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This study aims to understand the way that AI chatbot interaction affects customers' purchasing decisions. This is achieved through testing the dual mediating effects of customer digital intimacy and psychological ownership on this relationship. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design to test the causal relationship. The data was collected from a sample of 360 customers of small and medium-sized companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study's model showed fully dual mediation effects of digital intimacy and psychological ownership on the relationship between AI chatbot interaction and purchasing decisions. AI chatbots show a significant positive effect on digital intimacy and a significant negative impact on psychological ownership. This study fills a gap in the literature by studying the dual mediating roles of digital intimacy and psychological ownership. It contributes to existing knowledge by looking at purchasing decisions as a psychological behavior that links customers to the product and the interaction media used.

This pre-registered short-term longitudinal study investigated the relations between basic psychological need satisfaction and motivational classes and objective measures of achievement and dropout across two semesters. Participants were first-year and fourth-year student teachers (n = 272) in Norway, a demographic known for having high attrition rates. Unexpectedly, we found that autonomous motivation and amotivation were negatively related with achievement, whereas gender (males) and previous high school achievement were positively related with it. Controlled motivation and gender (males) were, conversely, positively related with remaining on the study program. As expected, amotivation was related with dropout. Finally, the effect of autonomous motivation on remaining in education was mediated by basic psychological needs, suggesting that autonomous motivation indirectly reduces dropout through the satisfaction of the basic needs. We discuss the limitations of our study and implications for future research.

This study investigated the relationship between guilt induction (GI) in parental psychological control (PPC) and children's interpersonal relationships outside the family, as well as the chain mediating effects of parent-child dependence and conscience in this relationship. Data were collected from 1312 Chinese children using five scales to assess the dimensions of PPC: GI; the two dimensions of parent-child attachment, namely mother-child dependence (MCD) and father-child dependence (FCD); conscience; and two dimensions of children's interpersonal relationships outside the family: peer relationships (PR) and teacher-student relationships (TSR). Two important results were obtained: (1) In the model mediated by MCD and conscience, GI showed no significant direct effect on PR but had significant total and indirect effects. (2) In the model mediated by FCD and conscience, GI had significant total, direct, and indirect effects on teacher-student relationships. In summary, GI is an effective predictor of children's interpersonal relationships outside the family. On the surface, GI does not appear to affect children's PR in the short term, but gradually alienates children from their mothers in the long term, thereby hindering the development of conscience and PR. Additionally, GI directly affects teacher-student relationships, further alienates children from their fathers, and hinders conscience development, resulting in a further negative impact on teacher-student relationships.

Employee knowledge hiding impedes the flow, updating, and reconstruction of knowledge within the enterprise, thereby slowing down the knowledge innovation of employees. More seriously, it threatens the core competitiveness and performance of the enterprise, posing significant risks to its long-term development. However, few studies have explored the process mechanism and boundary conditions of the relationship between different types of team member relationship (team-member exchange and co-worker guanxi) and employee knowledge hiding. Hence, drawing on the social information processing model and conservation of resources theory, this study explores how and when different types of team member relationship can weaken employee knowledge hiding. Data came from 290 employees in knowledge-intensive industries in China. Mplus and SPSS process macro were used for data processing and analysis. The findings showed that team-member exchange and co-worker guanxi can have a negative impact on knowledge hiding through psychological safety. Leader-member exchange positively moderates the relations between team-member exchange and psychological safety, while supervisor-subordinate guanxi positively moderates the relations between co-worker guanxi and psychological safety. Leader-member exchange negatively moderates the impact of team-member exchange on knowledge hiding through psychological safety. Supervisor-subordinate guanxi negatively moderates the impact of co-worker guanxi on knowledge hiding through psychological safety. Weakening employee knowledge hiding also requires moderate cultivation of employees' psychological safety, that is, psychological safety should not be excessive, otherwise it will have the opposite effect.

Solo dining has gained substantial recognition in the restaurant business worldwide. Considering the growing trend of solo dining, it has attracted increasing interest from academia and industry. Since the current stage of knowledge on solo dining practices and their management is limited and scattered, it requires integration to provide scholars with an outline of the current state of knowledge in this field, as well as the industry expert insights. To address this issue, the current study applies a mixed-method approach to first gather insights from the existing literature by conducting a systematic literature review (SLR). Subsequently, in order to substantiate SLR findings, a qualitative study is designed to garner industry expert views on solo dining experience, enhancing restaurant practices and strategies. The SLR has revealed three distinct thematic areas, such as solo dining antecedents, solo diner's experience while dining, and the solo diner's outcome behaviour. Based on these insights, it was necessary to identify the practical takeaways for the restaurants in the hospitality industry; therefore, a qualitative study was designed following the mixed-method approach of research design. The empirical results present solo dining strategies implemented by restaurant owners and staff. The Gioia technique of qualitative analysis of data brought forward four solo dining aggregate dimensions presenting the solo diner's profile, adaptive comfort, human touch, and restaurant strategies. This study makes a novel contribution to the solo dining literature by identifying psychophysiological aspects of solo dining and offering managerial insights for restaurant industry professionals.

This study investigates automaticity attribution bias (AAB), whereby consumers attribute autonomous product failures to the algorithmic nature, reducing satisfaction, particularly for high-autonomy products. This effect is amplified in high uncertainty avoidance (UA) cultures. Study 1 (N = 110 after exclusions, M_age = 31.28, 58.2% female) used a scenario-based experiment to test emotional responses and satisfaction across individual uncertainty tolerance and expectation conditions, examining psychological-level mechanisms. Study 2 analysed Amazon reviews (UK, France) of products varying in autonomy to examine cultural-level uncertainty avoidance, confirming AAB as a mediator between negative disconfirmation and outcomes. We acknowledge these operate at distinct analytical levels and avoid cross-level inferences. Findings highlight cultural and psychological factors shaping responses to autonomous product failures, offering insights for tailored marketing strategies in diverse markets. Study 1 employed a scenario-based experiment to explore emotional responses and satisfaction under manipulated individual uncertainty tolerance and expectation levels, generating varying disconfirmation. Study 2 complemented this with naturalistic text analysis of reviews from countries differing in cultural UA, triangulating experimental findings with real-world evidence. These studies emphasize how individual and cultural factors differentially influence consumer evaluations.

Social connection is increasingly recognized in management and entrepreneurship as a means to mitigate entrepreneurial burnout by addressing resource constraints. However, its impact remains debated, necessitating further exploration of its mechanisms and boundary conditions. As social-cognitive constructs, self-efficacy-defined as individuals' belief in their ability to achieve goals-and indebtedness, referring to the emotional obligation felt after receiving support may serve as key mediators in the social connection-entrepreneurial burnout relationship, helping to clarify existing inconsistencies. This study develops and tests a model in which social connection influences entrepreneurial burnout through two psychological pathways: self-efficacy and indebtedness. Furthermore, it should be noted that culture, being a typical informal institution, is a crucial internal factor influencing economic behavior. Therefore, in this study, the intensity of entrepreneurs' Confucian traditional golden-mean thinking, a cultural belief system emphasizing balance, harmony, and moderation, is regarded as the moderating variable. Using a 10-week experience sampling study of 59 entrepreneurs, mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation analyses were conducted. Results reveal that social connection intensifies entrepreneurial burnout, further analysis indicates that social connection alleviate entrepreneurial burnout by enhancing the entrepreneur's self-efficacy, but at the same time, they exacerbate entrepreneurial burnout by strengthening the indebtedness. Additionally, the analysis indicates that Confucian traditional golden-mean thinking negatively moderates the relationship between social connection and self-efficacy, weakening its positive impact. These findings underscore the importance of considering psychological perception in future research on social connection and entrepreneurial burnout.

Perceived organizational politics is explicitly conceptualized as a critical influence on employees' psychological and emotional experiences at work. This study examines the relationship between perceived organizational politics and job burnout, with resentment as a mediating mechanism and social intelligence as a boundary condition, grounded in Affective Events Theory and the Conservation of Resources Theory. Resentment is anticipated as a pivotal emotional mechanism through which perceived organizational politics leads to job burnout. Moreover, social intelligence is examined as a buffer role against the hostile emotional outcomes of perceived organizational politics. A quantitative, time-lagged survey design was used to collect data from 340 professionals working in public and private IT organizations of Pakistan. Structural equation modelling was used to test the proposed mediation and moderation effects. The results indicate that perceived organizational politics is positively associated with job burnout. Resentment partially mediates this association, demonstrating that unjust political power practices cultivate feelings of resentment, which, in turn, enrich job burnout. Furthermore, social intelligence drastically moderates the association between perceived organizational politics and resentment. Employees with higher social intelligence report lower levels of resentment when encountering hostile and unjust power dynamics, thus lowering their susceptibility to job burnout. This study extends the burnout literature by empirically indicating the emotional pathway linking perceived organizational politics to job burnout. In practice, the findings emphasize the importance of curtailing malevolent organizational power structures and fostering employees' social intelligence to promote well-being and reduce job burnout.

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into higher education is producing divergent learning behaviors, as student AI anxiety appears to both hinder and motivate learning. However, the psychological mechanisms that explain why these divergent responses occur remain underexplored. To address this gap, this study investigates how AI anxiety is associated with university students' motivated and avoidance learning by examining challenge and hindrance appraisals as key mediating mechanisms. The study employed a cross-sectional questionnaire design using established scales adapted to the educational AI context. An online survey was administered to students from three universities in China, yielding 591 valid responses after data screening. Results show that AI learning anxiety is primarily associated with hindrance appraisal, while AI job replacement anxiety is associated with both challenge and hindrance appraisals. Challenge appraisal is positively associated with motivated learning and negatively associated with avoidance learning, whereas hindrance appraisal shows the opposite pattern. AI learning anxiety exhibits consistent negative effects through both direct and indirect pathways, while AI job replacement anxiety exerts entirely indirect effects mediated by appraisal processes. These findings highlight cognitive appraisal as a crucial mechanism explaining the divergent behavioral associations of AI anxiety and offer valuable insights for educational intervention.

Assessing self-compassion as a beneficial psychological feature and a compassionate mindset can only be accomplished with a valid and reliable instrument that facilitates convenient utilization in experimental or therapeutic settings. The State Self-Compassion Scale (SSCS), although possessing the aforementioned characteristics, has not yet undergone psychometric testing in clinical communities. Thus, the current study was undertaken to culturally adapt and psychometrically evaluate the Persian version of this scale in cardiovascular patients. A multicenter methodological study was performed from June to January 2025 in collaboration with Shahroud and Mazandaran Universities of Medical Sciences. Construct validity was evaluated via exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) involving two independent, randomized cohorts of 204 cardiovascular patients. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients enabled the assessment of internal consistency. The levels of measurement invariance-configural, metric, scalar, and means-were sequentially assessed by sex. After removing items 3, 7, and 9, the EFA with maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and Promax rotation identified three factors. The CFA also verified the suitable fit of the data with the three-factor model obtained. Values exceeding 0.8 for Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients indicated acceptable internal consistency across all factors. Changes ≤0.010 in the comparative fit index and changes ≤0.015 in the root mean square error of approximation at all levels indicated measurement invariance of the Persian version of the mentioned scale. The satisfactory psychometric characteristics of the Persian version of the SSCS suggest its suitability for assessing this concept in Iranian cardiovascular patients.

The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) is commonly used to assess empathy through both cognitive and affective dimensions. However, its validation and normative data in Ecuadorian university populations remain limited, which constrains its applicability in academic and research contexts. to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish-adapted version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) specifically in Ecuadorian university students. A total of 1454 university students from various institutions participated in the study. The original English version was translated into Spanish and reviewed by experts for cultural and linguistic accuracy. This included adjusting certain items in the Fantasy subscale and rephrasing negative statements to improve clarity while preserving the core concepts of the original version. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good model fit (CFI = 0.969; TLI = 0.966; RMSEA = 0.078; SRMR = 0.049), with significant loadings (λ > 0.50) and adequate convergent and discriminant validity. Internal consistency was satisfactory across all dimensions (ω > 0.70), and factorial invariance by gender confirmed metric equivalence between men and women. Normative scores were established for the four dimensions (Perspective Taking, Fantasy, Empathic Concern, Personal Distress), with means ranging from 11,8 to 16,5 and score ranges from 0 to 28 points. Findings indicate that the adapted Spanish version of the IRI is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing empathy in Ecuadorian university contexts, with specific norms that strengthen its utility in psychological training and practice.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of collectivistic and authority-based green advertising on actual green purchasing behavior for apparel among Gen Z and Gen Y consumers in an emerging market. By conceptually uniting the stimulus-organism-response model with the theory of planned behavior, data were collected through a robust two-stage survey from 197 Vietnamese consumers to minimize consistency bias and specifically address the intention-behavior gap prevalent in environmental communication research. Results indicate a significant direct association between culturally adapted green advertising and actual purchasing behavior, while further revealing that this association is successfully mediated by the simultaneous organismic states of perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and attitude. Conclusively, this study establishes that collectivistic and authority-based green advertising is a highly effective mechanism for promoting sustainable apparel consumption through both direct and internal psychological pathways. Theoretically, this research advances the literature by extending green advertising research into the specific apparel context and validating the novel "collectivistic and authority-based" construct within an underrepresented emerging economy. Furthermore, it clarifies the effectiveness of such advertising on Gen Z and Y cohorts while making a significant methodological contribution by shifting the focus from mere intentions to actual behavior via a multi-phase design. Finally, the study elucidates the complex mediating mechanism by identifying the simultaneous roles of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control as internal drivers of behavioral response. Practically, the findings offer practitioners valuable strategies to significantly increase campaign effectiveness among younger cohorts in Vietnam.

Adolescence and the onset of emerging adulthood are periods of increasing autonomy; when a rare disease is present, parents may experience heightened psychological strain. Parenting self-efficacy is central to parenting competence, yet little is known about how parents' perceptions of adolescents' difficulties relate to this sense of competence in rare-disease contexts. To examine associations between parent-perceived adolescent difficulties/strengths and parenting self-efficacy and satisfaction, and whether patterns vary by family size. In this cross-sectional study, parents of adolescents and young adults with rare diseases (n = 56) and of typically developing peers (n = 56) completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale. Group differences were tested with MANOVA/MANCOVA; associations were examined with Pearson correlations and multiple regression. Compared with controls, parents in the rare-disease group reported more behavioural, emotional, hyperactivity/inattention and peer problems. Unexpectedly, they also reported higher parenting self-efficacy and satisfaction. Family size showed nuanced patterns (e.g., higher efficacy in three-child families; higher satisfaction in one-child families). Across the rare-disease group, greater perceived difficulties were associated with lower competence, whereas prosocial behaviour showed positive associations. Findings support strengths-based, family-responsive parent work and routine monitoring of parental wellbeing in clinical/psychoeducational settings. Longitudinal research is needed to evaluate directionality.

Literature suggests that emotional intelligence and empathy play a fundamental role in different contexts such as interpersonal communication, professional performance, educational and healthcare settings (Doǧru, 2022; Estrada, Monferrer, Rodríguez, & Moliner, 2021; Maity et al., 2025; Wang et al., 2019). The use of avatars to improve emotional skills represents a promising field of research and practice, with potential applications in education, therapy and training, in an increasingly digitally interconnected world. A systematic review of the field was conducted to systematize the available evidence on the effectiveness of intervention programs based on the use of avatar embodiment in virtual environments to improve participants' emotional skills. The search was performed on Pubmed and Scopus and, applying exclusion criteria, produced 20 studies. The results clearly support the hypothesis that the virtual environment through the use of the avatar has a significant positive impact on the ability of participants to improve affective heuristics and emotional responses understood as the ability to identify one's own and others' emotions but also to know how to use them effectively in social interactions. This review highlights the relevance of the use of intervention programs based on the embodiment of avatars in virtual contexts to improve emotional skills. Future research efforts could focus on the role of specific characteristics underlying the embodiment of VR to deepen the understanding of such variables and maximize the effectiveness of this technology.

There is a well-established association between purpose in life and social connection, measured cross-sectionally and longitudinally over years. The present study uses ecological momentary assessment to shrink the timescale to daily life to identify dynamic associations between purpose and social connection within and between assessments throughout the day. Participants (N&#xa0;=&#xa0;303) reported their feelings of purpose and aspects of social connection (appreciated, lonely, criticized) at three semi-random times each day for eight days. In moments when participants felt more purpose-driven than their average, they felt more appreciated and less lonely and criticized (median |b|&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.08, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;.001). Likewise, in moments individuals felt more appreciated and less lonely and criticized than their average, they felt more purpose-driven (median |b|&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.24, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;.001). Some associations persisted across assessments throughout the day: Feeling more purpose-driven in one moment was associated with feeling more appreciated and less lonely at the next momentary assessment and feeling more appreciated in one moment was associated with feeling more purpose-driven at the next momentary assessment. Loneliness measured in one momentary assessment, however, did not erode purpose in the next momentary assessment. This work provides support for momentary dynamics between purpose and social connection that may contribute to their longer-term associations.

This study examined how privacy concerns on short-form video platforms influence creativity among communication students through the mediating roles of TikTok use motives and general information technology identity. Guided by privacy calculus theory, uses and gratifications theory, and identity theory, a three-wave longitudinal design was used with 1217 students from three institutions in Chongqing, China. Privacy concerns were measured at Time 1, TikTok use motives and creativity at Time 2, and general information technology identity and creativity at Time 3. Structural equation modeling with full information maximum likelihood estimation tested mediation and sequential mediation models while controlling for demographic variables and baseline creativity. Results showed that privacy concerns negatively predicted creativity, and both TikTok use motives and general IT identity mediated this association. Sequential mediation analysis indicated that TikTok use motives promoted general IT identity, which in turn enhanced creativity. Findings highlight that motivational and identity-based processes jointly explain how privacy concerns shape creative outcomes. The study enriches theory on digital risk and creativity and offers guidance for educators and policymakers seeking to support innovation while protecting digital well-being.

This study examines how sports contact motivation in social network service contexts relates to SNS-based sports engagement (SSSE) among Chinese college students. Drawing on Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT), we developed a value-centered framework linking SNS sports contact motivation (SSCM), perceived sports value, interest, and SSSE, in which expectancy is implicitly embedded within SNS-enabled perceptions of accessibility and competence. Data from 554 students were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that SSCM is significantly associated with perceived sports value and interest. Similarly, perceived sports value was positively associated with interest. However, interest did not show a significant association with SSSE. Although SSCM and perceived sports value displayed significant total effects on SSSE, neither their direct effects nor their indirect effects via interest reached statistical significance. Taken together, these findings suggest that SSSE is linked to behavior primarily through cognitive and affective evaluation processes rather than through simple motivational impulses. This pattern extends motivation-behavior models to digitally mediated sport contexts.

This study analyzes how digital advertisement can have a strategic impact on the success of e-commerce in Jordan. On the dual-lensed data of 200 consumers and 50 owners of e-commerce business, the study identifies five major strategies such as social media marketing, localized Arabic, mobile optimisation, influencer collaborations and trust creating mechanisms as the main drivers of both the conversion rates and the return on investment. As the regression and correlation analysis results show, mobile-friendly ads and social media promotion have the most beneficial effect on e-commerce results, but consumer confidence in the secure payment systems appears to be a determining factor in making purchases. The research presents a new marketing impact score (MIS) model and a strategic gap index that can be used to measure the fit between the investment in advertising and the operational problems. This study offers a predictive and data-driven future of e-commerce in emerging economies by putting digital advertising in the context of the socio-cultural and technological environment of Jordan. This has implications to the policymakers, marketers and platform developers who aim at optimisation of digital engagement strategy within the culturally delicate settings.

This study explores mental fatigue using a professionally relevant and cognitively demanding task: a 33-minute simultaneous interpretation task. While mental fatigue is often characterized by a decline in cognitive performance, its effects on psychophysiological indicators such as the pre-ejection period (PEP)-a marker of sympathetic beta-adrenergic activity and effort mobilization-remain underexplored. Forty-seven participants with a minimum level of B2 in English (mean age&#xa0;=&#xa0;23.57&#xa0;years) completed a sequential task protocol comprising a 2-back task performed before and after an interpreting task (fatiguing task) or a comprehension task (less-demanding task). Behavioral results revealed stable translation quality throughout the interpreting task, but the frequency of long pauses (>2&#xa0;s) increased over time. Post-task performance on the 2-back task significantly declined after the interpreting task compared to the less-demanding condition, indicating mental fatigue. Analysis of PEP data showed a sharp decline in sympathetic beta-adrenergic activity during the first 11&#xa0;min of interpretation, after which PEP values resembled those of the less-demanding task. These results suggest that interpreters initially mobilize effort, followed by a phase of physiological adaptation marked by reduced sympathetic beta-adrenergic activation. A correlational analysis showed that the decline in performance does not reflect boredom or loss of motivation, but rather a combination of effort disengagement, stress reduction, and cognitive resource management. The study demonstrates that simultaneous interpretation induces measurable mental fatigue observable both behaviorally and physiologically. Moreover, it underscores the complexity of using PEP as a continuous marker of effort in prolonged cognitive tasks. Over time, PEP reflects adaptation.