搜索结果：Annals of plastic surgery

The Plastic Surgery In-Service Training Exam (PSITE) is an important indicator of resident proficiency and serves as a useful benchmark for evaluating OpenAI's GPT. Unlike many of the simulated tests or practice questions shown in the GPT-4 Technical Paper, the multiple-choice questions evaluated here are authentic PSITE questions. These questions offer realistic clinical vignettes that a plastic surgeon commonly encounters in practice and scores highly correlate with passing the written boards required to become a Board Certified Plastic Surgeon. Our evaluation shows dramatic improvement of GPT-4 (without vision) over GPT-3.5 with both the 2022 and 2021 exams respectively increasing the score from 8th to 88th percentile and 3rd to 99th percentile. The final results of the 2023 PSITE are set to be released on April 11, 2023, and this is an exciting moment to continue our research with a fresh exam. Our evaluation pipeline is ready for the moment that the exam is released so long as we have access via OpenAI to the GPT-4 API. With multimodal input, we may achieve superhuman performance on the 2023.

The massive collection of user posts across social media platforms is primarily untapped for artificial intelligence (AI) use cases based on the sheer volume and velocity of textual data. Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of AI that leverages bodies of documents, known as corpora, to train computers in human-like language understanding. Using a word ranking method, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), to create features across documents, it is possible to perform unsupervised analytics, machine learning (ML) that can group the documents without a human manually labeling the data. For large datasets with thousands of features, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), k-means clustering and Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) are employed to learn top words and generate topics for a Reddit and Twitter combined corpus. Using extremely simple deep learning models, this study demonstrates that the applied results of unsupervised analysis allow a computer to predict either negative, positive, or neutral user sentiment towards plastic surgery based on a tweet or subreddit post with almost 90% accuracy. Furthermore, the model is capable of achieving h

This paper introduces a new Finite Element biomechanical model of the human face, which has been developed to be integrated into a simulator for plastic and maxillo-facial surgery. The idea is to be able to predict, from an aesthetic and functional point of view, the deformations of a patient face, resulting from repositioning of the maxillary and mandibular bone structures. This work will complete the simulator for bone-repositioning diagnosis that has been developed by the laboratory. After a description of our research project context, each step of the modeling is precisely described: the continuous and elastic structure of the skin tissues, the orthotropic muscular fibers and their insertions points, and the functional model of force generation. First results of face deformations due to muscles activations are presented. They are qualitatively compared to the functional studies provided by the literature on face muscles roles and actions.

For a nullhomologous Legendrian knot in a closed contact 3-manifold Y we consider a contact structure obtained by positive rational contact surgery. We prove that in this situation the Heegaard Floer contact invariant of Y is mapped by a surgery cobordism to the contact invariant of the result of contact surgery. In addition we characterize the spin-c structure on the cobordism that induces the relevant map. As a consequence we determine necessary and sufficient conditions for the nonvanishing of the contact invariant after rational surgery when Y is the standard 3-sphere, generalizing previous results of Lisca-Stipsicz and Golla. In fact our methods allow direct calculation of the contact invariant in terms of the rational surgery mapping cone of Ozsváth and Szabó. The proof involves a construction called reducible open book surgery, which reduces in special cases to the capping-off construction studied by Baldwin.

One of the most important issue in soft tissue modeling is to assess the quality of the simulations. A validation protocol is presented based on two CT scans of the patient acquired before and after cranio-maxillofacial surgery. The actual bones repositioning realized during the intervention are accurately measured and reproduced. A evaluation of the soft tissue deformation is then computed using a finite element model of the face. The simulations are therefore compared, qualitatively and quantitatively, with the actual outcome of the surgery. This protocol enable to rigorously evaluate different modeling methods, and to assess the clinical relevance of soft tissue simulation in maxillofacial surgery.

Temporary plastic film barriers are widely used to separate occupied rooms from exterior renovation zones, yet their effect on indoor particulate exposure is poorly quantified. We monitored PM$_{2.5}$ in a Tampa, Florida, apartment for 48 days with a low-cost optical sensor (Temtop LKC-1000S+), spanning pre-barrier, barrier-on, and post-barrier periods. A quadratic baseline was fitted to "background" minutes devoid of identifiable indoor sources, allowing excess concentrations ($Δ$PM) to be partitioned into facade work, cooking, and passive accumulation without outdoor co-monitoring. The barrier prevented large construction spikes indoors but curtailed natural ventilation, doubling the mean baseline from 1.9 to 3.9 $μ$g m$^{-3}$. During this stage, passive build-up accounted for $45\,\%$ of the daily excess dose, with facade work and cooking contributing $31\,\%$ and $24\,\%$, respectively. Once the new window was installed and evening airing resumed, the baseline fell to 0.8 $μ$g m$^{-3}$, the lowest of the campaign. Our findings highlight the trade-off between dust shielding and background elevation and demonstrate that simple polynomial fitting bolsters low-cost IAQ diagnostics

Two Dehn surgeries on a knot are called cosmetic if they yield homeomorphic three-manifolds. We show for a certain family of null-homologous knots in any closed orientable three-manifold, if the knot admits cosmetic surgeries with a pair of positive surgery coefficients, then the coefficients are both greater than $1$. In addition, for this family of knots, we show that $1/q$ Dehn surgery for $q$ at least $2$ is not homeomorphic to the original three-manifold. The proofs of these results use the mapping cone formula for the Heegaard Floer homology of Dehn surgery in terms of the knot Floer homology of the knot; we provide a new proof of this formula for integer surgeries in $\text{Spin}^c$ structures with nontorsion first Chern class.

It is known that any contact 3-manifold can be obtained by rational contact Dehn surgery along a Legendrian link L in the standard tight contact 3-sphere. We define and study various versions of contact surgery numbers, the minimal number of components of a surgery link L describing a given contact 3-manifold under consideration. In the first part of the paper, we relate contact surgery numbers to other invariants in terms of various inequalities. In particular, we show that the contact surgery number of a contact manifold is bounded from above by the topological surgery number of the underlying topological manifold plus three. In the second part, we compute contact surgery numbers of all contact structures on the 3-sphere. Moreover, we completely classify the contact structures with contact surgery number one on $S^1\times S^2$, the Poincaré homology sphere, and the Brieskorn sphere $Σ(2,3,7)$. We conclude that there exist infinitely many non-isotopic contact structures on each of the above manifolds which cannot be obtained by a single rational contact surgery from the standard tight contact $3$-sphere. We further obtain results for the 3-torus and lens spaces. As one ingredient

This paper presents simulations of the impact of tongue surgery on tongue movements and on speech articulation. For this, a 3D biomechanical Finite Element (FE) model of the tongue is used. Muscles are represented within the FE structure by specific subsets of elements. The tongue model is inserted in the upper airways including jaw, palate and pharyngeal walls. Two examples of tongue surgery, which are quite common in the treatment of cancers of the oral cavity are modelled: hemiglossectomy and large resection of the mouth floor. Three kinds of reconstruction are also modelled, assuming flaps with a low, medium or high stiffnesses. The impact of the surgery without any reconstruction and with the three different reconstructions is quantitatively measured and compared during simulated speech production sequences. More precisely, differences in global 3D tongue shape and in velocity patterns during tongue displacements are evaluated.

Automated Program Repair (APR) aspires to automatically generate patches for an input buggy program. Traditional APR tools typically focus on specific bug types and fixes through the use of templates, heuristics, and formal specifications. However, these techniques are limited in terms of the bug types and patch variety they can produce. As such, researchers have designed various learning-based APR tools with recent work focused on directly using Large Language Models (LLMs) for APR. While LLM-based APR tools are able to achieve state-of-the-art performance on many repair datasets, the LLMs used for direct repair are not fully aware of the project-specific information such as unique variable or method names. The plastic surgery hypothesis is a well-known insight for APR, which states that the code ingredients to fix the bug usually already exist within the same project. Traditional APR tools have largely leveraged the plastic surgery hypothesis by designing manual or heuristic-based approaches to exploit such existing code ingredients. However, as recent APR research starts focusing on LLM-based approaches, the plastic surgery hypothesis has been largely ignored. In this paper, we

Recording surgery in operating rooms is an essential task for education and evaluation of medical treatment. However, recording the desired targets, such as the surgery field, surgical tools, or doctor's hands, is difficult because the targets are heavily occluded during surgery. We use a recording system in which multiple cameras are embedded in the surgical lamp, and we assume that at least one camera is recording the target without occlusion at any given time. As the embedded cameras obtain multiple video sequences, we address the task of selecting the camera with the best view of the surgery. Unlike the conventional method, which selects the camera based on the area size of the surgery field, we propose a deep neural network that predicts the camera selection probability from multiple video sequences by learning the supervision of the expert annotation. We created a dataset in which six different types of plastic surgery are recorded, and we provided the annotation of camera switching. Our experiments show that our approach successfully switched between cameras and outperformed three baseline methods.

Plastic scintillators are widely used as particle detectors in many fields, mainly, medicine, particle physics and astrophysics. Traditionally, they are coupled to a photo-multplier (PMT) but now silicon photo-multipliers (SiPM) are evolving as a promising robust alternative, specially in space born experiments since plastic scintillators may be a light option for low Earth orbit missions. Therefore it is timely to make a new analysis of the optimal design for experiments based on plastic scintillators in realistic conditions in such a configuration. We analyze here their response to an isotropic flux of electron and proton primaries in the energy range from 1 MeV to 1 GeV, a typical scenario for cosmic ray or space weather experiments, through detailed GEANT4 simulations. First, we focus on the effect of increasing the ratio between the plastic volume and the area of the photo-detector itself and, second, on the benefits of using a reflective coating around the plastic, the most common technique to increase light collection efficiency. In order to achieve a general approach, it is necessary to consider several detector setups. Therefore, we have performed a full set of simulations

In this paper, we set up two surgery theories and two kinds of Whitehead torsion for foliations. First, we construct a bounded surgery theory and bounded Whitehead torsion for foliations, which correspond to the Connes' foliation algebra in the K-theory of operator algebras, in the sense that there is an analogy between surgery theory and index theory, and a Novikov Conjecture for bounded surgery on foliations in analogy with the foliated Novikov conjecture of P.Baum and A.Connes in operator theory. This surgery theory classifies the leaves topologically. Secondly, we construct a bounded geometry surgery for foliations, which is a generalization of blocked surgery, and a bounded geometry Whitehead torsion. The classifications in this surgery theory include the specification of the Riemannian metrics of the leaves up to quasi=isometry. We state Borel conjectures for foliations, which solves a problem posed by S.Weinberger \cite{Wein}, and verify these in some cases of geometrical interest.

Plastic surgery and disguise variations are two of the most challenging co-variates of face recognition. The state-of-art deep learning models are not sufficiently successful due to the availability of limited training samples. In this paper, a novel framework is proposed which transfers fundamental visual features learnt from a generic image dataset to supplement a supervised face recognition model. The proposed algorithm combines off-the-shelf supervised classifier and a generic, task independent network which encodes information related to basic visual cues such as color, shape, and texture. Experiments are performed on IIITD plastic surgery face dataset and Disguised Faces in the Wild (DFW) dataset. Results showcase that the proposed algorithm achieves state of the art results on both the datasets. Specifically on the DFW database, the proposed algorithm yields over 87% verification accuracy at 1% false accept rate which is 53.8% better than baseline results computed using VGGFace.

BACKGROUND: Clinical factors influence surgery duration. This study also investigated non-clinical effects. METHODS: 22 months of data about thoracic operations in a large hospital in China were reviewed. Linear and nonlinear regression models were used to predict the duration of the operations. Interactions among predictors were also considered. RESULTS: Surgery duration decreased with the number of operations a surgeon performed in a day (P<0.001). Also, it was found that surgery duration decreased with the number of operations allocated to an OR as long as there were no more than four surgeries per day in the OR (P<0.001), but increased with the number of operations if it was more than four (P<0.01). The duration of surgery was affected by its position in a sequence of surgeries performed by a surgeon. In addition, surgeons exhibited different patterns of the effects of surgery type for surgeries in different positions in the day. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery duration was affected not only by clinical effects but also some non-clinical effects. Scheduling and allocation decisions significantly influenced surgery duration.

A historical record of a seismic tsunami is identified in the Irish annals for October 720 (all dates herein CE). It is contained in the earliest stratum of the annals, which survives in the form of a handful of iterated scribal copies of the foundational text of the tradition. This was compiled by the contemporary observation of noteworthy events for the years c. 563-740 at the monastery of Iona in the Scottish Hebrides. The 720 event is close outside the 2$σ$ radiocarbon terminus ante quem date ranges for tsunami deposits identified at Dury Voe (530-660) and Basta Voe (430-650) in the Shetland Isles, and is identified as a candidate progenitor. The possibility of the existence of associated tsunami deposits in Scotland or on the north coast of Ireland is highlighted.

Phosphorus (P) is considered to be one of the key elements for life, making it an important element to look for in the abundance analysis of spectra of stellar systems. Yet, there exists only a handful of spectroscopic studies to estimate the P abundances and investigate its trend across a range of metallicities. We have observed full HK band spectra at a spectral resolving power of R=45,000 with IGRINS instrument. Abundances are determined using SME in combination with 1D MARCS stellar atmosphere models. The investigated sample of stars have reliable stellar parameters estimated using optical FIES spectra (GILD; Jönsson et al. in prep.). In order to determine the P abundances from the 16482.92 Angstrom P line, we take special care of the CO($ν=7-4$) blend. We determine the C, N, O abundances from atomic carbon and a range of non-blended molecular lines (CO, CN, OH) which are aplenty in the H band region of K giant stars, assuring an appropriate modelling of the blending CO($ν=7-4$) line. We present [P/Fe] vs [Fe/H] trend for 38 K giant stars in the metallicity range of -1.2 dex $<$ [Fe/H] $<$ 0.4 dex. We find that our trend matches well with the compiled literature sample of

Eccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars. The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectral energy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parameterization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, our simulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global water ice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. When no eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to their M-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally, the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting

Retrieval shapes how language models access and ground knowledge in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). In historical research, the target is often not an arbitrary relevant passage, but the exact record for a specific regnal month, where temporal consistency matters as much as topical relevance. This is especially challenging for Classical Chinese annals, where time is expressed through terse, implicit, non-Gregorian reign phrases that must be interpreted from surrounding context, so semantically plausible evidence can still be temporally invalid. We introduce \textbf{ChunQiuTR}, a time-keyed retrieval benchmark built from the \textit{Spring and Autumn Annals} and its exegetical tradition. ChunQiuTR organizes records by month-level reign keys and includes chrono-near confounders that mirror realistic retrieval failures. We further propose \textbf{CTD} (Calendrical Temporal Dual-encoder), a time-aware dual-encoder that combines Fourier-based absolute calendrical context with relative offset biasing. Experiments show consistent gains over strong semantic dual-encoder baselines under time-keyed evaluation, supporting retrieval-time temporal consistency as a key prerequisite for fai