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The Northeast region serves as a vital grain production base in China, with an increasingly prominent role in national food security. This study integrated existing crop classification products and land cover data to extract samples of rice, maize, soybean, and other land cover types within Northeast China covering the period 1985-2024. An inter-annual sample migration method based on Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) was adopted to construct a comprehensive sample database, to be used as input for crop type classification, covering the entire study period. By leveraging Landsat imagery and applying the Random Forest algorithm, we generated 30-meter-resolution crop maps for rice, maize, and soybean from 1985 to 2024. The resulting maps achieved high accuracy, with crop area estimates highly consistent with municipal-level statistical data. Among the three provinces, the maximum overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient could reach 0.99. Liaoning Province achieved the best average classification accuracy, with mean overall accuracy and Kappa values of 0.87 and 0.81, respectively. These findings provide a robust data foundation for ensuring food security and informing agricultural management strategies.

Heilongjiang Province， as an important state-owned forest area and commercial grain base in China， analyzing its land use change and exploring the spatial differentiation of land use is of great significance for understanding the spatiotemporal evolution mechanism of regional land use， carbon balance， and scientific territorial spatial planning. Based on the land use type data of Heilongjiang Province from 1985 to 2020， land use categories were systematically classified into 11 classes. Notably， the primary forest land category was further refined into shrubland， deciduous broad-leaved forest， evergreen coniferous forest， deciduous coniferous forest， and mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forest. This detailed classification framework facilitated a comprehensive analysis of land use area dynamics and land use transitions in Heilongjiang Province over the past 35 years. Land use changes in Heilongjiang Province from 2020 to 2070 under natural development and policy-driven scenarios were simulated using the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation （PLUS） model. The dynamic forest fragmentation index （ΔFFI） was calculated to quantify the effectiveness of policy interventions， and the Geodetector method was employed to evaluate the explanatory power of various driving factors on the spatial differentiation of land use patterns. The results show that： ① During the period from 1985 to 2020， among the major land use types in Heilongjiang Province， the area of cropland increased while the areas of deciduous broad-leaved forest and deciduous coniferous forest decreased. ② Changes in the areas of various land-use types were mainly due to mutual transfers involving cropland. The conversion of deciduous broad-leaved forest to cropland resulted in an expansion of cropland area. Conversely， the conversion of cropland to impervious surfaces and shrubland was the primary driver of the expansion of both land use types. ③ Soil type and population exhibited the greatest explanatory power for the spatial differentiation of land use types in Heilongjiang Province in 2020， and the explanatory power of multi-factor interactions was significantly stronger than that of individual factors. DEM， population， and GDP were the dominant factors driving the expansion of various land use types， while transportation networks played a decisive role in impervious surface expansion. ④ Significant differences in projected land use changes and forest fragmentation dynamics under the two scenarios suggest that policy factors play a critical role in shaping future land use patterns in Heilongjiang Province.

Spatial clustering is crucial in disease mapping by identifying subregions with different patterns of disease incidence or mortality. This study proposes a novel Bayesian spatial clustering method for multivariate spatial disease data, which allows for understanding geographic variations of multivariate disease patterns while accounting for both spatial information and dependence among multiple disease measurements. We develop a new random tele-connected graph partition model with an unknown number of clusters, which is capable of encouraging locally contiguous clusters and allowing for remote subregions to be clustered together. We use this prior in a Bayesian hierarchical model to detect spatial clusters and estimate cluster-specific disease patterns and dependence across the multivariate disease variables. We develop a tailored Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for posterior inference, utilizing efficient doubly split-merge samplers taking advantage of graph algorithms. We illustrate our method with simulation studies and apply it to investigate the clustering patterns of county-level prostate cancer mortality rate decline across six southern U.S. states from 1985 to 2014.

Land degradation poses a critical threat to ecosystem services and sustainable development, especially in regions experiencing rapid land-use transitions. This study employs an integrated geospatial approach-combining remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and spatial multi-criteria analysis-to assess and visualize land degradation risk in a strategic coastal region of southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro State). Using the United Nations Environment Programme's Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre (UNEP-PAP/RAC) framework applied to recent satellite imagery, we generated spatially explicit maps classifying land into stable and unstable categories. A geospatial prioritization model incorporating biophysical and socio-economic variables was developed to identify conservation hotspots and support decision-making. Results show that 68.4% of the landscape is stable, largely consisting of unmanaged areas with agricultural and forest potential, while 7.8% is unstable, with sheet erosion concentrated at agricultural frontiers. Priority mapping classified 51.7% of the area as Stable Medium Priority, revealing widespread latent vulnerability, and 4.6% as Unstable High Priority, necessitating urgent intervention. Complementary analysis of land-use change (1985-2024) highlighted a 199% urban expansion and a 34% decline in agricultural mosaics, underscoring anthropogenic drivers of degradation. This study not only validates the PAP/RAC framework in a humid tropical coastal setting but also delivers actionable geovisualization outputs and a spatial decision-support tool for targeted land management, contributing to soil conservation and sustainable development policy in Brazil.

This study assesses the effect of armed conflict intensity, measured by the frequency and severity of violent incidents at the departmental level, on women's uptake of antenatal care in Colombia. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using the 2015 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey linked to data from the National Center for Historical Memory for 1985-2015. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the association between departmental conflict intensity and the probability of attending four or more antenatal visits, adjusting for individual-, household-, and area-level covariates. After adjustment, residing in departments with high conflict intensity was associated with lower odds of attending &#x2265;4 antenatal visits compared with low-intensity departments (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.63, 95% CI 0.42-0.95, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.005). Household wealth moderated this association. Independently, higher maternal wealth, autonomy, and education increased the likelihood of attending &#x2265;4 visits, whereas shorter birth intervals, a greater number of children under five in the household, and urban residence reduced that likelihood. High intensity armed conflict is independently associated with reduced uptake of recommended antenatal care in Colombia. Maternal socioeconomic resources modify this relationship. Maternal health strategies tailored to the constraints of high conflict settings are needed to improve antenatal care coverage and equity.

Stenothoe gallensis Walker, 1904 is one of the most widely reported species, with records from various localities across the globe, including the Indian, the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. Nevertheless its cosmopolitan distribution has increasingly been questioned and, in recent years, the taxon has been established as a species complex whose members are recognised for their invasion potential. This study revealed the presence of specimens belonging to the S. gallensis complex, which closely matched the original description of Stenothoe irakiensis Salman, 1985. This species is currently considered a junior synonym of S. gallensis. A thorough examination of key linear and meristic morphological characters across sexes and maturity stages revealed significant intraspecific variation in several characters commonly used for species diagnosis. This size-, sex- and maturity-dependent variation within the population, when combined with incomplete or conflicting species descriptions from different localities, introduces uncertainty regarding the reliability of the diagnostic features that were used to identify members of the Stenothoe gallensis complex. This, in turn, complicates the interpretation of previous records and the delimitation of taxa within the complex. These findings provide a compelling rationale for a comprehensive re-assessment of records attributed to the S. gallensis complex, underscoring the necessity for an integrative taxonomic revision incorportating both morphological and molecular data from material collected at the designated type localities.

Significant others (SOs) play an important role in health, recovery processes and in the return to (or stay at) work. However, the extent to which they are included in rehabilitation programs, especially those aimed at enabling participation in working life, is unclear. This scoping review's objective is to create an overview of research on vocational rehabilitation interventions including SOs and to assess in what way SOs are addressed in these. This scoping review was guided by the framework of Arksey and O'Malley. A two-stage search was conducted in Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Social Sciences Citation Index, including studies which addressed vocational rehabilitation approaches involving SOs. Data was extracted using a charting table based on the TIDieR-Rehab checklist, capturing study characteristics, intervention details, characteristics of SOs and the conceptual basis for including SOs. Eight studies published between 1985 and 2024 were included. They adopted different quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods approaches. One group of interventions directly targeted families of rehabilitants while a second group focused on rehabilitation professionals. A third group investigated the conceptual or contextual background. The interventions varied regarding what kind of rehabilitants they were tailored for. Most did not conceptualize their rationale for including SOs. This scoping review shows that the inclusion of SOs in vocational rehabilitation remains rare. Existing interventions are heterogeneous and rarely concept-driven. Future research should focus on the development and evaluation of structured, theory-informed approaches that integrate SOs in a targeted and needs-based manner, while also considering potential burdens and conflicting roles.

Children conceived through assisted reproductive technologies (ART) often achieve higher school grades than spontaneously conceived peers in unadjusted analyses, a pattern largely attributed to the socio-economic advantage of parents who use ART. However, as ART is increasingly utilised by less advantaged groups, it is important to understand how ART-conceived children fare when their parents have lower levels of education. The objective of this study is to examine whether the association between conception through assisted reproductive technologies and school grades at age 16 differs by maternal education. We conducted a population-based cohort study of all live-born children in Norway from 1985 to 2002 who completed compulsory schooling (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;929,017), using nationwide register data. The exposure was conception through ART (1.0%), and the outcome was the standardised grade point average (GPA) at age 16. Analyses were stratified by maternal education (primary/secondary vs. tertiary). Using linear regression models, we estimated differences in GPA between ART- and spontaneously conceived children. We progressively adjusted for child sex, birth cohort, plurality, birth order, maternal age, parental income and family structure. Among children of lower-educated mothers, mean GPA was higher for ART-conceived than spontaneously conceived children in baseline models (0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14, 0.19). Among children of tertiary-educated mothers, the corresponding difference was 0.06 (95% CI 0.03, 0.09). After adjustment, the differences were slightly negative but small in magnitude in both education groups (primary/secondary: -0.18, 95% CI -0.21, -0.16; tertiary: -0.08, 95% CI -0.11, -0.05). Both ART-conceived children of less- and more-educated mothers appear advantaged in unadjusted analyses. After accounting for parental characteristics, differences were small in both education groups, reflecting socio-demographic selection into treatment within each group. These findings suggest that as ART use expands across more socio-economically diverse populations, it is unlikely to independently improve or worsen children's school performance across educational strata.

Identifying coral populations with heritable thermal tolerance is critical for developing climate-resilient reef conservation practices. We quantified thermal tolerance in larvae from 51 selectively bred Acropora families using acute heat stress assays (35.5&#xb0;C) then modelled larval survival against 20 satellite-derived SST predictors (1985-2022) using boosted regression trees (BRT) to predict the spatial distribution of thermally resilient coral offspring along Ningaloo World Heritage Reef (East Indian Ocean). BRT models had an AUC of 0.67 (&#xb1;0.01 SE) and revealed that thermal anomaly frequency, cumulative heat stress and temperature variability, particularly diurnal temperature range, most strongly predicted larval survival (37.2%, 22.7% and 21.7%, respectively). Survival peaked at thermal stress of 1.14&#xb0;C -weeks (Degree Heating Weeks) and variability of daily temperature range of ~1&#xb0;C day-1 highlighting potential ecological thresholds in larval survival in this area. Spatial outputs identified six reefs (17% of surveyed sites), all north of Point Cloates, as having the highest predicted larval survival (>&#x2009;45%), contrasting with consistently lower survival probabilities across most southern sites. By linking experimental physiology with spatial modelling, this study delivers the first spatially explicit predictions of thermally resilient larval supply along Ningaloo Reef, providing a scalable framework for guiding marine spatial planning, broodstock selection and restoration prioritisation across a remote World Heritage coral reef.

In semi-arid regions, daily relative humidity exhibits strong nonlinear and regime-dependent variability, which limits the robustness of conventional predictive approaches. This study investigates the influence of regularization on predictive stability and generalization within two supervised learning frameworks: Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Radial Basis Function Neural Networks (RBF-NN), using long-term meteorological observations from Fez, Morocco (1985-2022). Seven atmospheric predictors representing thermodynamic, radiative, and moisture-related processes were used as inputs. For SVR, hyperparameters were optimized using Bayesian optimization with cross-validation. While RBF-NN parameters and regularization were determined using grid-search and hold-out validation. Both models were evaluated using an identical data partitioning scheme (70% training, 15% validation, 15% testing) to ensure a consistent comparison. The results indicate that regularization effects differ across the two frameworks. In SVR, the Gaussian RBF kernel achieves the highest predictive performance (R&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.9890; MSE&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.0016), reflecting strong representation of relative humidity dynamics under global regularization through parameter C. In contrast, the RBF-NN model exhibits higher sensitivity to regularization parameter selection due to its localized learning structure, with the optimal configuration (&#x3bb;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.01; architecture [7-16-1]) with (R&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.9603; MSE&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.0141), while deviation from this range leads to overfitting or underfitting. These results demonstrate that SVR provides more stable predictive performance than RBF-NN under identical climatic conditions. The study contributes to the understanding of how model structure and regularization influence relative humidity prediction under semi-arid climatic conditions.

This study assessed whether associations between very preterm birth (<32 weeks' gestation) or very low birth weight (<1,500&#x2005;g; VPT/VLBW) and adult outcomes of physical and mental health, wealth, and social relationships are mediated by childhood experiences of neurodevelopmental impairment, academic achievement, mental health, and parent-child and peer relationships. A Bavarian population-based cohort (N = 489; VPT/VLBW = 260; term-controls (TC) = 229; 49.9% females, White) were assessed at birth, 6, 8, 13, and 26 years (1985-2014). VPT/VLBW was associated with adverse childhood experiences and adulthood outcomes. Disparities in academic achievement, parent-child relationship and impairment explained lower wealth and social relationships, lower mental health and adult-parent relationship, and lower physical health for VPT/VLBW versus TC adults. Targeting schooling and parenting may improve long-term outcomes for VPT/VLBW individuals. Very preterm birth or very low birth weight (VPT/VLBW; <32 weeks gestation or < 1,500&#x2005;g) compared to at-term birth (>37 weeks gestation) increases the risk of adverse outcomes in physical and mental health, wealth, and social relationships in adulthood. This study examines whether these adult outcomes can be explained by childhood experiences following VPT/VLBW. We find not only that VPT/VLBW compared to term-born participants had lower childhood and adult outcomes, but also that the lower childhood experiences were associated with lower adulthood outcomes. In particular, childhood academic achievement and child&#x2013;parent relationship showed the strongest effects, followed by neurodevelopmental impairment. Thus, parenting and schooling may be primary targets for interventions in childhood to improve the long-term outcomes after VPT/VLBW birth.

We investigated how multidimensional neighborhood types, capturing the complexity of neighborhood social structure, related to criminal convictions and substance use disorders (SUDs) in Sweden while accounting for residential mobility and shared familial influences. Using nationwide Swedish register data (1991-2020), we followed 1.82 million individuals born 1985-2002 across five neighborhood types previously identified using latent class analysis. These were defined by socioeconomic and demographic indicators, with the most common type (rural low-diversity neighborhoods) serving as the reference category. Associations between neighborhood types, violent and nonviolent convictions, and SUDs were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Neighborhood type was modeled as a time-varying exposure, capturing residential changes over time. Sibling comparison models were applied to account for familial confounding. Risks of violent convictions, nonviolent convictions, and SUDs were highest in resource-limited neighborhoods (i.e., socioeconomically deprived areas with high residential turnover; violent: adjusted HR (aHR)&#x202f;=&#x202f;4.70, 95% CI 4.26-5.19; nonviolent: aHR&#x202f;=&#x202f;2.07, 95% CI 1.92-2.22; SUDs: aHR&#x202f;=&#x202f;3.36, 95% CI 3.09-3.65). Moderate increases were observed in urban high-diversity neighborhoods (i.e., characterized by ethnic heterogeneity), whereas risks were lowest in socioeconomically advantaged urban areas. Associations were attenuated but remained statistically significant in sibling comparisons. Sex differences were modest and followed similar patterns across outcomes. Neighborhoods marked by socioeconomic disadvantage and residential instability, rather than ethnic diversity, were linked to higher risks of criminal convictions and SUDs. Remaining associations after familial adjustment suggest modest but meaningful contextual effects.

Adults born very preterm and/or with very low birth weight (VP or VLBW; <32 weeks' gestation and/or <1500 g birth weight) are at increased risk of experiencing wealth and social relationship difficulties, yet many achieve positive outcomes in these domains. Following the bioecological framework, early factors relating to person, process, and context may shape long-term positive functioning, but few studies capture this heterogeneity in VP or VLBW individuals, and little is known about the childhood factors promoting positive functioning in adulthood. To identify distinct positive functioning profiles at 34 years in VP or VLBW and term-born adults across the domains of risk avoidance, wealth, and social relationships with parents, partners, and peers and to investigate whether identified profiles based on objective domains align with subjective life satisfaction at 34 years and are associated with childhood factors. This longitudinal cohort study was conducted among VP/VLBW and healthy term-born infants born between January 1985 and March 1986 in a geographically defined area (Bavaria, Germany) from birth until 34 years of age. Data were analyzed from February 2025 through April 2026. Person factors: VP or VLBW, sex at birth, effortful control at 8 years, and IQ at 8 years; process factors: parenting at 6 and 8 years and peer relationship quality at 8 years; and context factors: family socioeconomic status at birth, normative-authoritative family climate at 6 years, and interparental relationship quality at 8 years. Positive functioning across risk avoidance, wealth, and social relationship domains was assessed with a standard Life Course Interview, and life satisfaction was assessed with the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Of 715 eligible adults, 416 (214 born VP or VLBW; 217 female [52.2%]) were assessed at age 34 years. Three profiles were distinguished: (1) optimal functioning (261 [63%] in total; 119 [56%] VP or VLBW individuals) across domains; (2) moderate functioning (106 [26%] in total; 56 [26%] VP or VLBW individuals) with low partner relationship scores; and (3) low economic and social functioning (49 [12%] in total; 39 [18%] VP or VLBW individuals), with the lowest wealth, partner, and peer relationship scores. Individuals with the optimal-functioning profile had substantially higher mean scores of life satisfaction than those in the low-functioning profile (mean difference&#x2009;=&#x2009;7.71; 95% CI, 5.17-10.24; d&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.46). After adjustment for childhood factors and multiple testing, a 1-SD increase in IQ was associated with decreased odds for low economic and social functioning compared to optimal functioning (odds ratio&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.21; 95% CI, 0.13-0.34). Per the results of this cohort study, a substantial subgroup of adults born VP or VLBW are at increased risk for lower positive functioning and lower life satisfaction in adulthood. Improving children's cognitive functioning may help improve adult positive functioning.

Since the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1985, the technology has evolved from qualitative PCR to real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ultimately to digital PCR (dPCR). Notably, dPCR based on wettable substrates has attracted considerable attention and application owing to its advantages, which include automated droplet manipulation, low reagent consumption, minimal cross-contamination, and the capability for absolute nucleic acid quantification. In this review, we trace the history of PCR, with a focus on digital nucleic acid detection technologies. Subsequently, we discuss the three strategic approaches for engineering wettable substrates: surface roughening, surface modification, and surface patterning. Additionally, the application of this technology in biomedicine is introduced. Finally, we summarize the challenges facing this technology and outline future directions in materials innovation, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted analysis, and the development of portable point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) are abundant viral noncoding RNAs that associate with host chromatin, but the promoter-scale consequences of those contacts remain unclear. We re-analyzed GSE281522 in EBV-positive GM12878 cells integrating RNA-DNA contacts, RNAPII ChIA-PET, RNA-seq and internal ATAC-seq after EBER depletion. Promoters were classified according to increased RNAPII-associated promoter-looping signal after EBER depletion relative to the matched control conditions, defined as LoopRecovery; increased transcriptional output, defined as ExprUp; or the coordinated occurrence of both responses, defined as Recovery&#x2009;+&#x2009;Up. EBER-contacted promoters were markedly depleted for Recovery&#x2009;+&#x2009;Up relative to non-contacted promoters (0.42% vs 2.00%; OR&#x2009;~&#x2009;0.21; Fisher's exact p&#x2009;~&#x2009;6.3&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10-5), and the association between increased promoter looping and transcriptional upregulation was attenuated among EBER-contacted promoters. This depletion remained directionally stable across alternative threshold grids, loop-support and expression filters, and promoter-window definitions using TSS-centered intervals of&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1&#xa0;kb,&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2&#xa0;kb and&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;5&#xa0;kb (ORs 0.416, 0.208 and 0.110, respectively). To test whether the constrained class simply reflected inactive chromatin, we integrated internal ATAC-seq from the same study. Constraint-core promoters, defined as EBER-contacted promoters that did not enter Recovery&#x2009;+&#x2009;Up, remained accessible, with ATAC overlap observed in 89.38% versus 68.38% of comparator promoters in any replicate and higher replicate-averaged ATAC signal (median 42.55 vs. 10.43). Ranked Hallmark enrichment and top-contact over-representation converged on TNFA_SIGNALING_VIA_NFKB as the strongest pathway-level signal, and candidate loci including RIPK2, IL15RA, ICAM1, TNFAIP3 and NFKBIA defined accessible but constrained promoter hubs. Control RNA contact maps did not reproduce a uniform EBER-like phenotype. Together, these analyses support a model in which EBER-associated contacts mark accessible yet transcriptionally constrained RNAPII promoter hubs in EBV-positive B cells.