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A person accused of victimizing others may be described as the "real" victim by their defenders to garner empathy and mitigate blame. Recent research shows that this rhetorical strategy, known as "victim framing," can increase support for a man accused of sexually assaulting a woman. Little is known, however, about its effects in other contexts. Across five experiments (N = 2,941), we investigated whether victim framing generalizes beyond prototypical sexual assault cases. Participants read fictionalized news reports where one party was labeled the victim (or neither was) and expressed support for the individuals involved. We found significant framing effects across diverse scenarios: (a) a man accused of sexual assault who self-described as the victim; (b) a woman accused of sexually assaulting a man; (c) same-sex assault allegations involving men or women; (d) a celebrity or stranger accused of physically assaulting his girlfriend; and (e) a police officer who shot an unarmed civilian. As in prior work, only participants who explicitly cited the victim-related language as influencing their evaluations showed robust and reliable framing effects. Multiple observer characteristics (e.g., gender, political ideology) predicted attitudes in expected ways, yet victim framing effects persisted when controlling for these individual differences. Taken together, these findings are consistent with a social-pragmatic account of victim framing: many people treat a victim label as communicating relevant information and adjust their evaluations accordingly, while others either do not draw this inference or weigh other information more strongly. Our findings highlight the power and limits of explicit forms of linguistic framing.

This review seeks to understand the global trends of contemporary witchcraft accusations and related harms against children and adolescents (0-18 years of age). Witchcraft-related violence against children and adolescents (children) reflects an alarming and understudied phenomenon of socio-culturally legitimated harm around the globe, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. 'Witchcraft' explains the unexplainable, such as strokes of luck and/or misfortune. Witchcraft accusations are linked to illness, sudden death, financial misfortune, miscarriages, financial windfall, disability, birth abnormalities, or rare conditions. Religious entities also levy witchcraft accusations, referring to black magic, evil, works or malicious spirits, to profit off families while harming the accused. These accusations result in marginalization, alienation, slandered reputation, communal expulsion, and violence, causing disfiguration, disability, and death. Children are especially vulnerable to witchcraft-related violence, including human trafficking, and ceremonial and cultural sacrifice. This scoping review will examine witchcraft accusations and related harms against children and adolescents (0-18 years of age) globally from 1946 to 2024. This scoping review excludes articles that do not report specifics of the accusation, situation, result, age of the accused, or country of origin. This scoping review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute's Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) Statement. Articles published from January 1, 1946 to December 31, 2024 will be collected across academic, grey literature and web-based databases. A systematic search strategy will be applied in each database, and all search results recorded. A bibliometric analysis will also be undertaken to systematically and rigorously review the extant literature. Findings of this review will identify areas of collaboration and gaps for further exploration. The literature analysis can raise awareness and inform resource development across health care, education, social work, government, and community sectors to better support victims of witchcraft-related harms.

In December 2024, Luigi Mangione was arrested in connection with the killing of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson. Rather than condemning the accused, large numbers of Reddit users celebrated him as a folk hero. This study examines how that construction emerged and what it reveals about public attitudes towards institutional trust and retributive justice online. A total of 6,466 comments across 38 threads from 14 subreddits, including r/politics, r/antiwork, r/WorkReform, and r/Fauxmoi, were collected between December 2024 and April 2025. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Five themes emerged: folk hero glorification and moral inversion; distrust in institutions and folk justice; systemic injustice, moral outrage, and catharsis; digital protest and anti-corporate activism; and the spectacle and aesthetic of resistance. These themes show how digital communities construct alternative moral orders that invert formal notions of justice and elevate grassroots counter-narratives. Drawing on digital populism, moral disengagement theory, and spectacle culture, the study explains how Reddit's affordances, including anonymity, algorithmic amplification, and weak content moderation, intersect with healthcare injustice, class resentment, and institutional distrust. The findings are relevant for researchers, policymakers, and platform designers seeking to understand how retributive discourse circulates under conditions of eroded institutional trust.

Males have higher odds of receiving bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (B-CPR) and surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest compared with females. Studies suggest that concerns about breast exposure, causing injury, or being accused of sexual harassment may contribute to gender disparities in B-CPR. This study examines whether using the ReviveHer breast attachment during CPR training impacts Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) students' willingness, comfort, confidence, and concerns when performing CPR on breasted and nonbreasted individuals. EMT students at North Seattle College participated in a 2-day CPR training and completed pre- and posttraining surveys assessing participants' willingness, confidence, and concerns specific to providing CPR to breasted and nonbreasted individuals. Participants were randomized into control or experimental groups. The control group used standard flat-chested manikins, whereas the experimental group trained with the ReviveHer breast attachment. The experimental group showed significantly increased willingness to initiate CPR across all body types and settings: breasted public (P = 0.011), breasted private (P = 0.015), nonbreasted public (P = 0.009), and nonbreasted private (P = 0.024). They also reported greater comfort in unclothing a breasted body in a private setting to perform CPR (P = 0.017), increased confidence in providing compressions to an unclothed breasted body (P = 0.043), and decreased fear of sexual harassment accusations (P = 0.044). Incorporating the ReviveHer breast attachment into CPR training enhances EMT students' preparedness to administer CPR to both breasted and nonbreasted individuals. It increases comfort and confidence while reducing concerns related to social and legal repercussions, potentially addressing key barriers to equitable B-CPR delivery.

Sexsomnia is a NREM parasomnia characterized by involuntary sexual behavior during confusional arousal. Video examples are rare. Here we present the case of a man who was accused of sexually assaulting his girlfriend during the night but had no memory of doing so. During a video polysomnography, he masturbated in his sleep with his left hand during the N2 and N3 sleep stages, confirming sexsomnia. However, he always masturbated with his right hand when awake. Treatment with gabapentin did not alleviate sexsomnia and triggered obstructive sleep apnea, which improved when the treatment was replaced with paroxetine. The effect of paroxetine on sexsomnia was unknown. This case supports the concept of automatic behavior in sexsomnia.

The present study aims to survey the statistics of complaints of medical errors against otorhinolaryngologists in Regional Council of Medicine of the State of São Paulo (CREMESP), between the years 2010 and 2020. Inquiries and Lawsuits filed against otorhinolaryngologists working in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2010 and 2020, at the CREMESP, manually, by the main plaintiff who is an elected Councilor and bound by confidentiality, were surveyed. The records were analyzed and separated according to the type of medical error reported: malpractice, recklessness or negligence and the subspecialties of otorhinolaryngology. The penalties applied to doctors found guilty at trial, with final and unappealable sentences, were also studied. A total of 98 files were collected, of which 81 were archived and 17 were Professional Ethics Processes. Among the 81 inquiries involving medical error in one of the 3 modalities raised in the survey, 35 of them (43.2%) were complaints for negligence, 23 (28.3%) for malpractice and 23 (28.3%) for recklessness. The subspecialty with the most complaints for medical error was Otology and the ones that were most convicted were Rhinology and Pharyngology, making up 33% of the convictions each. The ethical penalties applied to doctors were mostly confidential penalties. The present study showed that Otorhinolaryngology is a specialty that presented an average of 8.9 complaints per year in the last decade (between 2010 and 2020) related to medical error, 82.6% of which were filed and 17.3% of them transformed into Professional Ethical Processes at CREMESP. Among the Professional Ethical Proceedings initiated, 52.9% were judged with a decision of guilt for the accused physician and 55.5% of these received culpability for violation of article 1° of the Code of Medical Ethics.

This study sought to understand the lived experiences and perspectives of men who inflict violence on their female intimate partners, given the nuances of Nigeria's individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors. Eligible participants were male residents of Lagos State, Nigeria: (1) accused by their partner of perpetrating physical domestic violence (DV), (2) at least 21 years old, and (3) married. Nine men participated in the study and were purposively recruited from a governmental agency that provides on-site counseling and support to DV survivors and perpetrators. A semi-structured interview guide was used for data collection. The interview guide was designed to elicit information on perceptions of DV lived experiences, factors that increase the risk of DV perpetration, sources of help, and factors that can improve help-seeking behaviors among DV survivors/perpetrators. Four major themes were identified from the data and included values, premarital and marital expectations, DV definition and perception, and DV experiences. DV perpetuation was deeply rooted in men's childhood experiences of their fathers abusing their mothers and/or being exposed to other forms of violence early in life, sociocultural norms, economic pressures, and psychological factors. The findings from this study have implications for the development of DV interventions that are culturally tailored to address the unique challenges faced by families in Nigeria. Programs should focus on reshaping harmful gender norms, addressing economic/financial stressors, promoting healthy relationship dynamics, and early childhood DV prevention interventions. Campaigns that engage men while emphasizing the negative impacts of DV on families and communities could be instrumental in reducing victimization. Addressing modifiable risk factors earlier in the trajectory is critical in reducing the long-term incidence of DV. Our findings also underscore the importance of consistent enforcement of existing laws, such as the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act, across Nigeria.

Non-fatal strangulation (NFS) occurs in various contexts. Victims of NFS may face barriers to disclose, resulting in underreporting and subsequent police charges not proceeding. This study aims to explore the relationship between the court outcomes, the forensic medical examination findings, and the provision of a medicolegal report in patients who are referred by police to a forensic medical service in NFS cases that do not involve sexual assault. This is an exploratory case series of 167 non-sexual assault patients aged 14 and over who reported NFS following referral by Australian Capital Territory Police (ACTP). The cases were retrospectively examined by the ACT Director of Public Prosecutions and legal outcomes were incorporated. Statistical comparisons were performed using linear regression to calculate p-values via t-tests for continuous variables and Pearsons Chi-squared test for binary and categorical variables. Conviction for any offence occurred in 73.9% of NFS cases. Early presentation within 12 h was common (65.8%) and associated with conviction (p 0.04). Physical injuries to the face or legs significantly increased the association with conviction. Medicolegal reports were written in 112/167 (67%) cases and forensic images taken in 160/167 (95.8%). There was no statistically significant association between requesting a medicolegal report and conviction. Most accused were current or former partners, and a substantial proportion had a history of prior strangulation incidents. Early presentation to a forensic medical service was associated with conviction, highlighting the importance of timely assessment and comprehensive documentation. Medicolegal reports, while not independently increasing conviction rates, remain a valuable source of evidence that inform the legal system's understanding of NFS. These findings point to the need for system level responses including structured case review, interagency collaboration, and specialised NFS training to improve consistency, safety, and justice outcomes in NFS cases.

News media play a crucial role in shaping the public's understanding of sexual violence (SV), yet media outlets continue to offer inadequate definitions/representations of SV. The present study demonstrates how Canadian media informs the public about SV perpetrated by male athletes. A total of 273 news articles from six major English and French newspapers were analyzed. Data was collected from two periods: before the #MeToo movement (2014-2016) and after (2018-2019). The findings reveal that media coverage prioritizes establishing a positive public image for the accused athlete by (re)showcasing their sporting achievements, rather than focusing on survivors. Media discourse also emphasizes the impact of SV accusations on athletes and their teams, while rarely addressing the impacts of SV on survivors or society.

BACKGROUND: While most of the population was vaccinated against COVID-19, ongoing vaccine hesitancy led to a substantial proportion of the population remaining unvaccinated. Unvaccinated people were accused of spreading COVID-19 and morally condemned. Recently, it has been shown that vaccinated people attribute increased responsibility for illness and infecting others toward unvaccinated individuals, which elicits negative attitudes toward them. Based on Weiner’s attribution theory we predicted that the belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy of vaccinated “observers” moderates their attribution of responsibility toward vaccinated vs. unvaccinated “actors”. Accordingly, vaccinated observers who believe in the vaccine’s efficacy will assign increased responsibility to unvaccinated actors and associated negative attitudes. METHODS: An online survey was administered in January 2022. The sample included 368 vaccinated Israelis ranging in age from 19 to 75 (M = 33.95, SD = 12.13). We conducted 2 × 2 mixed ANOVA models for general attribution of responsibility (i.e., responsibility for the actor’s illness and for spreading SARS-CoV-2), with observer belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy (yes/no) as the between-subjects factor and actor vaccination status (vaccinated/unvaccinated) as the within-subjects factor. Also, we conducted a mediation model for character evaluation. RESULTS: Observers attributed more responsibility to unvaccinated actors. Also, observers who believed in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy attributed greater responsibility to unvaccinated actors compared to observers who were vaccinated for other reasons. Conversely, observers who believed in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy attributed less responsibility to vaccinated actors compared to observers who were vaccinated for other reasons. Also, general attribution of responsibility partially mediates the relationship between belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and character evaluation. CONCLUSION: In accordance with previous findings, our results suggest that unvaccinated individuals are perceived as more responsible for their illness and for spreading COVID-19. Additionally, a higher attribution of responsibility elicits a more negative character evaluation. Nevertheless, belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy moderates the attribution of responsibility. Our results broaden our understanding of the mechanisms that promote negative attitudes toward unvaccinated people.

Allegations of child sexual abuse (CSA) in family law cases, such as child custody, child visitation, and child protection proceedings, present complex and sensitive challenges for legal and psychological decision-making. This scoping review synthesizes key findings from 47 empirical studies examining the prevalence, substantiation, and legal consequences of CSA allegations as well as typical case characteristics in this context. The empirical literature falls into three main clusters: Canadian studies using large national datasets from the late 1990s and 2000s; Australian court-based studies primarily from the 2010s; and U.S. research spanning several decades with diverse methodologies. Overall, we found a mean CSA allegation prevalence of 8.9%, and indications that CSA allegations occur less frequently than allegations of other maltreatment types. Substantiation rates vary across studies but average around 43%, with only marginal evidence suggesting slightly lower substantiation when only custody and visitation disputes were analyzed. Deliberate false allegations are seemingly rare; most unsubstantiated claims appear to arise from genuine but mistaken concerns. Limited findings on legal consequences indicate that substantiated allegations usually lead to suspended contact between the accused parent and child. When allegations lack sufficient clarity, courts respond more variably, sometimes restricting contact despite non-substantiation. Significant research gaps remain, particularly regarding the timing and context of allegations, the association of substantiation with legal outcomes, and specific allegation constellations within families. Further empirical research, especially from European and non-Western jurisdictions, is essential to informing evidence-based, child-centered practice.

BACKGROUND: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as social distancing and quarantine were essential for containing COVID-19 transmission but had adverse effects on mental health and well-being. Migrants were often accused of non-adherence to NPIs, which was assumed to partly explain their higher infection rates compared to non-migrants. However, this perspective overlooked that migrants may have faced greater challenges adhering to interventions due to individual and structural barriers. Understanding these challenges is crucial for designing more inclusive, and effective public health strategies in future health crises. This study examines how perceived difficulty adhering to social distancing and quarantine evolved among migrants compared to non-migrants in Norway during the pandemic, examining contributing factors and disparities over time. METHODS: We conducted secondary analyses of data from the Bergen-In-Change study at three time points (March/April-2020, January-2021, March-2022). The sample comprised 25,418 participants, including 512 (2%) migrants from Asia, Africa, and Latin America (MAAL), and 1,253 (5%) migrants from other regions (MOR). Outcomes were difficulty adhering to social distancing and quarantine. We used descriptive statistics and generalized estimating equations to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals. Three models were run, adjusting for potential confounders and explanatory factors. RESULTS: Migrants reported difficulty adhering to social distancing less often than non-migrants (adjusted IRR: 0.79, CI: 0.70–0.90 for MAAL; 0.85 CI: 0.79–0.91 for MOR). In contrast, they were more likely to report difficulty adhering to quarantine (adjusted IRR: 1.68, CI: 1.17–2.42 and 1.66, CI: 1.31–2.11, respectively). MAAL reported increased difficulty with social distancing from 2020 to 2022, narrowing the gap with non-migrants. Difficulties adhering to quarantine also rose, particularly between 2020 and 2021 among MOR, widening disparities with non-migrants over time. Socioeconomic factors did not fully explain these differences. Living conditions and work type slightly attenuated the associations for quarantine, yet disparities remained after adjustments. CONCLUSION: Migrants reported difficulty adhering to social distancing less often, but more often reported difficulties with quarantine. Time trends pointed to increasing difficulties in adherence among migrants during the pandemic. The gaps persisted after adjusting for socioeconomic factors, suggesting an underlying role of migration-related factors that must be addressed to prevent inequities and social polarization in future health crises.

Aim: To investigate approaches to the criminal legal qualification of collaborationism in the field of healthcare, taking into account the norms of international humanitarian law. Materials and Methods: The research methodology involves an analysis of current legislative documents on the qualification of criminal liability for collaborative activities, as well as regulatory legal acts in the healthcare field, and documents of international humanitarian law. The data analysis was conducted using open sources, mainly for the period 2013-2025, with an emphasis on the period of the active phase of the war in Ukraine. The main search keywords were "human rights", "collaborationism", "criminal liability", "crimes against the foundations of national security", "medical immunity in international humanitarian law", and "healthcare". The initial database consisted of 70 sources, of which 34 were included in the final analysis. The materials of the publication form the basis for the systematization of criminal legislation on the problems of protecting the rights of persons accused of collaborative activities in the field of healthcare, the key ones being the Constitution of Ukraine, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and the European Convention on Human Rights. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the need to improve the approach to the criminal legal qualification of collaborationism in the health sector, which covers both legal and organizational components, as well as mandatory compliance with the norms of international humanitarian law. The social danger of this phenomenon lies not only in the fact that it encroaches on the defense capability and foundations of national security, but also in the fact that it poses a threat to other objects of criminal law protection.

This cross-sectional study investigates the size of financial penalties levied by the US government against pharmaceutical companies accused of violating the Anti-Kickback Statute.