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Feline heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, is an emerging concern in endemic regions, although its epidemiology remains poorly defined due to diagnostic limitations. In Italy, available data on feline D. immitis infection are limited and largely based on serological investigations. The aim of the present study was to provide an epidemiological assessment of infection in cats across Sardinia, a region where canine dirofilariosis is endemic. A total of 141 cats were evaluated using a multimodal diagnostic approach including echocardiography, antigen detection, and the modified Knott's test. In addition, antibody detection by in-house ELISA and PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene of endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis were performed to deeply investigate the infection features. All cats underwent physical examination and clinical findings were recorded. Evidence of D. immitis infection was detected in 2.8% of cats by echocardiography, corresponding to the overall prevalence observed in the study, and in 2.1% by antigen detection, while microfilariae of D. immitis were detected in 0.7% of cats. Antibodies to Dirofilaria spp. were found in 14.9% of animals, indicating broader exposure. Wolbachia DNA was identified in 1.4% of samples. A significant association was observed between D. immitis positivity and the presence of compatible clinical signs such as coughing, dyspnea, and vomiting (P = 0.016). These findings confirm the presence of feline heartworm infection in Sardinia, highlighting the diagnostic complexity of the disease and the importance of prevention in endemic areas, given the severity of this parasitosis in cats and the current lack of an effective therapy.
Understanding the diversity of ticks is crucial to comprehending their population dynamics and role in pathogen transmission. Between July 2022 and July 2023, a total of 440 animals were inspected across 35 Cattle Production Units (CPU) adjacent to the Tamiahua and Tampamachoco lagoons in northern Veracruz, Mexico. A comprehensive total of 7,026 ticks, encompassing various developmental stages, were collected; this total includes 5,854 adults (83.3%), 984 nymphs (14%), and 188 larvae (2.7%). The prevalence of cattle infested with ticks was 93.7%, while in wild animals it was 50.9%. Morphological identification revealed the presence of eight species from three genera: Rhipicephalus microplus, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, and six species of the genus Amblyomma (A. auricularium, A. dissimile, A. cf. tenellum, A. mixtum, A. ovale, and A. rotundatum). In wild animals, greater species richness was recorded with A. auricularium being the dominant species. In contrast, only two species were found in cattle. Interaction network analysis showed that A. mixtum has the highest number of associations with different hosts such as Bos taurus, Didelphis virginiana, Dasypus novemcinctus, Procyon lotor and Sylvilagus floridanus, while R. microplus was associated with Bos taurus and D. virginiana. These findings highlight the need to analyze not only species richness and abundance but also the potential for tick exchange among hosts and to correlate tick diversity with pathogen prevalence.
In this paper, a simplified heat and mass transfer model for a pork burger cooked in an electric oven is presented. The aim was to relate model predictions to physicochemical and quality properties, providing a basis for optimizing electric oven cooking processes. The burgers were cooked for several times, and the numerical simulations showed good precision with experimental data, supporting the applicability of the proposed model. The heat transfer analysis identified three characteristic stages of temperature evolution at the burger center: initial slow heating, exponential increase, and a final constant temperature phase. For mass transfer, the drying curve confirmed that the process occurs exclusively in the falling rate period, with internal water diffusion being the predominant mechanism, suggesting that the meat protein-lipid emulsion may hinder moisture transport. The analysis of physicochemical and quality properties-including mass loss, pH, moisture, extractable lipids, surface color, and shear force-revealed complex interactions in the burger matrix. A positive and significant (P < 0.05) Pearson's correlation was found between cooking time and pH decrease, higher lipid extractability, redness loss, and yellowness increase. However, tenderness did not show a correlation with the cooking process during the studied periods. Overall, the proposed approach highlights thermal control as a strategic tool for studying physicochemical changes during cooking. These results provide insights into process design and thermal treatments, which could also improve product quality and consumer acceptability, and also maximizing yield.
Reliable discrimination between wild and cultured fish is essential for traceability in aquaculture. This study reports the first successful application of intramuscular oxytetracycline (OTC) injection for otolith marking in juveniles of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). Fifteen individuals (initial weight ≈ 100 g) were injected with either 100 mg kg-1 (n = 8) or 200 mg kg-1 (n = 7) OTC. All otoliths examined exhibited clear and persistent fluorescent bands under ultraviolet light, from 24 h up to 98 days post-injection, with no significant differences between concentrations. These preliminary results indicate that intramuscular OTC injection is technically feasible as an otolith-marking method in juveniles of this species.
The gut microbiota produces molecules that trigger responses at the local and distant levels. It affects the brain through several metabolic products, including serotonin (5-HT). Tryptophan hydroxylase type 1 (Tph1) is the rate-limiting enzyme during 5-HT biosynthesis in the gut. Efavirenz (EFV), an antiretroviral agent against HIV, is associated with depression disorders and Tryptophan hydroxylase type 2 (Tph2) deregulation in mice. The possible association between the depressive effects of EFV secondary to dysbiosis and the expression of Tph1 in the intestine is yet to be studied. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the role of the gut microbiota in depression mechanisms. We reviewed the gut microbiota, their metabolites (short-chain fatty acids [SCFA]), Tph1 expression in the gut, and systemic 5-HT and tryptophan levels in CD1 mice after 36 days of oral EFV (10 mg/kg) treatment. The proportions of Bacteroidota and Bacillota_A_368345 decreased and increased, respectively, following EFV treatment. Additionally, the abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Faecalbaculum decreased, whereas that of Dubosiella spp., Blautia_A_141780, and Anaerostipes increased. These bacteria contribute to SCFA production and may have counteracted the lack of protective effects provided by Lactobacillus. Tph1 expression was dysregulated in the gut, whereas serum 5-HT levels decreased following EFV treatment. Lactobacillus species promote 5-HT production in the gut, and the deregulation of Tph1 affects 5-HT synthesis. This disruption in the gut-brain axis decreased peripheral 5-HT levels. This affects the serotonergic system in the brain, which could contribute to depression.
The response to the comment regarding our article is accurate: chronic consumption of a 6% Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus (HSL) infusion for one month in healthy rats reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) [...].
The aim of this study was to determine whether the socio-productive characteristics of Sheep Production Units (SPU) in the State of Mexico are related to the level of animal welfare (AW) of their animals. A survey was conducted with 37 sheep producers to identify their profiles, sheep management practices, and understanding of aspects of AW. The second level of the AWIN Protocol was used to measure the health status of 710 sheep by assessing body condition, mucosal color, fleece and/or hair cleanliness and loss, fecal soiling, and tail length, using a semi-quantitative intensity scale. A hierarchical agglomerative clustering analysis was performed to integrate similarities in clusters (CLs). Four CLs were defined based on differences in socio-productive characteristics, management, and facilities, none of which affected the sheep's health status. The relationship between the CL and the data collected in the survey and from the animals was determined. In conclusion, there was no evidence of a relationship between the socio-productive characteristics of the SPUs in the State of Mexico and the indicators used to assess the AW of their sheep, except for fleece and/or hair cleanliness. The SPUs with the worst punctuation in this indicator were those where animals were confined, where facilities differed, and where sheep producers were less experienced.
Bovine dictyocaulosis, caused by Dictyocaulus viviparus, is a respiratory infection that leads to economic losses in livestock farming. The objective of this study was to compare two techniques for the diagnosis of D. viviparus. Residual fecal samples from routine diagnostics known to be positive were homogenized and subjected to the techniques proposed by modified Rugai, and Ueno techniques. We verified the effects of fecal refrigeration time (+24h and +48h), sedimentation time (2h and 12h), and water temperature (22°C and 46°C) on the recovery and sensitivity of first-stage larva (L1) diagnosis. Fecal refrigeration time (24h vs. 48h) did not significantly affect the number of recovered larvae, demonstrating that samples can be safely stored for up to two days. Room temperature water demonstrated a sensitivity below 75% in the recovery of D. viviparus during the first two hours in both techniques, increasing to 100% with 12 hours of sedimentation. However, heating the water to 46ºC proved to be the key factor: larval recovery became equal between the techniques, achieving 100% sensitivity in both after only two hours. We conclude that both techniques have similar sensitivity, making both valid for the recovery and diagnosis of D. viviparus.
Haploid embryos constitute a valuable model for genetic and epigenetic studies; however, their developmental competence is reduced compared with diploid counterparts. This study evaluated whether supplementation of the culture medium with specific small molecules could improve developmental competence and outgrowth establishment of parthenogenetic haploid embryos. The effects of TGF-β inhibition (A83-01), WNT pathway modulation (CHIR99021 and IWR-1), and activin A (AA) supplementation were assessed from the morula stage onward under serum-free conditions. A83-01 treatment did not improve blastocyst formation or morphology and was associated with reduced total cell numbers relative to IVF controls. CHIR99021 supplementation increased the number of SOX2-positive cells compared with IWR-1 and vehicle-treated embryos, suggesting partial support of pluripotency; however, overall developmental progression remained inferior to diploid controls. In contrast, activin A significantly increased the proportion of haploid morulae developing into blastocysts and improved hatching rates. Nevertheless, AA supplementation did not restore CDX2-positive cell numbers or total cell counts to diploid levels. Furthermore, neither CHIR99021 nor AA affect DNA fragmentation levels, although a tendency toward increased TUNEL-positive cells was observed. Activin A treatment also failed to improve embryonic outgrowth formation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that although activin A enhances blastocyst yield and hatching in bovine haploid embryos, modulation of TGF-β or WNT signaling alone is insufficient to restore diploid-like proliferative developmental competence.
This study describes embryo developmental progression and morphokinetic patterns in embryos derived from oocytes of young and aged domestic cats, a model for endangered felids, using a time-lapse monitoring system. Because maternal aging is associated with reduced oocyte competence, possibly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction that may impair fertilization and embryo development, the potential influence of the SIRT1 activator SRT1720 during in vitro maturation on embryo developmental progression was also evaluated under these conditions. Oocytes from young (1.13 ± 0.79 years) and old (7.0 ± 1.10) cats were matured in vitro with SRT1720 (1-μM, 0.1-μM, and 0.05-μM) and without, followed by in vitro fertilization. 8-Day embryo in vitro culture was noninvasively monitored using the MIRI® time-lapse system. Embryos from aged cats exhibited accelerated progression up to the morula stage; in contrast, embryos from young cats showed faster progression at later preimplantation stages and reached the hatched blastocyst stage. In young queens, embryos exposed to 0.1-μM showed numerically higher first cleavage and morula formation rates than controls, while 1-μM was associated with altered first cleavage timing and short cell cycles. In older queens, 0.1-μM maintained cleavage timing patterns comparable to untreated embryos but fail to produce hatched blastocysts, whereas 1-μM yielded a single hatched blastocyst despite signs of altered cell cycle dynamics. Overall, SRT1720 supplementation did not significantly influence embryo development under the tested conditions. Morphokinetic monitoring provided descriptive observations suggesting distinct age-related developmental profiles. These findings provide baseline information on feline developmental kinetics and may support further investigation of metabolic modulators in feline assisted reproduction.
Understanding temporal patterns of Leishmania infection in sand fly populations is essential for assessing transmission risk and improving surveillance and control in endemic regions. This study investigated infection dynamics in natural populations of Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus ariasi, two established vectors of Leishmania infantum in the western Mediterranean and evaluated the utility of pooled sampling for vector surveillance. Sand flies were tested for Leishmania infection using a TaqMan real-time kinetoplast PCR either individually or in pools. Infection rates from pooled samples were estimated using maximum likelihood methods and analyzed alongside individual infection data using mixed-effects regression models to assess the influence of seasonality and female reproductive status on infection probability. Both individual and pooled analyses showed similar seasonal trends. Infection probability peaked in late summer, likely reflecting high parasite prevalence in reservoir hosts, and was highest in gravid females, suggesting cumulative parasite acquisition as sand flies age and complete successive gonotrophic cycles. Individual testing, although more resource-intensive, provided additional resolution by revealing species-specific patterns, with P. ariasi exhibiting higher infection rates than P. perniciosus, offering a deeper understanding of parasite circulation and species-specific infection patterns. We conclude that pooled sampling combined with appropriate statistical modelling can reliably capture seasonal infection patterns. Integrating reproductive status indicators with molecular surveillance represents a novel approach to refine transmission risk assessments and support more targeted and effective vector monitoring strategies in Leishmaniosis-endemic regions.
Background: Locally adapted goat populations represent important reservoirs of genetic diversity and play a crucial role in the sustainability of livestock production systems, particularly in marginal environments. However, many of these populations are currently threatened by genetic erosion caused by crossbreeding with highly specialized commercial breeds. Although previous studies have described the genetic diversity of several goat populations from South America and the Iberian Peninsula, the influence of geographic factors on the genetic structure of these populations remains insufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated the influence of geographic distance and spatial factors on the genetic diversity, population structure, and relationships among locally adapted goat populations from Brazil, Spain, and Ecuador. Methods: A total of 561 goats representing 15 populations were genotyped using a panel of 23 microsatellite markers. The dataset included six locally adapted Brazilian breeds, three Spanish breeds, one Ecuadorian population (Chusca Lojana), four exotic breeds, and one undefined genotype group. Genetic diversity parameters, population structure, genetic relationships, and spatial genetic patterns were evaluated through a combination of population genetic and spatial analyses. Results: The locally adapted populations showed considerable levels of genetic diversity, with the Spanish (Ho = 0.629; He = 0.685) and Ecuadorian (Ho = 0.628; He = 0.704) populations displaying higher diversity than the Brazilian populations (Ho = 0.583; He = 0.628). Significant genetic differentiation was observed among geographic groups. A strong and significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances was detected when all local populations were considered (r = 0.77; R2 = 0.59; p < 0.001), as well as when only Brazilian populations were analyzed (r = 0.65; R2 = 0.43; p = 0.0075). Spatial analyses further identified potential genetic barriers that may restrict gene flow among certain populations. Conclusions: These findings suggest that geographic isolation plays an important role in shaping the genetic structure of locally adapted goat populations, while historical connections among Iberian and South American populations may also contribute to the observed genetic relationships. The integration of genetic and spatial information provides valuable insights for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of these populations and supports the development of more effective strategies for the conservation and sustainable management of goat genetic resources.
Nutrient restriction (NR) increases small-for-gestational-age (SGA) offspring; however, some NR ewes deliver Non-SGA lambs. We evaluated whether fetal biometry and Doppler indices could distinguish divergent fetal growth trajectories. Ninety-five single-pregnant Corriedale ewes were assigned to NR grazing (n = 72) or supplemented Controls (n = 23) from gestational day (GD) 70 to 140. Fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), femur length (FL), thoracic height (TH), umbilical cord diameter (UCD), and resistance (RI) and pulsatility (PI) indices in umbilical (UA), cotyledonary (CA), and uterine (UtA) arteries were assessed at several GDs. Offspring within NR group was stratified by birth weight (BW) quartiles as SGA (n = 18) or Non-SGA (n = 18). At birth, BW differed (p < 0.05) among Control (4.95 ± 0.10 kg), Non-SGA (5.33 ± 0.06 kg), and SGA (3.79 ± 0.11 kg), with reduced BPD and FL in SGA lambs. Prenatal biometry did not differ. UA-RI at GD125 was higher in SGA (p < 0.005) and associated with BW (R2 = 0.15; p < 0.001). UtA indices were lower in SGA at GD110 and GD125 (p < 0.05) but weakly associated with BW (R2 ≤ 0.08). Doppler differences were detected before measurable growth divergence but have modest predictive value.
Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by serous acinar differentiation and is most described in the salivary glands of humans and domestic animals. In animals, ACC is rare and its occurrence in the nasal cavity of cats is exceptionally uncommon. This case describes the clinical presentation, gross pathological findings, histological features and immunohistochemical profile of a nasal acinic cell carcinoma in a 14-year-old domestic shorthair cat. The animal showed chronic unilateral nasal discharge and epiphora. Bacteriological culture of nasal secretions yielded Pasteurella spp. and despite antimicrobial therapy the clinical condition worsened. Post-mortem examination revealed a whitish mass destroying the nasal turbinates extending to the frontal sinus. Histologically, the tumor exhibited solid, microcystic and follicular growth patterns, with moderate cellular atypia and cytoplasmic PAS-positive granules. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated diffuse positivity for pan-cytokeratin, with differential expressions of cytokeratin 8 and S-100 protein depending on the growth pattern, while α-smooth muscle actin was negative in neoplastic cells. These findings are consistent with biphasic acinic cell carcinoma showing mixed acinar and ductal differentiation. There are scant histological and immunohistochemistry complete descriptions of nasal acinic cell carcinoma in the feline species. This case states the importance of considering this rare entity in the differential diagnosis of chronic unilateral nasal disease, particularly, in older cats.
Ascaridia nymphii is a roundworm species affecting domestic avian species, initially described in 2015. One pen-reared, 4-year-old, female American Show Racer pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica) was submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) Turlock branch, University of California-Davis, for postmortem examination and diagnostic work-up. Grossly, large numbers of ascarids were in the lumen of the proventriculus, gizzard, and duodenum, and a small number was present in the lumen of the trachea, esophagus, and crop. A focal, coiled adult nematode was embedded in the hepatic parenchyma. Ascarids were tan and measured approximately 3.5-4.5 cm in length. The liver was moderately enlarged, green-tinged, and had small, firm, and off-white scattered nodules. Microscopically, we observed multifocal to coalescing granulomas containing intralesional nematodes delineated by necrotic debris, multinucleated giant cells, eosinophilic and heterophilic inflammation, hemorrhage, and bacterial colonies in the liver. The genotypic characterization of the Ascaridia sp. in our case (GenBank database accession PX488893) shared 100% identity with A. nymphii isolated from the intestinal tract of a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) from Japan in 2015 (GenBank database accession LC057210.1) based on PCR and sequence analysis of an 815 bp segment of the 18S rRNA gene. This report describes the accidental A. nymphii infection, which caused severe gastrointestinal impaction and hepatic migration in a domestic pigeon.
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a contact-dependent multiprotein apparatus widely distributed in Gram-negative bacteria that contributes to interbacterial competition and pathogenesis via a contractile mechanism. In Salmonella, five T6SS gene clusters have been identified within pathogenicity islands SPI-6, SPI-19, SPI-20, SPI-21 and SPI-22, which are differentially distributed among serotypes. One of the most studied and widely distributed T6SS corresponds to that encoded in SPI-6 (T6SSSPI-6), which contributes to Salmonella competition with the host microbiota and its interaction with infected host cells. Despite its relevance, there is still limited information available regarding the total number of effector proteins encoded within SPI-6 of different Salmonella enterica serotypes. In the present study, we characterized the SPI-6 T6SS gene cluster encoded in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Tennessee (S. Tennessee), a pathogen frequently associated with foodborne gastrointestinal outbreaks. Interbacterial competition assays demonstrated that T6SSSPI-6 of S. Tennessee displays antibacterial activity. Additionally, we performed comparative genomic and bioinformatic analyses and identified an antibacterial Effector/Immunity protein (E/I) module encoding a putative effector with DNase activity (RhsA-HNHc) and its cognate immunity protein within the variable region 3 (VR3) of the SPI-6 T6SS gene cluster. Interbacterial competition assays confirmed the antibacterial activity of this novel E/I pair. In addition, heterologous expression assays showed that induction of the RhsA-HNHc effector led to significant E. coli growth inhibition, while co-expression with its putative immunity protein fully restored bacterial growth, thus demonstrating protection against toxicity. Finally, a nuclease activity assay demonstrated that RhsA-HNHc possesses DNase activity. Altogether, this study expands the experimentally validated SPI-6 T6SS effector repertoire beyond well-studied Salmonella serotypes, providing the first functional characterization of a DNase-type Rhs effector in S. Tennessee.
As top predators, terrestrial carnivores face great risk of pesticide exposure and serve as sentinels of environmental contamination. Additionally, terrestrial carnivores are frequently threatened by intentional or secondary poisoning with highly toxic compounds, such as carbamates and organophosphates. This study employed high-performance liquid chromatography attached to a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) to detect pesticides frequently used worldwide for wildlife poisoning and currently banned in Brazil: two carbamates (aldicarb, carbofuran) and one organophosphate (phorate) and their metabolites, in the liver and vitreous humor of 35 road-killed carnivores found in southeastern Brazil. Herein, we analyzed seven ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), seven crab-eating raccoons (Procyon cancrivorus), four crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous), four maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), four jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), four pumas (Puma concolor), four lesser grisons (Galactis cuja), and one Southern tiger cat (Leopardus guttulus). Pesticides were detected in 34.3% (12/35) of the individuals, with aldicarb found in nine cases, carbofuran in two, and phorate in one. The high prevalence of these banned pesticides in the studied wild carnivores raises concerns regarding their use in the country and the consequent health risks posed to humans, wild, and domestic animals.
Canine leishmaniosis, caused by Leishmania infantum, is a significant zoonotic disease threatening both canine and human health worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and control. The use of hair samples for molecular diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs is a relatively novel approach and has not yet been extensively studied. Despite recent advances in blood-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR), noninvasive alternatives like hair quantitative PCR (qPCR) remain underexplored for different clinical states of infection. This study evaluates the utility of hair samples for qPCR diagnosis compared with traditional blood-based methods in different clinical states of infection. A total of 134 dogs from various regions of Spain, classified into healthy seronegative (n = 14), healthy seropositive (n = 59), or clinically sick (n = 61) were studied. Most sick dogs were in LeishVet stage IIa. Hair ear (n = 97) or neck (n = 37) and blood samples (n = 134) were collected. Diagnostic methods included quantitative in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), endpoint ELISA, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release whole blood assay, and hair and blood qPCR for Leishmania spp. Hair qPCR showed significantly (P < 0.001) higher sensitivity in sick dogs (74%) compared with blood qPCR (36%) while no differences were found in healthy seropositive dogs (P = 0.593). IFN-γ production was not associated with hair qPCR positivity in either healthy seropositive or sick dogs. However, medium/high ELISA seropositivity was associated with substantially increased qPCR positivity in both blood (P = 0.002) and hair (P < 0.001). Sick dogs exhibited significantly higher antibody levels (P < 0.001), while healthy seropositive dogs showed stronger IFN-γ responses (P = 0.027). Hair qPCR is a sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic tool for detecting Leishmania DNA in sick dogs.
Yeast surface display is a powerful strategy for enzyme immobilization and whole-cell biocatalysis; however, the intracellular processing of heterologous enzymes during secretion and anchoring remains poorly understood. In this study, a GH5 endoglucanase gene (eglS, 1.4 kb) from Bacillus subtilis, originally isolated from a paper mill effluent, was cloned into the pYD1 vector and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 using the Aga1-Aga2 surface display system. The recombinant strain produced clear degradation halos on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) plates, confirming cellulolytic activity at the whole-cell level. Zymographic analysis revealed multiple active enzyme forms depending on the cellular fraction analyzed. Intracellular extracts displayed active bands ranging from 70 to 57 kDa, consistent with immature or partially processed Aga2 fusion proteins, whereas cell wall-associated fractions showed active bands between 55 and 35 kDa, suggesting proteolytic processing during secretion and surface anchoring. The apparent specific activity of the cytoplasmic fraction was 5.33 ± 0.31 U mg-1, while the cell wall-associated fraction exhibited a higher apparent specific activity (58.4 ± 10.1 U mg-1). Although these values were obtained from non-purified fractions and therefore do not represent intrinsic enzymatic constants, they indicate a relative enrichment of catalytically active enzyme in the cell wall-associated fraction, consistent with functional surface display. The presence of multiple active enzyme forms and the enhanced catalytic efficiency observed in the cell wall-associated fraction suggest that the engineered yeast strain may serve as a promising whole-cell biocatalyst, with potential applications in consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) strategies for lignocellulosic biomass conversion.