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This article presents a systematic analysis of the application of advanced mathematical and computational approaches in dental bioengineering, with a focus on biomaterials processing and machining-related technologies. The aim is to critically synthesize current knowledge on the use of numerical simulations, statistical modeling, and algorithm-based methods in the analysis and optimization of technological processes in dentistry. The review was conducted following the PRISMA framework to ensure a transparent and reproducible selection of relevant studies addressing the intersection of dental applications, manufacturing processes, and computational modeling. The results reveal that the current research does not constitute a unified modeling framework, but rather a heterogeneous set of approaches targeting specific aspects of biomaterial processing. The analyzed studies demonstrate the application of finite element analysis, empirical statistical models, and geometry-based computational methods, particularly in processes such as drilling and grinding of ceramic dental materials. These approaches enable detailed analysis of mechanical and thermal loading conditions, as well as partial optimization of process parameters. However, their applicability is often limited by their empirical nature, lack of integration, and insufficient linkage to real-time process control. The synthesis highlights a significant research gap in the development of integrated and multiphysics modeling frameworks capable of combining mechanical, thermal, and geometrical aspects of machining processes. Future research should focus on the implementation of digital twins, adaptive process control, and personalized modeling strategies to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and predictability of dental biomaterial processing.

Access to safe drinking water remains a global challenge due to increasing contamination by heavy metals, organic pollutants, dyes, pharmaceuticals, oils, and pathogenic microorganisms. In this context, sustainable and low-impact materials for water purification are gaining increasing attention. This review focuses on bio-based materials, specifically cellulose, lignin, and melanin, as well as their functionalized derivatives and hybrid systems, for water purification applications. These materials are integrated within a common framework, allowing direct comparison of their structure-property-performance relationships and highlighting potential complementary functionalities. Emphasis is placed on adsorption-filtration processes, membrane technologies, and electrospun fibrous systems. Nanocellulose-based materials, including cellulose nanocrystals, nanofibers, and bacterial cellulose, are discussed in terms of extraction methods, surface functionalization, adsorption behavior, and performance toward a wide range of contaminants. Lignin-based systems, such as sorbents, hydrogels, foams, aerogels, and hybrid membranes, are examined with attention to the effects of chemical modification on adsorption capacity, selectivity, and reusability. Emerging melanin and melanin-like materials, particularly polydopamine-based systems, are also considered, highlighting their ability to bind metal ions and organic pollutants and their integration into multifunctional composites and membranes. Across all material classes, the role of surface chemistry, porosity, and structural organization in determining adsorption performance is discussed, together with adsorption models, regeneration behavior, practical constraints, and the current level of technological maturity of the different material systems. After an overview of biodegradability and sustainability aspects, the review critically examines key limitations, including long-term stability, regeneration efficiency, validation under realistic wastewater conditions, and scalability, which currently hinder large-scale implementation. These aspects are discussed to outline future research directions toward the development of effective and sustainable water purification technologies based on renewable bio-based materials.

Nano bioinks have recently emerged as a promising class of biomaterials for advanced bioprinting applications, offering new opportunities in regenerative medicine, controlled drug delivery, and biosensing technologies. These materials are typically developed by integrating nanostructures such as nanoparticles, nanosheets, and nanofibers into polymeric or hydrogel matrices to enhance mechanical strength, bioactivity, and printing performance. Various fabrication approaches such as direct blending, in-situ polymerization, and surface functionalization are used to incorporate nanomaterials into bioink formulations. Subsequent crosslinking strategies are employed to improve print fidelity and structural stability while maintaining cell viability and biological functionality during the bioprinting process. Despite significant progress in recent years, several challenges continue to hinder the clinical translation of nano bioinks. Achieving consistent batch-to-batch reproducibility, ensuring long-term biocompatibility, and optimizing rheological properties for reliable printing remain critical issues. In addition, regulatory pathways and ethical considerations related to the biomedical use of nano-enabled bioinks are still insufficiently addressed in the literature. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the design and fabrication of nano bioinks, highlighting key synthesis strategies, functional nanomaterials used in bioink formulations, and their emerging applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biosensing. Furthermore, the review discusses the major technical, regulatory, and translational challenges that need to be addressed to facilitate the safe and effective implementation of nano bioinks in future biomedical applications.

Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are important for electromagnetic protection, radar stealth, wireless communication, and advanced electronic systems. However, traditional design methods mainly rely on repeated experiments and full-wave simulations, which are time-consuming and inefficient when dealing with complex compositions, microstructures, and multilayer structures. Machine learning provides a new route to accelerate the design of high-performance absorbers by learning the relationship among material composition, structure, electromagnetic parameters, and absorption performance. This review summarizes recent progress in machine-learning-empowered electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. First, the basic physical principles of electromagnetic wave absorption are introduced, including reflection loss, impedance matching, attenuation, and physical limits such as the Rozanov and Snoek limits. Then, typical machine learning models are discussed, including classical machine learning, deep learning, generative models, physics-informed models, large language models, and artificial-intelligence (AI) Agents. Their applications are further summarized from forward property prediction, high-throughput screening, inverse design, electromagnetic parameter decoupling, physics-informed modeling, explainability, multi-objective optimization, and data augmentation. Finally, the main challenges and future directions are discussed, including data standardization, physics-guided learning, foundation models, autonomous laboratories, and engineering-scale validation. This review shows that machine learning is changing absorber research from experience-driven trial-and-error to data-driven and knowledge-driven design, and provides a useful reference for developing next-generation electromagnetic wave absorbing materials.

Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) technology, as a deterministic machining method featuring flexibility, controllability, and extremely low subsurface damage, has become one of the most promising technologies in the field of ultra-precision polishing. This review systematically summarizes the research progress of MRF technology in aspects such as polishing fluid preparation and rheological properties, material removal mechanisms and theoretical models, classification and optimization of equipment and processes, multi-energy field hybrid technologies, and intelligent development. First, starting from the composition, nonlinear rheological models, and stability optimization of the magnetorheological polishing fluid, the decisive influence of fluid properties on finishing performance is elucidated. Second, the macroscopic mechanical removal mechanism and the atomic-scale material removal mechanism are analyzed, and the establishment and development of material removal function and polishing force models are reviewed. Third, MRF equipment is systematically classified according to tool morphology, and advanced hybrid polishing technologies such as ultrasonic-assisted, electrochemical-assisted, and laser-assisted methods are discussed. Furthermore, the effects of key process parameters, magnetic field configuration optimization, and dwell time algorithms on machining accuracy and efficiency are analyzed in depth. Finally, typical applications of MRF technology in aerospace, biomedical, optoelectronic information and other fields are summarized, the current technical bottlenecks are pointed out, and future development trends toward intelligence, greenization, and standardization are prospected. This review aims to provide comprehensive theoretical references and technical guidance for researchers in the MRF field, and to promote further application and development of this technology in precision manufacturing.

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and acts as a major protective barrier against external agents. However, the highly organized stratum corneum limits the effective delivery of many therapeutic compounds, especially hydrophilic and high-molecular-weight drugs. Conventional topical formulations often exhibit poor permeability, low bioavailability, and limited targeting efficiency. This review discusses recent advances in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, including bio-based, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymeric nanocarriers for dermal and transdermal applications, with particular emphasis on vesicular, polymeric, and hybrid nanosystems. Nanocarriers such as liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, nanogels, and lipid-polymer hybrid systems have demonstrated improved drug solubility, stability, controlled release, and skin permeation for localized (dermal) delivery compared with conventional formulations. In addition, biodegradable polymeric materials enhance dermal deposition and prolong drug retention, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy. These nanosystems can facilitate enhanced transdermal drug transport under optimized conditions; however, the extent of systemic delivery varies widely depending on drug physicochemical properties, formulation characteristics, and application conditions. Drug transport may occur through intercellular, transcellular, and follicular pathways, resulting in enhanced bioavailability and site-specific delivery. Claims regarding transdermal (systemic) absorption are restricted to cases supported by in vivo or clinical evidence. Furthermore, combining nanocarriers with microneedles and stimuli-responsive platforms has expanded the potential for controlled and on-demand transdermal delivery. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have reported that nanocarrier-based methotrexate gels reduced PASI-like scores by over 70% in psoriatic models, while oleic acid vesicle formulations achieved more than 95% cure rates in rodent models of tinea corporis. Despite these advances, challenges related to large-scale production, stability, regulatory approval, and clinical translation remain significant. Future developments integrating smart nanocarriers, bio-based polymeric biomaterials, wearable technologies, and AI-assisted design may improve personalized dermatological therapies. These innovations in nanocarrier drug delivery are accelerating the translation of advanced therapies to the clinic, promising safer, more effective and personalized dermatological treatments.

With the progressive shift of minimally invasive aesthetic medicine toward regeneration-oriented therapeutic paradigms, injectable materials have evolved from providing simple volumetric augmentation to enabling tissue remodeling and long-term structural improvement. Regenerative functional microspheres, as representative biostimulatory injectable materials have demonstrated expanding clinical value in facial rejuvenation, skin texture enhancement, and scar repair. However, studies on different material systems remain fragmented with respect to their mechanisms of action, manufacturing strategies, and clinical outcomes, and the lack of systematic integration and cross-comparison has hindered manufacturing standardization and standardized clinical application. Focusing on aesthetic medical applications, this review systematically summarizes the regenerative mechanisms, major material systems, fabrication strategies, and clinical evidence of regenerative functional microspheres. Centered on the critical clinical effects of biostimulation and collagen remodeling, this review highlights recent advances in regenerative mechanisms and material design, outlines the influence of key fabrication technologies on product uniformity and safety, and systematically analyzes major clinical indications and therapeutic characteristics, while also discussing key challenges and future development trends in this field. This review aims to provide a structured overview to guide material design, process optimization, and clinical translation of regenerative microspheres, offering a reference framework for innovation and application of regenerative aesthetic materials.

Numerous case series have corroborated the efficacy of the first-line approach of platinum-based chemotherapy and avelumab maintenance followed by enfortumab vedotin monotherapy (PBC-AM-EV) in real-world patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. The present investigation aimed to characterize the baseline clinical and pathological characteristics and outcomes of the PBC-AM-EV treatment sequence in the advanced urothelial carcinoma population. ARON-2EV is a global retrospective study investigating the real-world use of EV in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Two hundred and three patients receiving PBC-AM-EV were analyzed. Primary endpoints were disease response, therapy sequence duration, and overall survival. Secondary objectives included the evaluation of clinical factors associated with outcomes. Patient characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics; overall survival and therapy sequence duration were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and assessed with log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards models. Following a median follow-up of 23.1 months, the median overall survival from PBC initiation was 31.6 months, with a 2-year overall survival rate of 68%. Survival outcomes were consistent across most clinicopathologic subgroups, but were significantly influenced by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, prior response to PBC, and cisplatin-based regimens. Median therapy sequence duration was 26.5 months and was prolonged in patients with exclusive nodal metastases and cisplatin exposure. A 43% objective response rate was achieved by EV, including durable disease control, particularly among patients who benefited from prior PBC and avelumab maintenance. The PBC-AM-EV sequence demonstrates sustained real-world efficacy, with outcomes driven by baseline characteristics, platinum responsiveness, and preserved EV activity irrespective of prior immunotherapy response.

In recent years, biomass-based sorbent materials have emerged as promising sustainable alternatives to conventional synthetic sorbents for hydrocarbon remediation. However, existing literature frequently treats petroleum contamination as a uniform substance, overlooking the distinct physicochemical demands of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) fractions. To address this gap, this review provides a comprehensive, TPH-centric synthesis of recent advances in modified biomass sorbents, explicitly distinguishing itself from conventional oil spill reviews by treating TPH as a heterogeneous C5-C50 continuum. A systematic evaluation is conducted on the physicochemical properties of petroleum fractions, underlying sorption mechanisms, and the efficacy of physical, chemical, and advanced modification strategies. Quantitative comparative analyses reveal that while advanced hierarchical structuring (e.g., tubular-lamellar aerogels) can achieve exceptional sorption capacities exceeding 320 g/g and retain structural stability over 50 dynamic cycles, these performance gains often incur significant techno-economic penalties, such as biochar yield reductions of up to 40% during high-temperature activation. Furthermore, we critically benchmark kinetic behaviors and advocate for a shift from single-point, mass-based equilibrium capacities to a unified framework of multidimensional metrics, including mass-normalized capacity (mg/g2) and surface-area-normalized capacity (mg/m2). Finally, this review identifies critical commercialization barriers, including technology readiness level (TRL) stagnation and a lack of explicit life-cycle assessments (LCAs), and proposes an actionable roadmap integrating smart architectures, digital twin modeling, and standardized testing protocols to drive the rational, scalable deployment of next-generation TPH sorbents.

To alleviate escalating global water scarcity, bioinspired strategies for efficient atmospheric water collectors have attracted considerable attention in arid but foggy regions. Conventional fog collectors are often limited by low efficiency and clogging, whereas early bioinspired studies frequently focused on isolated biological features. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in bioinspired fog water collection. Beginning with the fundamental physical mechanisms governing droplet motion, we analyze three core design strategies: geometric configurations (e.g., conical and spindle-knot structures), interfacial energy modulation (e.g., hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterns and super-slippery surfaces), and aerodynamic regulation (e.g., three-dimensional vortex structures and active aerodynamic control). We further reveal the technological evolution from single-feature bioinspiration to multi-mechanism synergy. As for the development of future fog collecting systems, we also highlight recent advances in water-energy-environment multifunctional integrated systems that can simultaneously harvest water, generate electricity, purify contaminants, and produce nutrients (e.g., nitrogen fertilizer), which are achieved by integrating triboelectric nanogenerators, photocatalytic degradation, and electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation. Finally, we summarize the key challenges facing bioinspired fog collection technologies, including durability, scalable fabrication, and practical deployment, and discuss future directions such as AI-assisted design, lifecycle-stable materials, and self-sufficient resource systems. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the development of next-generation fog harvesting technologies exhibiting high efficiency, long-term durability, and sustainability.

This work investigates the incorporation of sewage sludge-derived biochar (BC) into a recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) matrix at loadings ranging from 0.5 to 5% wt. in order to develop sustainable nanocomposite materials. The materials were comprehensively characterized using complementary structural, thermal, and morphological techniques to evaluate the effect of BC on the properties of the recycled polymer. XRD, DSC, and PLM analyses demonstrated that BC acts as a heterogeneous nucleating agent, without significantly altering the final crystalline fraction of rPET, while SEM observations confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of particles within the matrix. TGA and Py-GC/MS further indicated that BC moderates thermal degradation, reducing the relative formation of low-molecular-weight degradation products and promoting the retention of larger terephthalate-containing fragments. Accelerated UV irradiation experiments further demonstrated the protective role of BC against photo-induced degradation. Intrinsic viscosity (IV) measurements showed that BC-containing nanocomposites exhibited a smaller molecular-weight reduction after UV exposure compared to neat rPET, indicating reduced chain scission, while complementary DSC analyses confirmed improved preservation of thermal transitions after aging. Overall, sewage sludge-derived biochar is demonstrated to be a promising multifunctional additive for rPET, acting both as a nucleating agent and a UV stabilizer. This approach provides an alternative route for the valorization of two waste streams, contributing to enhanced materials in a circular economy framework.

Driven by advances in renewable energy technologies, research on perovskite optoelectronics has advanced rapidly across material exploration, device engineering, and intelligent integrated systems. Conventional trial-and-error experiments face inherent constraints in precisely regulating perovskite chemical compositions and microstructures, as well as in mitigating degradation in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have emerged as powerful tools for material discovery, synthetic condition design, and the prediction of perovskite fundamental properties and device outputs. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in machine learning (ML) implementations for PSC research, covering molecular-scale material screening, synthetic parameter optimization, performance forecasting, device architecture design, and system performance evaluation. We further elaborate on key obstacles hindering ML-assisted perovskite development, including insufficient operational stability, barriers to large-scale fabrication, and limited computational efficiency. Last, we outline promising research avenues and highlight the transformative capacity of ML to advance high-performance, manufacturable perovskite optoelectronic devices.

Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites represent promising lightweight materials for automotive powertrain systems, where increasing demands for weight reduction, energy efficiency, and emission reduction are driving the replacement of conventional metallic components. However, automotive powertrain environments expose CFRP materials to elevated temperatures, cyclic mechanical loading, chemical exposure, and tribological interactions, creating complex degradation conditions that significantly influence long-term durability and reliability. This review systematically analyzes CFRP composites for automotive powertrain applications, focusing on the relationship between operational requirements, material selection, reinforcement architecture, manufacturing technologies, and degradation mechanisms. High-performance thermoplastic systems such as CF/PEEK, CF/PPS, and CF/PEKK are critically compared with conventional thermoset composites. CF/PEEK systems demonstrate superior thermomechanical stability, maintaining significant mechanical performance at temperatures approaching 250 °C and tensile strengths of approximately 1400-1600 MPa, whereas CF/PPS composites provide a more economically efficient compromise between thermal resistance, chemical stability, manufacturability, and recyclability for medium-temperature applications. The review further analyzes dominant degradation mechanisms, including creep deformation, fatigue damage, delamination, fibre-matrix interface degradation, and tribological wear. CFRP degradation is shown to result from the interaction of multiple coupled mechanisms rather than from isolated material failure modes. Tribological wear rates typically range from 10-6 to 10-5 mm3/(N·m), while creep-fatigue interactions may reduce component lifetime by up to 40-60% under combined thermomechanical loading. Advanced design strategies, including fibre orientation optimization, laminate architecture tailoring, thickness gradation, and hybrid metal-composite structures, are evaluated together with major manufacturing technologies such as injection moulding, compression moulding, overmoulding, automated fibre placement, and additive manufacturing. The presented review establishes an integrated framework linking material systems, operating conditions, manufacturing processes, and durability requirements for automotive powertrain applications. The analysis demonstrates that no universal CFRP system exists for all powertrain components and that optimal material selection requires balancing thermal stability, fatigue resistance, tribological performance, manufacturability, recyclability, and economic constraints according to the specific operating conditions of each component category.

Chromium-(VI) is a highly toxic pollutant commonly found in industrial wastewater, requiring effective removal strategies. While various remediation technologies exist, many suffer limitations from high costs, energy demands, or inefficiency. Adsorption has emerged as a particularly promising alternative due to its low cost, operational simplicity, and wide range of applicable materials. Recently, focus has turned toward poly-(ionic liquids) (PILs), a class of versatile hybrid materials that combine the advantageous properties of polymers and ionic liquids, including thermal stability, low volatility, and diverse interaction capabilities with target pollutants. In this work, a pyridinium-based PIL containing BF4 - as the counterion was evaluated for Cr-(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. Adsorption behaviors were analyzed using a set of selected models fitted by nonlinear regression on the original scale. Equilibrium was interpreted using heterogeneous/sigmoidal isotherms (Sips and Krishnamurti), showing good agreement with the experimental data. Kinetics were likewise well captured and generally outperformed traditional baselines (pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order), providing consistent rate and time scale estimates across conditions. These results suggest a complex adsorption mechanism involving both surface heterogeneity and possible multilayer formation. Complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations supported the experimental findings, revealing that CrO4 2- undergoes chemisorption, while HCrO4 - and Cr2O7 2-, the dominant species under acidic conditions, are primarily adsorbed through physisorption involving electrostatic and dispersion forces. Overall, this work provides new insights into the adsorption mechanisms of Cr-(VI) on PILs and highlights the potential of these advanced materials for heavy metal remediation in environmental systems.

Laundry-derived microplastic fibers are major source of environmental microplastic pollution. Because conventional wastewater treatment processes cannot completely remove fibrous microplastics, washing machine-mounted filters have been developed as a promising source-control approach for the reduction in microfiber emissions. This review thus summarizes recent advances in external filtration systems and membrane-based technologies for laundry wastewater treatment. The characteristics of laundry wastewater, microfiber release behavior, and recent regulatory trends are discussed together with the performance of commercially available filtration systems. The applicability of advanced membrane materials, including ceramic membranes, for high-efficiency microfiber separation is also highlighted. Particular attention is given to the microbial contamination and biofouling of microplastic filters, which can affect their filtration efficiency, operational stability, and household hygiene. This review also discusses the potential reuse of captured microplastics for membrane fabrication as a sustainable pathway for waste valorization and circular resource utilization. Finally, current limitations and future perspectives for the development of efficient, hygienic, and sustainable laundry microplastic filtration technologies are discussed.

Bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp, represents a major challenge in tomato production, leading to significant pre- and postharvest losses worldwide. Conventional control strategies are largely based on physical, environmental and chemical measures; however, their effectiveness is often limited by resistance development, environmental concerns, and increasing regulatory restrictions. This review critically examines current and emerging strategies to mitigate tomato soft rot, including biological control, advanced targeted and integrated technologies. While certain strategies (RNAi, UV-C, nanotechnology, and breeding) are discussed concisely, particular attention is given to quorum quenching (QQ) as an anti-virulence strategy targeting bacterial communication systems (quorum sensing), as well as to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and formulation technologies as the most promising directions. Recent literature indicates that LAB have been evaluated in a moderate number of studies, including numerous in vitro assays and a smaller set of in vivo experiments on detached fruits and in greenhouse systems, where they exhibit antagonistic activity against soft rot pathogens. Reported mechanisms include the production of antimicrobial metabolites, competitive exclusion, and quorum sensing interference. However, existing reviews tend to address these strategies separately, while field-scale evidence and the integration of practical delivery systems remain limited. This review provides a focused and integrative perspective on the combined application of QQ, LAB, and microencapsulation technologies for the mitigation of tomato soft rot. Special attention is given to the emerging role of LAB as potential quorum quenching agents, the limitations associated with their stability and field performance, and the potential of microencapsulation to enhance their viability, enable controlled release, and improve overall efficacy. The proposed integrative framework offers new insights into the development of sustainable and application-oriented biocontrol solutions for soft rot pathogens.

Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) underpin modern technologies, yet their sustainability is fundamentally constrained by the same molecular features that enable rapid bonding and durable adhesion. In particular, carbon-carbon-dominated backbones confer desirable viscoelastic properties but lead to persistent materials that are difficult to remove, recycle, or dismantle after use. Here, we review recent progress in PSA sustainability and frame it as a lifecycle design challenge, in which feedstock origin, polymer architecture, adhesive function, and end-of-life behavior must be considered together. We show that current approaches-bio-based materials, degradable structures, and debonding strategies-each address different stages of the adhesive lifecycle and exhibit distinct advantages and limitations when pursued independently. Emerging hybrid systems demonstrate that these functions can be integrated, enabling on-demand debonding and downstream transformation without compromising adhesive performance, even under stringent application constraints. This perspective suggests that sustainable PSAs should be designed not through single-axis optimization, but through lifecycle programmability, where bonding, release, and post-use fate are co-engineered according to the intended reuse, recycling, or recovery pathway.

This paper systematically reviews recent research progress on nicotine control methods in tobacco products, with a focus on various strategies including the regulation of internal tobacco components (such as organic acids, pH, polyols, and moisture content) and the application of external functional materials (e.g., bacterial cellulose-based sustained-release systems and MOF composites). The mechanisms and control efficacy of these approaches are elaborated, along with a comparative analysis of their applicable conditions and limitations. Furthermore, emerging research directions in the precise control of nicotine release are discussed, including multi-factor coupling regulation, material structure design, and release kinetic modeling. By systematically examining the strengths and weaknesses of existing technologies, product-specific and condition-dependent internal control strategies are summarized for different tobacco products based on the available evidence. Finally, future prospects are outlined, including the development of intelligent sustained-release materials, the construction of multi-path synergistic regulation systems, and the integration of toxicological assessments to achieve comprehensive optimization of product quality and health risks. This review aims to provide a mechanistic basis for the rational design of nicotine release control strategies in tobacco products.

The ongoing development of subtractive options for indirect restorations places clinicians in a position that requires adaptation, understanding and choosing of the most suitable option for the long-term survival of the restoration. Mechanical parameters represent important indicators of long-term success. Consequently, this research aimed to assess the impact of water sorption on the mechanical properties of two direct resin composites, Gradia Direct Anterior A2 and Filtek Z550 A2 and three CAD/CAM subtractively manufactured dental resin composites, Vita Enamic, Brilliant and Cerasmart. A total of one hundred specimens (50 control, 50 underwent this protocol: dehydration, immersion in distilled water for 30 days and then re-desiccation), standardized to the dimensions of 14 mm × 4 mm × 1.2 mm were subjected to three-point bending test (based on ISO 4049:2019 and ISO 6872:2015), in order to find out the flexural strength and the elastic modulus of the material at the breaking point. Then, the fractured sample surfaces were fractographical analyzed. Using the two-parameter Weibull approach, the Weibull modulus (m) and the characteristic strength (σ0) were evaluated. In this investigation, the elastic modulus varied from 5.8 (Gradia Control) to 20.31 (Vita Degraded) GPa, with the upper limit close to the values of natural dentin (17.7-29.8 GPa). The values of flexural strength ranged from 174.47 (Brilliant Control) to 79.2 (Gradia Control), subtractively processed materials demonstrating higher flexural strength and elastic modulus values than the direct resin composites, which is related to their high inorganic filler content. All material groups, except for Gradia Control, had a flexural strength more than the 80 MPa minimum value needed to sustain masticatory force. The dehydration and hydration cycles did not have a statistically significant influence on the mechanical properties of the material. The fractographic analysis revealed fracture patterns and features associated with the microstructure, with the PICN category material being particularly notable. Weibull analysis revealed that the direct resin composite materials exhibited higher reliability, lower data scatter and CAD-CAM materials showed greater characteristic strength, with a notably high performance of the nano-hybrid direct resin composite.