study uses uncertainty analysis and global sensitivity analysis (UA-GSA) to examine the effects of such uncertainty on model outputs. The statistics used in UA-GSA, however, are likely to be affected by the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Therefore, to examine the scale varying-effects of model inputs, UA-GSA needs to be performed at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Unfortunately, performing comprehensive UA-GSA comes with considerable computational cost. In this paper, our cyberGIS-enabled spatiotemporally explicit UA-GSA approach helps to not only resolve the computational burden, but also to measure dynamic associations between model inputs and outputs. A set of computational and modeling experiments shows that input factors have scale-dependent impacts on modeling output variability. In other words, most of the input factors have relatively large impacts in a certain region, but may not influence outcomes in other regions. Furthermore, our spatiotemporally explicit UA-GSA approach sheds light on the effects of input factors on modeling outcomes that are particularly spatially and temporally clustered, such as the occurrence of communicable disease transmission.

Alcohol and alcohol related harm are key public health challenges. Research has shown that individual level factors, such as age and sex, are important predictors of alcohol consumption, but such factors provide only a partial account of the drivers of consumption. In this paper we argue that individual level factors interact with features of the 'risk environment' to increase the vulnerability of individuals to such environments. Features of the alcohol 'risk environment' include the density of alcohol premises in a neighbourhood. Previous research has shown that neighbourhoods with a higher density of alcohol outlets have higher levels of both alcohol consumption and alcohol related harm. There has however been a distinct lack of attention paid to the differential ways in which particular socio-demographic groups may be more vulnerable to such 'risk environments'. In this paper we address the risk environment through a primary focus on the local supply and availability of alcohol products (captured using a measure of outlet density) and the relationship with the harmful use of alcohol. Using responses to the Scottish Health Survey (2008-2011) we explore vulnerability through the interaction between individual level socio-economic position, measured using household income, and environmental risk to assess differential social vulnerability to such environments. We report findings showing that those in the lowest income groups may be disproportionately affected by outlet density. This evidence suggests that risk environments may not affect us all equally and that there may be socially differentiated vulnerability to such environments.

Health geography has emerged from under the "shadow of the medical" to become one of the most vibrant of all the subdisciplines. Yet, this success has also meant that health research has become increasingly siloed within this subdisciplinary domain. As this article explores, this represents a potential lost opportunity with regard to the study of global health, which has instead come to be dominated by anthropology and political science. Chief among the former's concerns are exploring the gap between the programmatic intentions of global health and the unintended or unanticipated consequences of their deployment. This article asserts that recent work on contingency within geography offers significant conceptual potential for examining this gap. It therefore uses the example of alcohol taxation in Botswana, an emergent global health target and tool, to explore how geographical contingency and the emergent, contingent geographies that result might help counter the prevailing tendency for geography to be side-stepped within critical studies of global health. At the very least, then, this intervention aims to encourage reflection by geographers on how to make explicit the all-too-often implicit links between their research and global health debates located outside the discipline. 健康地理学, 已脱离了 “医学阴影”, 浮现成为最活跃的次领域之一。但此般成功, 却也同时意味着健康研究逐渐在此一次领域范畴中受到孤立。如同本文所探讨的一般, 这代表着研究全球健康的潜在契机之丧失, 并成为人类学与政治科学所主宰的领域。前者的考量中, 最主要在于探讨全球健康的计画目的, 与其施展后的不经意或非预期结果之间的落差。本文主张, 晚近地理学中有关偶然性的研究, 提供了检视此一落差的重要概念潜能。本文因而使用博茨瓦纳所施行的酒税案例——一个全球健康的目标与工具——来探讨地理偶然性及其导致的浮现中且偶发的地理, 如何可能协助对抗全球健康的批判研究避开地理学的盛行趋势。此般介入的目的, 至少在于鼓励地理学者反思如何使其研究与领域之外的全球健康辩论之间过于隐晦的连结变得清晰可见。. La geografía de la salud ha emergido desde la “sombra de la geografía médica” para convertirse en una de las subdisciplinas más dinámicas. Sin embargo, este éxito ha significado también que la investigación sobre la salud crecientemente se haya enclaustrado dentro de este dominio subdisciplinario. Como lo explora este artículo, esto representa una potencial pérdida de oportunidad en lo que concierne al estudio de la salud global, que alternativamente ha llegado a caer dentro del dominio de la antropología y la ciencia política. Importante entre las preocupaciones de la primera son la exploración de la brecha entre las intenciones programáticas de la salud global y las consecuencias no intencionales o imprevistas de su despliegue. Este artículo sostiene que el trabajo reciente sobre contingencia dentro de la geografía presenta un significativo potencial conceptual para el examen de esa brecha. Este utiliza por lo eso el ejemplo de la tributación del alcohol en Botsuana, un propósito global emergente de la salud y herramienta para explorar de qué manera la contingencia geográfica y las geografías emergentes y contingentes que resultan podrían ayudar a contrarrestar la tendencia prevaleciente en geografía de ser soslayada dentro de los estudios críticos de la salud global. Como mínimo, entonces, esta intervención apunta a estimular la reflexión de los geógrafos sobre cómo hacer explícitos los más que frecuentes enlaces implícitos entre su investigación y los debates globales sobre salud ubicados fuera de la disciplina.

A coevolutionary perspective is adopted to understand the dynamics of exposure to mountain hazards in the European Alps. A spatially explicit, object-based temporal assessment of elements at risk to mountain hazards (river floods, torrential floods, and debris flows) in Austria and Switzerland is presented for the period from 1919 to 2012. The assessment is based on two different data sets: (1) hazard information adhering to legally binding land use planning restrictions and (2) information on building types combined from different national-level spatial data. We discuss these transdisciplinary dynamics and focus on economic, social, and institutional interdependencies and interactions between human and physical systems. Exposure changes in response to multiple drivers, including population growth and land use conflicts. The results show that whereas some regional assets are associated with a strong increase in exposure to hazards, others are characterized by a below-average level of exposure. The spatiotemporal results indicate relatively stable hot spots in the European Alps. These results coincide with the topography of the countries and with the respective range of economic activities and political settings. Furthermore, the differences between management approaches as a result of multiple institutional settings are discussed. A coevolutionary framework widens the explanatory power of multiple drivers to changes in exposure and risk and supports a shift from structural, security-based policies toward an integrated, risk-based natural hazard management system. 本文採用共同演化的观点来理解欧洲阿尔卑斯地区暴露于山区灾害的动态。本文呈现奥地利和瑞士在1919 年至 2012 年间, 对山区灾害 (洪泛、山洪暴发与泥石流) 而言具有风险元素之特定空间且基于对象的时间评估。该评估是根据下列两组不同的数据集: (1) 遵循具法律约束力的土地使用规划限制之灾害信息, 以及 (2) 从不同的国家层级空间数据组合而成的建筑形态信息。我们探讨这些跨领域动态, 并聚焦经济、社会与制度间的相互依赖, 以及人类和物理系统的互动。曝险度在回应包括人口成长及土地使用冲突等多重驱力时有所改变。研究结果显示, 当若干区域资产与灾害曝险度的显着增加有关时, 其他区域则以低于平均的曝险度为特徵。空间与时间的结果, 显示出欧洲阿尔卑斯地区热点的相对稳定性。这些研究与各国家的地志学, 以及各别的经济活动范围与政治环境相符。此外, 本文探讨因多重制度环境所导致的管理方法差异。共同演化架构, 扩张了多重驱力之于曝险度和风险的改变的解释力, 并支持从结构性、以安全为基础的政策转变为整合性的、以风险为基础的自然灾害管理系统。. Se adopta una perspectiva co-evolucionista para entender la dinámica de la exposición a los riesgos de montaña en los Alpes europeos. Se presenta una evaluación temporal espacialmente explícita y basada en objeto de los elementos de riesgo en catástrofes de montaña (inundaciones fluviales, inundaciones torrenciales y flujos de detritos) en Austria y Suiza, para el período de 1919 a 2012. La evaluación descansa en dos conjuntos de datos diferentes: (1) información de riesgos que adhiere a las restricciones de planificación de uso del suelo legalmente obligatorias, y (2) información combinada sobre tipos de construcciones desde diferentes fuentes de datos espaciales a nivel nacional. Discutimos estas dinámicas transdisciplinarias y nos enfocamos en interdependencias e interacciones económicas, sociales e institucionales entre sistemas humanos y físicos. La exposición cambia en respuesta a múltiples controles, incluyendo crecimiento de la población y conflictos por usos del suelo. Los resultados muestran que mientras algunas ventajas regionales están asociadas con un fuerte incremento en exposición a los riesgos, otras están caracterizadas por un nivel de exposición por debajo del promedio. Los resultados espaciotemporales indican puntos calientes relativamente estables en los Alpes europeos. Estos resultados coinciden con la topografía de los países y con el respectivo ámbito de actividades económicas y el contexto político. Adicionalmente, se discuten las diferencias entre los enfoques de administración como resultado de múltiples escenarios institucionales. Un marco co-evolucionario amplía el poder explicativo de múltiples controles a los cambios en exposición y riesgo, y soporta un cambio de políticas estructurales, basadas en seguridad, hacia un sistema integrado de manejo de catástrofes naturales basado en riesgo.

This article explores approaches to managing pests that are being developed in response to the faltering effectiveness of antibiotic regimes of chemical control. It focuses on black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides), an endemic plant in European agriculture that has emerged as a serious yield-robber with increasing levels of herbicidal resistance. Following farmers and agronomists who have developed "integrated" approaches to black-grass management, the article identifies approaches to biosecurity that do not target unwanted life so much as they modulate ecological systems in their entirety. Pathogenesis, in this relational understanding, follows not from breaches of dangerous life into healthy space, but from ecological intra-actions that enable the proliferation of some life to compromise the multispecies livability of the body in question. The article contributes to the literature by detailing how this configurational approach works in the world. It traces the polymorphic spatial imaginaries required to map pests well; the process of knowledge intensification needed to reveal which configurations can resist pathogenesis; and the probiotic biopolitical interventions used to safeguard farmland productivity. The article uses black-grass to present a temporal metanarrative of intensive farming causing ecological blowback, leading to the development of approaches to pest management predicated on a pragmatic tolerance toward unwanted life. 为了应对化学控制中抗生素方法的效力下降, 人们提出了病虫害管理方法。本文对这些方法进行了探讨, 重点是黑草(Alopecurus myosuroides)。黑草是欧洲农业的一种特有植物, 由于其抗除草性不断提高, 严重影响了农作物产量。根据农民和农学家开发的“综合”黑草管理方法, 本文提出了生物安全方法——不特别针对不需要的生物, 而是调节整个生态系统。这种关系性理解认为, 病原并非是危险生物闯入健康空间, 而是源于生物扩散危及到多物种生存能力的生态内部活动。本文详细介绍了这种配置性方法。探索了绘制病虫害地图所需的多态空间想象、能够揭示哪些配置可以抵抗病原的知识强化过程、用于保障农田生产力的益生菌生物政治干预措施。本文以黑草为例, 展现了集约化农业造成生态反弹的时间性元叙事, 提出了务实性地容忍有害生物的病虫害管理方法。. Este artículo explora los enfoques en desarrollo para abordar el control de plagas, como alternativa a la poca efectividad que se observa en los regímenes antibióticos de control químico. Se centra el estudio en la hierba o pasto negro, o zacate negro (Alopecurus myosuroides), una planta endémica de la agricultura europea que se ha convertido en un serio menoscabo de cosechas, dotado de crecientes niveles de resistencia a los herbicidas. Siguiendo a los granjeros y agrónomos que han desarrollado procedimientos “integrados” para enfrentar la amenaza del pasto negro, el artículo identifica aquellos enfoques de bioseguridad que no se orientan tanto hacia las malezas como a los que modulan en su totalidad los sistemas ecológicos. La patogénesis, de acuerdo con este entendimiento relacional, se enfoca no solo en los brotes de vida peligrosa en el espacio saludable, sino las intraacciones ecológicas que permiten que la proliferación de alguna vida comprometa la viabilidad en multiespecies del cuerpo en cuestión. El artículo contribuye a la literatura al detallar cómo opera en el mundo el enfoque configuracional. Se rastrean los imaginarios espaciales polimorfos que se necesitan para mapear bien las plagas; el proceso de intensificación del conocimiento necesario para revelar cuáles configuraciones puede resistir la patogénesis; y las intervenciones probióticas biopolíticas usadas para salvaguardar la productividad de los campos de cultivo. El artículo usa el pasto negro para presentar una metanarrativa temporal de agricultura intensiva que induce un retroceso ecológico, el cual lleva al desarrollo de enfoques para el control de plagas predicados a partir de una tolerancia pragmática hacia la vida no deseada.

In the late 2000s, several U.S. states and local governments enacted legislation to make work and life difficult for unauthorized immigrants within their jurisdictions. We investigate how these devolved immigration enforcement laws affected the migration of Latinos to these states. We find that after these hostile policies came into effect, noncitizen and naturalized Latinos from states without such policies were much less likely to move to states with them than in the 1990s. U.S.-born Latinos exhibit migration aversion to hostile states, albeit at a weaker level. Fear of discrimination and the blending of Latinos with different legal status within families might account for this broad Latino group migration response. Hostile policies produced no significant change in the interstate migration patterns of a control group of U.S.-born whites. A counterfactual analysis indicates that absent these enforcement regimes, the migratory redistribution of Latinos to hostile states from other states in the late 2000s would have continued the dispersive pattern of the late 1990s. We draw parallels between our research and state policy effects on U.S. internal migration for other groups. A finales de la década del 2000, varios estados y gobiernos locales de los EE.UU. aprobaron medidas legales para hacer difíciles el trabajo y la vida a inmigrantes ilegales dentro de sus jurisdicciones. Investigamos en qué grado afectó la aplicación de estas leyes a la migración de latinos hacia estos estados. Hallamos que luego de la aplicación de tales políticas hostiles, los latinos no nacionalizados y los naturalizados en estados que no aplicaban aquellas políticas tenían menos inclinación que en los años 1990 a desplazarse a estados que sí lo hacían. Los latinos nacidos en los EE.UU. exhiben aversión migratoria hacia estados hostiles, aunque con un grado mucho menor. El temor a la discriminación y la mezcla de latinos con estatus legales diferentes dentro de la familias podrían ser la explicación a la respuesta migratoria de este grupo latino más amplio. Las políticas hostiles no produjeron cambio significativo alguno en los patrones de migración interestatal en un grupo de control formado por blancos nacidos en los EE.UU. Un análisis hipotético indica que sin estos regímenes de aplicación de las leyes, la redistribución migratoria de latinos a estados hostiles desde otros estados, a finales de la década del 2000, habría continuado el patrón dispersivo de finales de los 1990. Trazamos paralelos entre nuestra investigación y los efectos de la política estatal sobre la migración interna americana para otros grupos.

This paper addresses the challenge of sharing finer-scale Protected Health Information (PHI) while maintaining patient privacy by using regionalization to create higher resolution HIPAA-compliant geographical aggregations. We compare four regionalization approaches in terms of their fitness for analysis and display: max-p-regions, REDCAP, and self-organizing maps (SOM) variants of each. Each method is used to create a configuration of regions that aligns with census boundaries, optimizes intra-unit homogeneity, and maximizes the number of spatial units while meeting the minimum population threshold required for sharing PHI under HIPAA guidelines. The relative utility of each configuration was assessed with measures of model-fit, compactness, homogeneity, and resolution. Adding the SOM procedure to max-p-regions resulted in statistically significant improvements for nearly all assessment measures whereas the addition of SOM to REDCAP primarily degraded these measures. These differences can be attributed to the different impacts of SOM on top-down and bottom-up regionalization procedures. Overall, we recommend REDCAP which outperformed on most measures. The SOM variant of max-p-regions (MSOM) may also be recommended as it provided the highest resolution while maintaining suitable performance on all other measures.

Geographically isolated places are often sites of exported environmental risks, intense resource extraction, exploitation and marginalization, and social policy neglect. These conditions create unique challenges related to vulnerability and adaptation that have direct disaster management implications. Our research investigates the relationship between geographic isolation and flood-related social vulnerability across Peru's ecological regions. Ecoregions have different relationships with colonialism and capitalism that shape vulnerability, and we hypothesize that the relationship between vulnerability and geographic isolation varies across ecoregions. Using mapping techniques and spatial regression analysis, we find that relationships between vulnerability and geographic isolation vary regionally, with differences that suggest alignment with regional contexts of extraction. We find notable differences in vulnerability related to public health infrastructure and access to services and between ecoregions with sharply contrasting histories of natural resource extraction and investment and disinvestment.

Social scientists regularly rely on population estimates when studying change in small areas over time. Census tract data in the United States are a prime example, since there are substantial shifts in tract boundaries from decade to decade. This study compares alternative estimates of the 2000 population living within 2010 tract boundaries to the Census Bureau's own re-tabulation. All methods of estimation are subject to error; this is the first study to directly quantify the error in alternative interpolation methods for U.S. census tracts. A simple areal weighting method closely approximates the estimates provided by one standard source (the Neighborhood Change Data Base or NCDB), with some improvement provided by considering only area not covered by water. More information is used by the Longitudinal Tract Data Base (LTDB), which relies on a combination of areal and population interpolation as well as ancillary data about water-covered areas. Another set of estimates provided by NHGIS uses data about land cover in 2001 and the current road network and distribution of population and housing units at the block level. Areal weighting alone results in a large error in a substantial share of tracts that were divided in complex ways. The LTDB and NHGIS perform much better in all situations, but are subject to some error when boundaries of both tracts and their component blocks are redrawn. Users of harmonized tract data should be watchful for potential problems in either of these data sources.

Reliance on digital navigation aids has already shown negative impacts on navigators' innate spatial abilities. How this happens is still an open research question. We report on an empirical study with twenty-four experienced (male) taxi drivers to evaluate the long-term impacts of in-car navigation system use on the spatial learning ability of these navigation experts. Specifically, we measured cognitive load by means of electroencephalography (EEG) coupled with eye tracking to assess their visuospatial attention allocation during a video-based route-following task while driving through an unknown urban environment. We found that long-term reliance on in-car navigation aids did not affect participants' visual attention allocation during spatial learning but rather limited their ability to encode viewed geographic information into memory, which, in turn, led to greater cognitive load, especially along route segments between intersections. Participants with greater dependence on in-car navigation aids performed worse on the spatial knowledge tests. Our combined behavioral and neuropsychological findings provide evidence for the impairment of expert navigators' spatial learning ability when exposed to long-term use of digital in-car navigation aids.

Disparate residential hazard exposures based on disadvantaged gender status (e.g., among female-headed households) have been documented in the distributive environmental justice literature, yet no published studies have examined whether disproportionate environmental risks exist based on minority sexual orientation. To address this gap, we use data from the US Census, American Community Survey and the Environmental Protection Agency at the 2010 census tract level to examine the spatial relationships between same-sex partner households and cumulative cancer risk from exposure to hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) emitted by all ambient emission sources in Greater Houston (Texas). Findings from generalized estimating equation analyses demonstrate that increased cancer risks from HAPs are significantly associated with neighborhoods having relatively high concentrations of resident same-sex partner households, adjusting for geographic clustering and variables known to influence risk (i.e., race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, renter status, income inequality, and population density). However, HAP exposures are distributed differently for same-sex male versus same-sex female partner households. Neighborhoods with relatively high proportions of same-sex male partner households are associated with significantly greater exposure to cancer-causing HAPs while those with high proportions of same-sex female partner households are associated with less exposure. This study provides initial empirical documentation of a previously unstudied pattern, and infuses current theoretical understanding of environmental inequality formation with knowledge emanating from the sexualities and space literature. Practically, results suggest that other documented health risks experienced in gay neighborhoods may be compounded by disparate health risks associated with harmful exposures to air toxics.