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Sensory tricks (also termed "alleviating maneuvers") are voluntary maneuvers that transiently alleviate dystonic postures or movements and represent a hallmark clinical feature of dystonia with diagnostic and mechanistic significance. Despite extensive phenomenological description, the evidence base has not been systematically synthesized. To characterize the prevalence, phenomenology, clinical effects, predictors, neurobiological mechanisms, and translational relevance of alleviating maneuvers in dystonia, and to prospectively evaluate the feasibility of quantitative synthesis across predefined outcome domains. A systematic review with a prespecified nested quantitative synthesis was conducted using a preregistered PROSPERO protocol (CRD420251175065). The nested component was defined a priori as a domain-restricted analytic strategy in which random-effects meta-analysis was planned where ≥ 3 conceptually comparable studies were available, and in which the feasibility of pooling was itself treated as a primary methodological outcome. PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception. Studies reporting original empirical data on alleviating maneuvers in human dystonia of any etiology were included. Qualitative synthesis examined phenomenology, clinical effects, predictors, mechanisms, and translational applications. Heterogeneity was examined separately along clinical, methodological, and outcome-level dimensions. Of 631 records, 53 studies met inclusion criteria; 31 contributed to qualitative synthesis and 26 to nested quantitative analyses, with 4 contributing to both. No eligible studies in functional or tardive dystonia were identified. Alleviating maneuvers were reported across dystonia subtypes, with prevalence ranging from 13% to 90%; the largest registry cohort (n = 1477) reported effective maneuvers in 68.7% of patients. Acute motor improvements of 30%-50% in head deviation were reported during trick execution, although effects were transient. Responsiveness was associated with shorter disease duration and better response to botulinum toxin. No domain met criteria for formal meta-analysis; structural barriers were predominantly methodological and outcome-level rather than clinical. Alleviating maneuvers are a clinically consistent and mechanistically informative feature of dystonia, but their magnitude, durability, and predictors remain inconsistently measured. Standardized paradigms and outcome reporting are required to enable quantitative synthesis and sham-controlled evaluation of device-based alleviating-maneuver analogues.

Deep convolutional fuzzy systems (DCFS) have emerged as a dominant approach for tackling high-dimensional problems. However, their performance is compromised by exponential rule growth (e.g., 59,049 rules for 10-dimensional inputs) and numerical instability (trigger strength ≤ 0.00098), which hinder real-world deployment in safety-critical scenarios. Current mainstream parameter optimization methods, while significantly enhancing system performance, demand substantial memory and computational resources. Consequently, structural optimization through external system tuning has become a prevalent and efficient design method in the machine learning field. This paper proposes a structurally optimized approach for deep patch learning fuzzy systems in classification (DPFSCAs) from a topological perspective, employing a bag of tricks that enables synergistic optimization via multi-strategy integration of three novel techniques-feature combination (FC), drop connect (DC), and subsystem deletion (SD). The study explores strategies impacting DPFSCAs performance and proposes corresponding structural and performance optimization methods. Experiments on diverse datasets demonstrate that FC, DC, and SD, both individually and integrated, enhance DPFSCAs classification performance through effective synergistic effects.

The dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis model is the most widely used experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to its simplicity and versatility, with over 7000 PubMed entries in the last decade and an exponential rise in recent years. Since its initial description in 1985, DSS colitis has been extensively evaluated across species, most notably in mice and rats, and has yielded substantial insights into IBD pathogenesis. However, the model's multifactorial nature poses a dual challenge: it offers an opportunity but complicates study design, interpretation, and translational relevance. This complexity is worsened by inconsistent reporting, which hampers reproducibility and comparability across studies. The broad use of the DSS-induced colitis model yields numerous insights about the model, which help better understand its complexity, characteristics and limitations. Although DSS colitis is induced locally, inflammation in the colon and gut barrier destruction may also affect other organs (such as the liver and brain) and their metabolism and molecular responses, which, in turn, may interfere with colitis-underlying mechanisms and drug response, and may influence the interpretation of results. These intrinsic (intra-experimental) characteristics of the DSS model are summarised in the paper (colitis, gut-brain axis, gut-liver axis). In addition, the DSS model is heavily influenced by numerous extrinsic (inter-experimental) factors (environmental, microbiological, genetic), which may further complicate the colitis model, the study outcomes, and data interpretation, and these are also discussed in the paper. As science advances and new data accumulate, understanding the intricate interplay among internal mechanisms, external factors, and technical variables becomes increasingly essential for the accurate interpretation of DSS outcomes. This review synthesises the complexity and interdependence of factors shaping the DSS model, emphasising the need for meticulous reporting and consideration of methodological nuances to enhance reproducibility, interpretation, and translational value in DSS colitis research. In addition, the review provides practical guidance through a "traps and tricks" subsection and checklist table designed to provide a framework and practical recommendations to better understand, apply, and interpret DSS model results in the context of broader systemic and methodological considerations.

Background/Objectives: Brain dysfunction and symptoms can be improved with a sensory trick (ST) in more than 80% of patients with cervical dystonia (CD). This study aimed to investigate the functional connectivity (FC) of CD patients with different types of STs using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and to explore the underlying neural mechanisms of STs. Methods: In this study, 35 CD patients (including 15 with classic STs, 15 with forcible STs, 5 with non-STs) and 29 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state fNIRS. We subsequently analyzed FC differences between the groups and their correlations with clinical characteristics. Results: The grand-average FC was significantly higher in the non-ST group than in the forcible ST group. Furthermore, compared to the ST group, the non-ST group exhibited significantly increased FC, primarily involving the prefrontal and sensorimotor networks. In the forcible ST group, this hypoconnectivity was negatively correlated with disease severity scores. Conclusions: This study supports the concept of CD as a networkopathy, suggesting that both the severity and topology of cortical coherence impairment are modulated by the ST phenotype.

Chronic abdominal pain is a debilitating symptom associated with various gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Unfortunately, the pathophysiology of chronic abdominal pain is poorly understood, leading to inadequate clinical treatments. Proteases have emerged as critical modulators of nociception through the activation or inactivation of Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs) on pain sensing neurons (nociceptors). Traditionally viewed as exclusively host-derived, recent work highlights the gut microbiota as a significant source of proteases and demonstrates that a delicate equilibrium exists between pro-nociceptive and anti-nociceptive signalling in IBS and IBD. Consequently, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic pain in these disorders. This review outlines the mechanisms by which host and microbial proteases contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic abdominal pain, emphasizing recent advancements in microbial involvement.

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Adult acquired buried penis is an increasingly prevalent condition, commonly associated with obesity, in which a normally sized penis becomes concealed by suprapubic adipose tissue. It has a negative impact on quality of life, causing urinary and sexual dysfunction, and recurrent infections. Chronic inflammation may further lead to urethral stricture, lichen sclerosus, and penile malignancy. Surgical repair is the definitive treatment, but it requires a structured reconstructive approach. This article describes ten key principles to optimize outcomes in the surgical repair of an adult acquired buried penis. These include appropriate patient selection and preoperative optimization, accurate standing-position marking, a wide transverse incision, and dissection to the aponeurosis with preservation of the spermatic cords. Penile skin must be carefully assessed to determine the need for grafts or scrotal flaps. Restoration of the penopubic angle using anchoring sutures is essential to prevent recurrence, while adjunctive lipectomy or liposuction may improve contour. Proper drainage, layered wound closure, and meticulous postoperative care are critical to minimize complications. These principles provide a practical framework for reconstructive urologists performing adult acquired buried penis repair, facilitating functional recovery, improved aesthetic outcomes, and sustained improvement in patient quality of life.

AI generative tool (Claude 3.5 Sonnet, Anthropic) was used to proof, edit, and enhance the text for clarity and compliance with Instructions for Authors.

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Besides suppressing immunity, pathogen effectors hijack host biosynthetic pathways, sugar transporters, enzymes, and transcriptional regulators for nutritional gain. In Xanthomonas, AvrBs2 drives de novo nutrient synthesis from a host metabolite, while PthA4 hijacks fruit ripening to release sugars. These findings pave the way for 'anti-nutrition' approaches for durable crop resistance.

This case report describes a 61-year-old professional oboist whose symptoms of bilateral essential blepharospasm abated when she played the oboe or sung a musical arrangement.

Incontinent and continent stomas can improve urinary quality of life for people with a neurogenic bladder. However, outcomes and satisfaction of the procedures can be impacted by complications such as stomal retraction and stenosis. This manuscript presents recommendations and observations for reducing morbidity in incontinent and continent stomas for the neurogenic bladder population. Literature review was performed using key words urostomy, urinary stoma, continent stoma, and complications. Relevant studies were included in this review article. The author's 20+ years of surgical experience in neurogenic bladder surgery was used as the basis for recommendations. Surgical techniques to prevent intraabdominal tension on stomas can reduce risk of stomal retraction. Stomal stenosis can be treated with dilation or reconstructive surgical options. Preventing complications requires knowledge of anatomy and adaptive products which patients can use after surgery.

Technique could help space telescope reveal close-in planets and the inner workings of galaxies.

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How is it possible to double the lifespan of an organism already close to death? Many biological theories of aging fail to explain this phenomenon. At the Physics of Aging workshop, we presented and discussed late-life lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans to illustrate how a simple stochastic dynamical systems model can account for dramatic geriatric interventions. We build on a Langevin-type instability framework in which aging is a manifestation of dynamical instability-a scenario where stochastic fluctuations amplify over time, driving the system toward a failure threshold at which death occurs as a first-passage event. The instability rate α (equivalently, the inverse of the mortality-rate doubling time) quantifies the speed of this divergence: a larger α means faster exponential growth of z, a steeper Gompertz slope, and a shorter lifespan. The failure threshold z max ≈ α/g, where g is the strength of nonlinear feedback, marks the point beyond which the system diverges irreversibly-physiologically, the saturation of metabolic and regulatory capacity. Within this dynamical-systems framework, auxin-induced degradation of the insulin/IGF-1 receptor DAF-2 in very old animals is naturally interpreted as a late shift in stability parameters that nearly doubles remaining lifespan without resetting accumulated structural damage. This interpretation reconciles the persistence of many senescent pathologies with restored proteostasis and stress resilience, and it shows that targeting the dynamical instability of the regulatory network-rather than reversing damage-can strongly reshape survival trajectories in unstable animals. More broadly, our work exemplifies how physics-inspired low-dimensional stochastic models can capture key features of aging, and we hope it will inspire more collaborations between biologists and physicists to work on late-life interventions.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly transmissible, global prion disease of captive and wild cervids. The approved tests for the detection of the infectious CWD prion (PrPCWD) are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC), but both have limitations and can yield discrepant results. ELISA requires a fresh or frozen medial retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN); IHC requires the RPLN to be formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded, thus requiring 2 different storage protocols. Real-time quaking-induced conversion (rtQuIC) is a sensitive amplification technique used commonly in research to detect prions. Here, we optimized a rtQuIC assay for CWD prion detection in formalin-fixed (FF) and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) from white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania with various prion protein (PRNP) genotypes. Our proposed protocol differs from other publications because it does not require hazardous solvents such as xylene. We found that FF RPLN samples can be tested by rtQuIC with up to 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity, and FFPE RPLN samples can be tested by rtQuIC with up to 98% sensitivity and 99% specificity for PrPCWD detection. Our results are comparable to testing fresh or frozen tissue, and we did not find an effect of prion protein genotype on assay performance. This application of rtQuIC has the potential to improve surveillance and disease management in regions with limited access to cold storage and allow testing of RPLNs with discrepant PrPCWD results when tissue of sufficient quality is unavailable.

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