Semi-natural grasslands and wooded pastures are biodiversity-rich, declining habitats whose conservation depends largely on voluntary management by farmers. Their management is supported through agri-environment schemes. Effective scheme design benefits from trans- and interdisciplinary approaches integrating ecological goals with social constraints and human behaviour. This study tested a revealed-behaviour approach by modelling relative agri-environment contract feasibility across Finland using Maximum Entropy (Maxent) based on realised contract uptake and landscape predictors. The models reproduced spatial patterns of contract locations reflecting historical habitat distribution, land-use change, eligibility criteria, and joint decisions by landowners and farmers. Spatial associations and response curves identified structural constraints and opportunity patterns influencing uptake, providing a spatial layer to support ecological prioritisation and scheme design. Maintaining farm types capable of integrating grazing or mowing into routine operations appears critical where semi-natural habitats remain, while payment design should better reflect variation in management costs among farm types and sites.
Six agri-food side streams, linseed press cake (LPC), brewer's spent grains (BSG), bread residues (BR), apple pomace (AP), sugar beet pulp (SBP), and acid cheese whey (CW), were compared as feedstocks for compound-resolved Monascus ruber SRZ112-m22 pigment production under submerged (SmF) and liquid-surface fermentation (LSF). Authentic-standard HPLC quantified five azaphilones across days 3-8. Apple-pomace hydrolysate gave the highest measured total titer in SmF (1042.85 mg/L, day 7), whereas bread-residue hydrolysate was optimal in LSF (504.65 mg/L, day 6), demonstrating strong substrate-by-cultivation-mode control of pigment yield and profile. Purified monascin, monascorubrin, and rubropunctamine bound AChE, BChE, MAO-A, and PPAR-gamma, but binding was not interpreted as therapeutic efficacy. Post-cultivation liquid caused only slight bakery coloration at 40% replacement and inconsistent antioxidant changes, identifying concentration, process, and safety constraints. This within-strain comparison links compound-specific fermentation kinetics to preliminary molecular and food-matrix screening while supporting waste valorization consistent with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals SDG 12.3.
Twenty-four Belgian Blue × Holstein heifers (205 kg ± 34) were equally subdivided into two dietary treatments for 8 months: a conventional cereals-based diet (CTRL), and a low human edible input diet (EXP) composed of hay and a concentrate including agri-food by-products (hazelnut peel, spelt bran, corn germ, and wheat middlings) and faba bean var. minor. The effects on animal performance, meat quality, economic and sustainability indicators were evaluated. Both diets provided similar energy and crude protein, but the EXP diet was lower in starch and greater in fiber and lipids than the CTRL diet. The EXP diet reduce human-edible feed intake and input per kg of carcass gain without detriments of animal performance and carcass traits. Similarly, the EXP diet reduced feeding costs and improved the material circularity index. EXP meat showed higher proportions of trans-18:1 fatty acids and PUFA n-3 as well as lower 18:1 t10/t11 and PUFA n-6/n-3 ratios, suggesting a modulation of biohydrogenation, reliably driven by the greater intake of fiber and phenols. Moreover, meat from the EXP group exhibited greater antioxidant capacity than the CTRL meat. This study indicates that the inclusion of agri-food by-products and forages in place of conventional ingredients, such as cereals and soybean meal, in the diet for dairy-beef allows to reduce feeding cost, feed-to-food competition while maintaining animal performance and partially improving meat quality. Overall, the results support the use of alternative feed resources as reliable strategy to enhance the quality and the sustainability of beef meat from dairy systems.
Invasive Parthenium hysterophorus achieves rapid colonization via phenological divergence and population-specific transgenerational plasticity, balancing maternal environmental effects with rigid developmental canalization to outperform native flora across diverse habitats. Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a highly aggressive invasive weed that has spread across more than 50 countries, causing severe agricultural, ecological, and public health problems. Understanding phenotypic variation among invasive populations is critical for predicting invasion dynamics and designing effective management strategies. This study investigated phenological variation and transgenerational plasticity among five P. hysterophorus populations in northern Israel over three years. We compared developmental traits (emergence, bolting, flowering, height, and biomass) between field-collected seeds and their progeny grown under controlled greenhouse conditions. Significant phenological differences were observed among the populations, with field populations exhibiting more uniform development. These disparities persisted through to final height and weight measurements. A detailed transgenerational analysis of two contrasting populations (Tirat Zvi and Ha'Hotrim) revealed population-specific patterns of developmental plasticity. The Tirat Zvi population, originating from an extremely arid environment and representing the earliest documented Israeli introduction, demonstrated significant transgenerational shifts in emergence timing and a 25% increase in biomass under controlled conditions, while maintaining conserved flowering timing. In contrast, the Ha'Hotrim population exhibited a limited transgenerational response, with significant changes only in bolting timing. These contrasting patterns suggest different adaptive strategies: environmental anticipation through maternal effects versus intrinsic developmental canalization. The pronounced phenological divergence among populations, despite their short geographic separation, supports the hypothesis of multiple independent introductions or rapid local adaptation, with important implications for managing this invasive species in diverse agricultural landscapes.
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a prominent class of bioactive glycans recognized for their pivotal roles as prebiotics, anti-adhesive antimicrobials, and immunomodulators in neonatal development. While traditionally studied in the context of infant nutrition, scalable biotechnological production now allows for their evaluation in swine production to address the relatively lower structural complexity of the porcine milk glycome compared to humans. This review critically evaluates the structural diversity and biosynthesis of HMOs, detailing how specific fucosylated and sialylated structures modulate the porcine gut microbiome and reinforce intestinal barrier integrity. We synthesize current evidence regarding the metabolic fate of these glycans in the piglet and address the translational relevance of using swine as high-fidelity models for human gastrointestinal physiology. Furthermore, the review identifies critical knowledge gaps, specifically the lack of large-scale longitudinal studies and comprehensive cost-benefit analyses required to validate the economic feasibility of HMOs in commercial agriculture. By consolidating these mechanistic insights within the context of global efforts to reduce reliance on antibiotic growth promoters, this work underscores the potential of HMOs as precision nutritional tools to enhance resilience and productivity in sustainable animal production systems.
Marine macroalgae are increasingly recognized as sustainable and chemically diverse sources of valuable biomolecules. However, the short-chain peptide fraction (2-4 amino acids) of edible and invasive seaweeds remains poorly explored, mainly because conventional proteomics workflows are generally optimized for longer peptide sequences. In this study, an untargeted LC-HRMS suspect screening workflow was developed to characterize short-chain peptides generated by hydrolysis with Alcalase®, an alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis hydrolysis in 14 marine macroalgae species belonging to green, brown, and red phyla collected along the Atlantic coast of southern Spain. Overall, 333 short-chain peptides, predominantly dipeptides, were putatively annotated through accurate-mass filtering and manual MS/MS interpretation. Multivariate and univariate analyses revealed distinct peptide distribution patterns among algal groups, with brown algae showing a higher abundance of hydrophobic dipeptides associated with predicted bioactive properties according to in silico screening tools. Notably, invasive brown algae displayed peptide profiles largely comparable to edible species, supporting their potential valorization as sustainable sources of short-chain peptides. Exploratory in silico analyses further suggested the occurrence of peptide sequences potentially associated with antioxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, sensory, and antifungal properties. Several peptides were also predicted to contribute to umami-related flavor attributes, highlighting the relevance of these matrices for future investigation of food-related peptide functionality. Although the proposed annotations and predicted bioactivities require orthogonal confirmation and experimental validation, the results provide a comprehensive exploratory overview of marine macroalgal short peptidomes. Overall, this study expands current knowledge on algae-derived short-chain peptides and demonstrates the applicability of untargeted LC-HRMS workflows for the characterization of underexplored peptide fractions in complex marine matrices.
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While post-thoracotomy pain syndrome is a known phenomenon in thoracic surgery, its occurrence after pleural shunt placement has not been described in the literature. A 41-year-old female with a history of Chiari I decompression surgery was admitted with a complaint of paresthesia, neuropathic pain affecting all extremities, and gait difficulty. Cervical magnetic resonance imaging revealed a C2-7 syringomyelia, and a syringopleural shunt was placed. The patient improved both clinically and radiologically, but after four months of follow-up, she complained of pain near the thoracic incision and in the dermatome relevant to the intercostal nerve root. The wound was surgically explored, and reactive changes to the shunt catheter were found near the intercostal nerve root. The shunt was subsequently removed, and a syringoarachnoidal shunt was placed instead. The patient improved postoperatively and was discharged without any complications. In conclusion, careful consideration of the location and course of the intercostal nerves is essential when placing pleural shunt systems.
This study aims to assess the efficacy of erector spinae plane block (ESPB) for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) under spinal anesthesia. In this randomized-controlled trial, a total of 30 patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists Class I-III, 20 to 65 years) who underwent elective unilateral THA under spinal anesthesia were included between January 2023 and December 2023. The patients were randomized either to Group E (n = 15) to receive ultrasound-guided lumbar ESPB with 40 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine in addition to spinal anesthesia (2.5 mL of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 10 µg of fentanyl), or Group C (n = 15) who received spinal anesthesia alone. Primary outcomes were duration of analgesia and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores at 6 h. Secondary outcomes included VAS scores at 0, 0.5, 2, 4, 12, 24 h and total additional analgesic requirement in the first 24 h. Of a total of 30 patients included in the study, 22 were male and 8 were female with a mean age of 36.86 ± 13.24 (range, 18 to 65) years. The duration of analgesia was significantly longer in group E (10.76 ± 1.96 h vs. 4.18 ± 1.36 h; p < 0.01). The VAS scores were lower in group E at 0.5 h (p = 0.009), 2 h (p < 0.001), 4 h (p < 0.001), 6 h (p < 0.001), and 12 h (p = 0.02). Additional analgesic requirement during the first 24 h was higher in Group C. Surgeon and patient satisfaction scores significantly improved in Group E. No hemodynamic instability or motor weakness was observed. Lumbar ESPB with 40 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine significantly prolongs postoperative analgesia and reduces pain scores and analgesic consumption in patients undergoing THA under spinal anesthesia. Based on these findings, lumbar ESPB may provide effective and safe adjunctive analgesia in this patient population.
The present study explores the direct and indirect relationships between democratic classroom management and school satisfaction among students, with trust in teacher and school engagement as serial mediators. A correlational research design was employed and data were collected from a sample of 800 secondary school students enrolled in grades 5 to 8 in Türkiye. Mediation analysis was conducted, and the results indicated that democratic classroom management was a significant predictor of trust in teacher and school engagement but not of school satisfaction. Trust in teacher was a significant predictor of school engagement and school satisfaction, and school engagement was the strongest direct predictor of school satisfaction. Most importantly, democratic classroom management had a significant indirect effect on school satisfaction through both trust in teacher and school engagement, which supported the serial mediation model. The results show that democratic classroom practices positively affect students' trust in teachers, and this, in turn, leads to higher school engagement and finally to increased school satisfaction. The current study contributes to the existing literature by examining both interpersonal and contextual variables simultaneously in one serial mediation model and by shedding light on the underlying psychological processes through which democratic classroom environments affect students' satisfaction with school.
Hypertonic saline solution (HSS) combined with furosemide has been proposed as a strategy to enhance decongestion in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). We aimed to compare two HSS regimens with conventional furosemide therapy with respect to neurohormonal and echocardiographic markers of decongestion at 72 h. In this prospective, open-label, randomized, three-arm comparative study, 78 patients with ADHF (NYHA class III) were randomized to the following: group 1 (n = 28): HSS 50 mL BID + furosemide 3 × 2 amp IV bolus; group 2 (n = 25): HSS 100 mL OD + furosemide bolus-to-infusion; and group 3 (n = 25): conventional furosemide bolus-to-infusion. Primary endpoints were NT-proBNP reduction and IVC diameter change at 72 h. HSS groups achieved significantly greater reductions in NT-proBNP (- 2317 vs. - 416 pg/mL; p = 0.010) and IVC diameter (- 0.32 vs. - 0.20 cm; p = 0.036) compared with conventional therapy. Urine output and body weight reduction were numerically higher in the HSS groups but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.089 and p = 0.114, respectively). HSS was associated with superior preservation of plasma sodium and potassium (both p = 0.001). No neurological or cardiopulmonary adverse events were observed. The addition of HSS to furosemide in patients with ADHF was associated with greater improvement in neurohormonal and echocardiographic indices of decongestion while maintaining electrolyte homeostasis compared with conventional furosemide therapy. These findings support further evaluation of this therapeutic approach in larger prospective randomized studies.
Multi-kingdom disease complexes, where fungi, bacteria, and viruses interact synergistically, are increasingly recognized as a threat to bamboo, a fast-growing Poaceae lineage of high ecological and economic value. However, the mechanisms regulating tri-kingdom disease synergy in bamboo remain poorly understood. This review addresses a central question: Through which molecular and ecological pathways do pathogens from three kingdoms cooperatively enhance bamboo disease severity? We synthesize four key synergy mechanisms: (1) Facilitation of infection: Fusarium proliferatum hyphae build physical entry points as well as transport channels that assist Erwinia sp. to colonize vascular tissues. (2) Immunosuppression: Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV; genus Potexvirus, family Alphaflexiviridae) inhibits host RNA silencing through viral-encoded proteins TGBp1 and CP, which bind small RNA's and inhibit amplification by RDR6, thereby establishing a permissive environment for secondary invaders, a mechanism inferred from other Potexvirus systems, as direct co-infection evidence in bamboo is currently unavailable. (3) Metabolic cross-feeding: fungal virulence enhanced by bacterial metabolites (e.g., lipopeptides, siderophores), although metabolic synergy in bamboo has not been demonstrated. (4) Biofilm protection: scanning electron microscopy reveals bacterial biofilm on the fungal hyphae surfaces that protect pathogens against host defenses. Quantitatively, the Fusarium-Erwinia co-infection synergy coefficient of bamboo culm rot is S ≈ 1.8, indicating approximately 80% disease severity. Assuming multiplicative independence among mechanisms, tri-kingdom synergy could exceed S > 3.0, a testable hypothesis. This review identifies the following knowledge gaps: (1) no mycovirus isolated from a bamboo-infecting fungus; (2) no bacteriophage characterized against bamboo bacterial pathogen; (3) no quantified studies involving BaMV; and (4) no genome-wide association studies identifying genetic determinants of synergy. This review proposes that effective biocontrol means disrupting the interfaces of pathogen cooperation - disrupting infection courts, interfering with immunosuppression, chelating iron, and degrading biofilm-rather than introducing beneficial microbes. This review proposes a conceptual framework for cross-kingdom microbial interactions in bamboo-associated microbiomes.
We evaluated the effects of non-enzymatic and enzymatic dissociation agents on early apoptosis and membrane integrity of bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEEC) harvested in vivo from postpartum cows via the cytobrush technique and assessed their potential for in vitro culture without enzymatic treatment. BEEC were collected from dairy cows (n = 8) at early (13 ± 1 days) and late (42 ± 2 days) postpartum stages using cytobrushes, with five samples per cow per time point. Pooled samples from each cow were used for phenotypic characterization and culture, or to assess treatment effects of EDTA, Collagenase I, and Liberase™ TM applied for 7.5 or 15 min. Early apoptosis and membrane integrity were evaluated using flow cytometry. Mean viable cell yield was 1 × 106 (±0.15 × 106) per cow. Cytosmears revealed large BEEC clusters expressing cytokeratin but not vimentin, and cultured cells exhibited swirling morphology, reaching 85-100% confluency within 4-8 days. Culture success was numerically higher in late versus early postpartum samples (5/8 vs 1/8), although not statistically significant. Treatment duration did not affect apoptosis or membrane integrity. Across stages, EDTA reduced live cell proportion compared to other treatments, while Liberase™ TM yielded the highest proportion of non-apoptotic cells (P < 0.05). The proportion of non-apoptotic cells was higher in early postpartum samples (P < 0.001). Overall, BEEC viability depended on dissociation method, with Liberase™ TM best preserving live cells. Primary BEEC collected via cytobrush can be cultured without enzymatic digestion, with enzymatic treatments applied later during passaging.
Boron (B) and calcium (Ca) are essential nutrients for plant growth that have also been reported to reduce clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. This study evaluated the effects of soil-applied B (0, 8 or 16 kg B ha-1) and Ca (0, 500 or 1000 kg Ca ha-1) on clubroot development in Brassica napus lines differing in B sensitivity, and investigated underlying mechanisms. Ca consistently reduced clubroot severity, whereas B had a weaker, inconsistent effect and caused phytotoxicity at higher rates. Ca also alleviated B toxicity and increased shoot biomass under high B conditions. Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy revealed that Ca promoted pectin demethylation and Ca-mediated crosslinking, enhancing cell wall rigidity and reducing porosity. Infection by P. brassicae induced lignification, remodeling of matrix polysaccharides, and changes in protein composition and nitrate signatures, indicating coordinated cell wall modification and metabolic reprogramming. Boron K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra showed shifts in B speciation between healthy and infected roots, suggesting that infection alters B coordination and localization through modifications to cell wall structure and intracellular binding. Micro X-ray fluorescence mapping showed that Ca accumulation at infection sites was consistent with cell wall reinforcement, while infection also triggered zinc (Zn) accumulation, indicating altered Zn homeostasis. These results provide mechanistic insight into nutrient-mediated cell wall modification and element redistribution. These results also demonstrate that Ca is more effective and reliable than B for reducing clubroot severity, which has a practical application in nutrient strategies for clubroot management.
Uterine disease, including metritis, affects the majority of dairy cattle herds and significantly reduces both reproductive performance and milk production. Generally applied treatment protocols for metritis include antimicrobials; however, the spread of antimicrobial resistance has increased the need for alternative prevention and treatment methods in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a novel intravaginal probiotic product containing Brevibacillus agri and five lactic acid bacteria species for the prevention of uterine disease in multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows. In total, 453 cows participated in the study on two different commercial dairy farms. The treatment protocol included one prepartum and two postpartum treatments with the product. A non-significant tendency toward lower vaginal discharge scores was observed in treated cows across both farms (OR = 0.59, p = 0.186). There were no significant changes in rectal temperature, blood BHB and serum iCa concentrations, fetal membrane retention, the number of services/pregnancy, or the length of the service period due to treatment. In conclusion, further investigations are necessary to formulate a product that can be successfully applied to dairy cattle farms to improve uterine health.
Rabbit meat is widely recognized for its favorable nutritional properties, while the molecular mechanisms underlying differences in meat quality between New Zealand White rabbits and Rex rabbits are essential for rabbit production. In this study, a total of 120 healthy 13-week-old rabbits (60 per group) were used to evaluate meat quality traits. The longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) was then collected for transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. The results showed that New Zealand White rabbits exhibited significantly higher live weight before slaughter, eviscerated weight, semi-eviscerated weight, and pH24 (p < 0.01), whereas Rex rabbits displayed higher cooking loss (p < 0.01) and intramuscular fat content (p < 0.05). Metabolomic profiling identified 218 differential metabolites (DMs), which were mainly enriched in amino acid biosynthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, including key metabolites such as DL-arginine, gallic acid, and lipid-related compounds. Transcriptomic analysis identified 227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in pathways associated with muscle development and meat quality, including oxidative phosphorylation, FoxO, and MAPK signaling pathways. Key DEGs, such as MYH13, HOXA13, and PDK4, were associated with muscle fiber formation and fat deposition. Integrated analysis revealed that 34 DEGs and 24 DMs were co-enriched in 26 pathways, with strong correlations observed between oxidative phosphorylation-related genes and energy metabolites, as well as between collagen-associated genes and amino acids. These findings establish a gene-metabolite regulatory network underlying breed-specific differences in meat quality and identify potential molecular markers to improve rabbit meat quality and to better understand muscle metabolism across different rabbit breeds.
Progress on malaria elimination has stalled, especially in Africa where approximately 600,000 deaths occurred in 2024. Gene drive-modified mosquito (GDMM) technologies are a potentially transformational new tool to prevent malaria transmission by Anopheles mosquitoes. Gene drive-modified mosquito technologies have been successful in contained (caged) testing, and field testing is being planned. Gene drive-modified mosquitoes are designed to be more specific vector control tools than chemical insecticides. However, the potential for spread and persistence of engineered gene drive constructs within interbreeding mosquito populations has raised concerns about possible negative effects on biodiversity. Postrelease safety monitoring of GDMMs will be an important component of risk management, yet scientifically based strategies for evaluating the environmental safety of GDMMs are lacking. Drawing from experience with related technologies in use, we propose a systematic approach to safety monitoring that is risk proportionate, considers ecological priorities and stakeholder concerns, and is practicable to implement in malaria-endemic countries. Suggested methods aim to achieve maximal decision-making value within available resources. Indicators of possible adverse impacts are selected strategically according to ecological analyses using a transparent ranking system. Intensity and coverage of monitoring reflect characteristics of both the GDMMs and the ecological indicator species, with allowance for adjusting the plan in response to initial results, ongoing observations, and regulator feedback. Although developed for early field testing, the framework can also help to guide later phase research and postimplementation environmental monitoring of GDMMs for malaria control in Africa, and it may inform the development of other genetic biological control technologies.
Dermacentor andersoni, the Rocky Mountain wood tick, is an important vector for pathogens impacting human and animal health, including bovine anaplasmosis, Colorado tick fever, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A better understanding of the biology of this tick is needed for developing disease prevention and vector control strategies. A reference genome was assembled for D. andersoni using high-fidelity (HiFi) long-read PacBio sequences and Hi-C contact mapping, yielding a contiguous assembly in which most contigs matched one of 11 chromosomes. Genome annotation by the NCBI eukaryotic genome annotation pipeline revealed high gene content completeness, yielding a genome completeness score of 94.0% using the Arachnida ortholog dataset. Following genome sequencing, we identified specific genes involved in blood feeding across a range of tissue types and life stages for D. andersoni. To accomplish this, RNA-seq analysis was used to investigate differential gene expression across most organs in adult, nymphal, and larval D. andersoni before and after feeding. Based on this analysis, we identified several gene groups that are involved in blood feeding. Furthermore, we establish sex- and developmental-stage-specific transcriptional profiles. Collectively, this study advances knowledge of D. andersoni biology and enables the development of strategies to limit the spread of diseases transmitted by this tick.
This study aims to compare clinical outcomes, procedural efficiency, and safety of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) of the cervical medial branches performed under ultrasound (US) versus fluoroscopy (FL) guidance. This single-center, retrospective cohort study included a total of 177 patients between January 2023 and June 2025. The patients were allocated to FL- (n = 75) or US-guided groups (n = 102). The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and monthly analgesic use were assessed at baseline, at six weeks (primary endpoint), and at three and six months. The primary outcome inter-group NRS at six weeks was analyzed using analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline NRS, age, sex, bilaterality, and number of treated levels. Secondary outcomes included NDI, analgesic use, and procedural metrics. Six-week analyses included all patients; three- and six-month analyses used available-case data (up to n = 141). Last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) sensitivity analyses were performed. Of the 177 patients included in the study, 60 were male and 117 were female with a mean age of 53.47 ± 5.46 (range, 39 to 66) years. Compared to FL, US-guided PRF was associated with shorter procedure times (8.64 ± 0.93 vs. 14.41 ± 2.24 min), fewer needle redirections (1.36 ± 0.50 vs. 3.56 ± 1.02), and fewer minor complications (11.8% vs. 30.7%) (p ≤ 0.003 for all). At six weeks, adjusted mean NRS was 4.46 in US group versus 4.56 in FL group, with no significant inter-group difference (adjusted difference 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.53 to 0.34). No significant differences were observed for NDI or analgesic use at any time point. Responder, longitudinal mixed-effects, and LOCF sensitivity analyses yielded concordant results. Our study results suggest that US- and FL-guided cervical medial branch PRF can yield similar clinical outcomes. However, US guidance provides procedural and safety advantages without compromising effectiveness.
This study aimed to evaluate whether the magnesium depletion score (MDS), an indicator of magnesium deficiency, is associated with the development of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS-1) in patients with traumatic extremity injuries. Between November 2024 and May 2025, a total of 117 patients who suffered from traumatic extremity injuries were included. Demographic and clinical data of the patients were collected and recorded, and the MDS was calculated. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypertension, duration of immobilization, MDS, and injury-related characteristics were evaluated as potential risk factors for CRPS-1 development. Of the patients, 40 were male and 77 were female with a mean age of 51.9 ± 15.01 (range, 20 to 91 years). In a total of 42.7% of patients with traumatic extremity injuries, CRPS-1 developed. The female-to-male ratio was higher among patients with CRPS-1 than among those without. The MDS, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol consumption were not found to be independent risk factors. However, prolonged immobilization (more than one month) was found to be an independent risk factor for the development of CRPS-1. Our study results suggest that the MDS score is not a risk factor for developing CRPS-1, but immobilization for more than one month significantly increases the risk. Taken together, these findings indicate that the duration of immobilization following injury may be a more decisive factor in the development of CRPS-1 than demographic and clinical characteristics.