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Purpose This study aims to examine the nexuses between economic growth, trade openness, renewable energy consumption and environmental degradation among organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) members over the period 1990–2019. Design/methodology/approach The empirical strategy for the study includes dynamic heterogeneous panel pooled mean group (PMG), mean group (MG) estimators and dynamic panel threshold regression (TR) analysis. For clarity, PMG and MG are used to explore the long-run relationship between the variables, whereas TR is used to uncover the actionable and complementary policy thresholds in the nexuses between green growth and environmental degradation. Findings The empirical evidence is based on the significant estimates from PMG and TR. First, using PMG, the study finding revealed a long-run relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation via the PMG estimator. Second, using TR, the study revealed an actionable threshold for carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) metrics tons per capita (mtpc) not beyond a critical mass of 4.88mtpc, and the complementary policy threshold of 85% of the share of trade to gross domestic product, respective

Bare-metal embedded systems usually lack security isolation. Attackers can subvert the whole system with a single vulnerability. Previous research intends to enforce both privilege isolation (to run application code at the unprivileged level) and resource isolation for global variables and peripherals. However, it suffers from partition-time and execution-time over-privilege issues, due to the limited hardware resources (MPU regions) and the improper way to partition a program. In this paper, we propose operation-based isolation for bare-metal embedded systems. An operation is a logically independent task composed of an entry function and all functions reachable from it. To solve the partition-time over-privilege issue, we utilize the global variables shadowing technique to reduce the needed MPU regions to confine the access of the global variables. To mitigate the execution-time over-privilege issue, we split programs into code compartments (called operation) that only contain necessary functions to perform specific tasks, thereby removing the resources needed by unnecessary functions. We implement a prototype called OPEC, which contains an LLVM-based compiler and a reference moni

Abstract This study investigates the roles of trade openness, technological innovation, and energy price in energy intensity in OPEC countries using panel Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) approaches in a dynamic heterogeneous panel setting to analyze panel data over the period 1990–2016. The investigation affirms that trade openness plays a key role in diminishing energy intensity and demonstrates that the innovation is insignificantly associated with energy intensity, while renewable energy is significantly related energy intensity. The robustness check confirms that the findings from ARDL approach are consistent with Dumitrescue-Hurlin Panel causality and Cross-Sectional Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (CS-ARDL) tests.

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