搜索结果：today

PC3/Tis21/BTG2 and BTG1, prototype members of the BTG/Tob family, are antiproliferative transcriptional cofactors discovered 35 years ago as genes induced by nerve growth factor and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or associated with lymphocytic leukemia. They are today known to serve as developmental regulators in several tissues, including neural cells. Biological functions such as cell division, transcriptional control, DNA repair, and mRNA stability, have been linked to their protein products. We will focus in this review on the effects of PC3/Tis21/BTG2 and BTG1 on brain tumorigenesis and neural development, and on cell cycle and apoptosis. In fact, these genes act as tumor suppressors, and their ability to control tumorigenesis in medulloblastoma and glioma is intrinsically linked to their ability to control the differentiation and proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells during neurogenesis. Chief function of PC3/Tis21/BTG2 during pre/postnatal and adult neurogenesis is its requirement for the differentiation and migration of neural progenitor cells, in adult hippocampus and subventricular zone-which are the main neurogenic niches where adult neurogenesis occurs-as well as in postnatal cerebellum. Moreover, PC3/Tis21/BTG2 inhibits medulloblastoma onset by promoting the migration and differentiation of cerebellar precursor cells outside the external granular layer, i.e., the proliferative epithelium of the cerebellum, thus diminishing their susceptibility to oncogenic transformation under the influence of Sonic Hedgehog. BTG1, by contrast, primarily functions in neurogenesis to inhibit the proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells, thereby ensuring the preservation of the cell pool and maintaining the quiescence of medulloblastoma cancer stem cells-known for their persistence against treatments and involvement in tumor relapses-thus preventing their entry in cycle. Furthermore, in glioma, PC3/Tis21/BTG2 enhances apoptosis rates while simultaneously decreasing the migration and invasion of cancerous cells, and lowering the levels of cyclin D1. Similarly, BTG1 contributes to the growth arrest of glioma cells through the regulation of cyclin D1 and p21 expression. PC3/Tis21/BTG2 and BTG1 bind and regulate multiple genes, including Id3, cyclin D1, PRMT1 and the chemokine Cxcl3. These interactions underscore the potential of these cofactors in controlling neurogenesis and tumorigenesis through multiple molecular pathways.

Today, consumers' growing demand for higher-quality beer and their desire for unique sensory experiences are propelling the craft beer movement into a new trend within the beer industry's production and consumption landscape. Unlike traditional beers with their single-ingredient combinations, craft beers innovatively incorporate special functional adjuncts. These adjuncts produce unique aromas and nutritional value during fermentation, primarily manifested in flavor compounds such as alcohols, esters, and organic acids. However, current craft beer production faces challenges like extended fermentation cycles and flavor instability, limiting the development of its distinctive characteristics. This paper is the first to focus on analyzing the relationship between raw material and adjuncts characteristics and flavor formation in craft beer, aiming to provide innovative insights for the transformation and upgrading of the traditional beer industry.

The rapid technological advancements of today have ushered in a new era of impulse high-voltage testing equipment capable of reaching high voltage ranges. Traditional calibration methods fall short in calibrating such high voltage equipment. This study introduces an on-site calibration approach tailored for impulse high-voltage testing equipment with an 800 kV range. The method employs two standard dividers: one for measuring impulse voltage up to 500 kV peak and the other for DC charging voltage up to 100 kV. An efficiency factor technique is proposed for calibration beyond 500 kV peak. Results indicate achieved linearity across all calibrated points with a linearity error under 1%, validating the extension of calibration up to 800 kV peak. The unit under calibration aligns with specified accuracy standards. Uncertainty is evaluated for each range to ensure result reliability. A comparison and verification tool using a normalized error approach confirms the efficacy of the proposed technique, demonstrating satisfactory outcomes.

Heat energy is released during the reversible chemical reaction of the thermochemical heat energy storage (TCHS) system. Thermochemical heat energy uses an anhydrous salt and water vapor, releasing heat as water vapor molecules are absorbed by the anhydrous salt particles, forming a hydrated salt. The amount of heat energy released is proportional to the amount of sorbate that could be absorbed. Therefore, materials suitable for thermochemical heat storage systems are porous and highly thermally conductive to rapidly transfer the heat generated. Today, researchers and scientists are eagerly working to develop novel materials for the system to overcome the limitations of commonly used materials that hinder achieving higher performance. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive review of the methods and materials for high-performance thermochemical heat storage systems. It includes methods ranging from simple mechanical and physical mixing and blending to melt mixing, impregnation, foaming, electrospinning of composite polymers and nanofiber materials, and stabilized cyclic degradation, along with the corresponding results. The fillet materials described are also carbon-based, metallic, and MXene composites, which enhance thermal conductivity, while composite nanofibers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), alumina, silica, and zeolite enhance sorption capacity, owing to their high porous surface area-to-volume ratios. It is concluded that materials with optimized porous structures, cyclic stability, and improved heat transfer can be effective for the TCHS system when suitable methods are employed and chemically compatible materials are used.

Founded in 1983 in Paris by Professor R. Modigliani, the Groupe d'ETude des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives (GETAID) was established to develop collaborative clinical research on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This was innovative 40 years ago and remains challenging today. From the beginning, this multicenter group has aimed to address clinical questions arising from patients, physicians, and the IBD community by conducting clinical research on treatments through randomized controlled trials, prospective cohorts, index creation, and observational studies. GETAID has advanced IBD knowledge by publishing over 140 original articles in peer-reviewed journals. This review explores the history of the GETAID, how it functions, and its contribution to IBD knowledge over the past four decades. It illustrates the disruptive and innovative academic research conducted by an independent group of researchers and its potential future impact through examples.

Information concerning contact with the Tupinambá indigenous people and the flora in the state of Maranhão (Brazil) during the period of French occupation (17th century) is recorded in the chronicles of the Capuchin missionaries Claude d'Abbeville (?-1632) and Yves d'Évreux (1577-1632). These chronicles interrelate characters, spaces, environments, times, and events, based on the conceptual model of historical ethnobotany and memory. The aim of this work was to identify the vernacular names of medicinal plants found in the chronicles, considering a diachronic approach to investigate whether these medicinal species reported by the Tupinambá and mentioned by the missionaries are still present and used in the state of Maranhão today. The translated Portuguese versions of the chronicles "History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers on the island of Maranhão and their surroundings" and "Journey to Northern Brazil", were analyzed. Information was extracted on medicinal plants and their uses, and botanical identifications were made based on similarities between vernacular names and morphological characteristics, medicinal indication, and area of ​​occurrence. Using scientific nomenclature, a search was made in databases and specialized literature on traditional uses. Nine vernacular names were located in the chronicles, eight of which were identified. Fabaceae was the most represented family. Most identified species are native to Brazil (n = 6). Medical indications included, among others: digestive and dermatological problems, infections, and mood disorders. According to data found in the literature, some plants and their indications are still part of the traditional medicine systems in the current territory of the State of Maranhão. The documentary analysis of the information recorded by the missionaries in their chronicles more than 400 years ago highlighted the timelessness of the Tupinambá indigenous knowledge. This study brought to light elements of indigenous cultural heritage that can strengthen and value traditional knowledge about native flora.

Today, military and civilian applications require miniaturized and cheap optical systems. Both the optics and the detector tend to decrease their size, weight, power, and cost, which is known as the SWAP-C challenge. One way to achieve this goal consists of decreasing the pixel pitch of the focal plane array (FPA). Pixel sizes become smaller and are now close to the wavelength. A common figure of merit used to assess the quality of the whole system is the modulation transfer function (MTF). However, measuring the MTF of small pixels is challenging because it leads to high cut-off frequencies. Experimental methods and data processing have to be adapted to reach these high spatial frequencies. Some years ago, we proposed an interferometric method based on Llyod's mirror setup. Since the first implementation, both the test bench and the image processing method to extract relevant data from experimental images have been improved. In this paper, we apply this method to several microbolometer FPAs with pixel pitches of 17, 12, and 8.5 µm. Experimental results are shown and fitted with an analytical model to deduce technological parameters of the pixels, such as their size and cross-talk information.

Cancer prevention strategies often focus on behavior change such as increased screening, smoking cessation, and healthy diets. Recently, enthusiasm for addressing alcohol as a significant cancer risk factor has gained attention. Using a large, population-based cohort, we sought to determine independent associations between alcohol consumption and cancer mortality. We used data from the REGARDS cohort study, which enrolled 30,239 adults 45+ years between 2003 and 2007 and follows them today. At enrollment, participants self-reported alcohol consumption as none, light (≤ 3 drinks/week), moderate (4-7 drinks/week for women, 4-14 drinks/week for men), and heavy (≥ 8 drinks/week for women and ≥ 15 drinks/week for men). We estimated Cox models to determine associations between alcohol consumption and cancer mortality. Among 26,694 participants, mean age was 64.4 (SD 9.4) years, 44% were male, 42% were Non-Hispanic Black, 63% reported no alcohol, 22% light, 11% moderate, and 4% heavy alcohol consumption. Over a median 13.3-year follow-up, we observed 2306 cancer deaths. After full adjustment for covariates, compared to abstainers, heavy drinkers had an increased risk of cancer death (1.21; 95% CI 1.01-1.45), and light drinkers had a decreased risk of cancer mortality (0.87; 95% CI 0.78-0.98), and there was no association between moderate drinking and cancer mortality. Our findings contribute to the growing evidence that heavy alcohol use is consistently linked with higher cancer mortality. We encourage cancer prevention strategies to step away from isolating single health behaviors and consider holistic perspectives of an individual's lifestyle including physical activity, smoking, diet, and alcohol consumption.

Microarrays have played a pivotal role in the early stages of omics data generation and analysis. For over 15 years, microarray technology dominated the field of transcriptomics, providing high-throughput platforms to measure gene expression levels across thousands of genes simultaneously. Microarrays enabled a wide range of genomic studies, leading to a vast repository of data in public databases such as the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). However, with the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS), the use of microarrays has steadily declined. Despite this, the legacy of microarrays persists, particularly through the wealth of data generated over the years, which continues to fuel genomic research today. This chapter reviews the origins of microarrays and their impact on omics research and discusses the basic principles behind the technology, how it has evolved over the years, and how it lay the groundwork for the field as we know it today.

In today's complex workplace environments, understanding the drivers of employee engagement and well-being is essential. This study draws on data from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (N = 33,063) and applies Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine how key workplace dynamics shape these outcomes. The analysis focuses on the effects of work-life conflict, life-work conflict, supervisory coaching, gender diversity, and personal life factors. Results confirm the negative impact of work-life conflict on both engagement and well-being, while life-work conflict, although reducing engagement, unexpectedly enhances subjective well-being by providing meaning through personal responsibilities. Supervisory coaching emerged as a strong positive driver of both outcomes, and the proportion of women in the workplace was linked to improved well-being. Household size also showed a dual role, increasing conflict but contributing positively to well-being. These findings highlight the dual-edged nature of conflict and the resource-providing role of supportive leadership and family responsibilities, offering valuable insights for organizational policies and interventions.

Social capital is an important concept for individual and societal well-being today. This study aimed to test the relationships among social capital, exercise motivation, and intention to exercise, testing at the same time whether motivation mediates the relationship between social capital and intention to continue exercising. The study was conducted in the context of a group extreme conditioning program training, which has been distinct for its community image and committed member network. Five hundred and ninety questionnaires (N = 590) were collected, with an online questionnaire, from adult group extreme conditioning program training exercisers. Social capital was measured with nine items, which correspond to the three dimensions: network, trust, and reciprocity. Motivation was measured with twelve items, based on the self-determination theory. The results indicated that social capital was an antecedent of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, but also influenced exercise intention both directly and indirectly, through its influence on motivation. The trust and reciprocity dimensions of social capital were the most influential ones, while the network dimension had only an indirect relationship with intention, through motivation. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed.

Since ancient times, clays have been used to protect plants from insects and excessive sunlight. Today, their potential use is being re-evaluated as a tool to mitigate the effects of climate change and to manage emerging pests. This review synthesizes and compares findings from studies conducted in different regions of the world. Kaolin forms a reflective film on leaves and fruits, lowering tissue temperature. In warm climates, this temperature reduction can contribute to improved physiological parameters including net assimilation and water use efficiency; however, these responses are strongly influenced by additional factors. It may also affect some oenological characteristics of grapes (acidity, pH, and phenol content, particularly anthocyanins), thereby improving the overall chemical composition of grapes and wines, particularly in terms of acidity, pH and phenolic content. In addition, kaolin has been shown to reduce damage caused by the grape leafhopper (Empoasca vitis, Jacobiasca lybica, among others) to levels comparable to those achieved with synthetic pesticides. However, responses vary depending on different factors, such as application timing, dose, cultivar and climate. Overall, kaolin represents a sustainable strategy for mitigating climate change effects on fruit quality and for supporting ecological pest management.

As causes for the increasing incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) during the past 20 years, primarily demographic changes and the increasing incidence of myopia and cataract surgery, especially in younger patients, are considered. The aim of this study was to create an inventory of cases of RD treated at the Kiel University Eye Clinic before the era of pseudophakia and vitrectomy. Archival patient records of the Kiel University Eye Clinic for 1914, 1939/40, 1956/57, and 1967 were reviewed, and the identified cases of nontraumatic RD were analyzed. In 1914, three documented cases of RD were found, but there was no documented surgery. Between 1939 and 1967, the number of documented RD cases increased (from 2% to 6.3%), as did the percentage of successfully operated patients (from 44.4% to 70.6%). For the year 1967, the mean age of the patients was 60.12 years, which aligns with published data for the period from 2005 to 2019. Concerning the main catchment area of Kiel University Eye Clinic, an incidence of 5.78 cases of RD per 100,000 persons years was found. Upon discharge from the hospital after RD surgery, visual acuity (VA) was measured as follows: 27.3% of patients had a VA of 1/50 or less, 55.3% had a VA between > 1/50 and 0.33, 8.7% had a VA between > 0.33 and 0.7, and 8.7% had a VA greater than 0.7. This medicohistorical study shows an incidence of inpatient RD prior to 1970 which corresponds to that found in the literature for the 1970s. As the medical, demographic, and sociological circumstances existing in 1970 are not comparable to those of the present, the number of undocumented cases of RD in 1970 is considered to be higher than is it today; therefore, only limited conclusions can be drawn regarding the overall incidence of RD at that time and regarding the question of whether RD has increased over time. Nevertheless, this study depicts the development of diagnosis and treatment of RD at the Kiel University Eye Clinic until the end of the 1960s, supplemented by aspects of medical sociology. HINTERGRUND: Als Ursachen für die Zunahme der rhegmatogenen Netzhautablösung (RD) in den letzten 20 Jahren werden vor allem der demografische Wandel, die Zunahme der Myopie sowie die Zunahme der Katarakt-Operationen, vor allem im jüngeren Lebensalter, erachtet. Das Ziel der Arbeit war, für die Universitäts-Augenklinik Kiel eine Bestandsaufnahme der Häufigkeit der stationär aufgenommenen/behandelten RD in der Zeit vor der Ära der Intraokularlinse und der Vitrektomie zu erstellen. Alte Krankenakten der Universitäts-Augenklinik Kiel aus den Jahren 1914, 1939/40, 1956/57 und 1967 wurden gesichtet und die Fälle von RD ohne ein Trauma in der Anamnese ausgewertet. Für 1914 wurden 3 dokumentierte Fälle von RD gefunden, aber keine dokumentierte operative Behandlung. Von 1939 bis 1967 stiegen sowohl die Anzahl der dokumentierten Fälle von RD (von 2 % auf 6,3 %), als auch der prozentuale Anteil der erfolgreich operierten Fälle von RD (von 44,4 % auf 70,6 %) an. Für das Jahr 1967 wurde ermittelt: Das mittlere Alter der Patienten betrug für 1967 60,12 Jahre, ein Wert, der den für die Jahre 2005 bis 2019 veröffentlichten Daten entspricht. Für den Haupteinzugsbereich der Universitäts-Augenklinik Kiel wurde eine Inzidenz von 5,78 Fällen einer RD auf 100.000 Personenjahre errechnet. Zum Zeitpunkt der Entlassung aus stationärer Behandlung betrug der Visus bei 27,3 % der operierten RD-Patienten maximal 1/50, bei 55,3 % > 1/50–0,33, bei 8,7 % > 0,33–0,7 und bei 8,7 % > 0,7. Diese medizinhistorische Bestandsaufnahme zeigt für die Zeit vor 1970 für die Fälle von RD, die zur stationären Aufnahme kamen, eine Inzidenz, die den in der Literatur für die 1970er-Jahre gefundenen Werten entspricht. Da die medizinischen, demografischen und auch soziologischen Bedingungen der Zeit vor 1970 nicht mit den heutigen vergleichbar sind, ist damit zu rechnen, dass die „Dunkelziffer“ nicht erfasster Fälle von RD 1970 größer gewesen sein dürfte als heutzutage. Somit lassen diese Daten nur sehr begrenzt Rückschlüsse auf die Gesamt-Inzidenz der RD zu dieser Zeit zu und lassen sich nur bedingt zur Beantwortung der Frage der Zunahme der RD heranziehen. Aus diesem Grund ist diese Studie in erster Linie als eine Bestandsaufnahme der Entwicklung der Diagnose und Therapie der RD in der Universitäts-Augenklinik Kiel bis zum Ende der 1960er-Jahre zu sehen, ergänzt durch medizinsoziologische Daten.

Working-From-Home (WFH) practices expanded rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic and continue to be a point of discussion today with debates increasingly focused on productivity rather than the underlying reasons for WFH or flexibility. This study investigates why individuals value WFH and hybrid work arrangements in the United States. The specific period of study was during the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding these motivations can inform constructive negotiations and effective policies that enhance productivity while supporting employees' work-life balance and caregiving responsibilities. Despite extensive discussion of whether employers should permit WFH, the diverse reasons employees seek flexibility remain understudied. Using data from a nationally representative online survey conducted in late 2021, we employ a best-worst scaling experiment to rank motivations for remote work. Results show the most valued reason for WFH is balancing work with caregiving, followed by reducing commuting time and costs, limiting exposure to illness, and preferring the home environment. A latent class model identifies four heterogeneous preference segments: (1) caregiving and commuting, (2) productivity and comfort, (3) multitasking and health safety, and (4) diffuse preferences without a dominant motivation. Additionally, seemingly unrelated regression analysis links WFH preferences with behavioral changes in grooming, attire, and personal care routines. These findings highlight the heterogeneity in workers' motivations for flexibility and suggest that one-size-fits-all approaches may be inefficient. By revealing the underlying drivers of WFH preferences, this study offers nuanced insights for organizations seeking to design flexible work policies that balance productivity objectives with employee well-being.

Effective diagnosis and treatment of rare genetic disorders requires the interpretation of a patient's genetic variants of unknown significance (VUSs). Today, clinical decision-making is primarily guided by gene-phenotype association databases and DNA-based scoring methods. Our web-accessible variant analysis pipeline, VUStruct, supplements these established approaches by deeply analyzing the downstream molecular impact of variation in context of 3D protein structure. VUStruct's growing impact is fueled by the co-proliferation of protein 3D structural models, gene sequencing, compute power, and artificial intelligence. Contextualizing VUSs in protein 3D structural models also illuminates longitudinal genomics studies and biochemical bench research focused on VUS, and we created VUStruct for clinicians and researchers alike. We now introduce VUStruct to the broad scientific community as a mature, web-facing, extensible, High-Performance Computing (HPC) software pipeline. VUStruct maps missense variants onto automatically selected protein structures and launches a broad range of analyses. These include energy-based assessments of protein folding and stability, pathogenicity prediction through spatial clustering analysis, and machine learning (ML) predictors of binding surface disruptions and nearby post-translational modification sites. The pipeline also considers the entire input set of VUS and identifies genes potentially involved in digenic disease. VUStruct's utility in clinical rare disease genome interpretation has been demonstrated through its analysis of over 175 Undiagnosed Disease Network (UDN) Patient cases. VUStruct-leveraged hypotheses have often informed clinicians in their consideration of additional patient testing, and we report here details from two cases where VUStruct was key to their solution. We also note successes with academic research collaborators, for whom VUStruct has informed research directions in both computational genomics and wet lab studies.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have greatly reduced invasive pneumococcal disease worldwide, though outcomes vary with the serotype formulation and regional context. India's introduction of indigenous 10-valent PCV into its Universal Immunization Program (UIP) was a major milestone, differing from the earlier globally available PCV10 by including serotypes 19A and 6A-both of which have been linked to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in countries such as Belgium and Brazil. This review synthesizes global vaccine experiences, explores serotype biology, cross-protection, and the emergence of non-vaccine types, and considers the spectrum of higher-valency options (PCV14, PCV20, and PCV21). India's pediatric PCV coverage has expanded rapidly, though unevenly, while adult uptake remains limited. While indigenous PCV10 introduction and scale-up, followed by indigenous PCV14 introduction seems a pragmatic policy for India's UIP today, sustained genomic and AMR surveillance, plus eventual transitions to broader PCVs, will be essential for long-term, adaptable immunization strategies.

Despite advances in acute treatment, stroke remains the first cause of acquired disability. Today, there is no effective pharmacological therapy to improve recovery beyond the acute phase. Preclinical studies suggest that inhibition of the C-C chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) may promote recovery by enhancing plasticity in the peri-infarct cortex. However, the role of CCR5 to improve outcome after ischaemic stroke in humans is unknown. MAraviroc for STrokE Recovery is a phase II, single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The aim is to assess the efficacy and safety of the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc for improving motor recovery of the upper limb after ischaemic stroke. 80 ischaemic stroke patients with moderate but incomplete upper extremity motor impairment will be enrolled within 7 days of onset. Participants will be randomised (1:1) to receive either oral maraviroc (300 mg two times per day) or placebo for 90 days in addition to standard rehabilitation therapy. The primary outcome is upper limb motor function assessed using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for the Upper Extremity at day 90. Secondary outcomes include motor learning skills and plasticity in the peri-infarct region assessed using MRI connectivity and spectroscopy at 90 days. The study protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Geneva Competent Ethics Committee (Commission Cantonale d'Éthique, CEC; Reference Number: CCER 2024-02359) and Swissmedic (Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and scientific conferences. 2024-02359; NCT07080567.

Kernel attacks are still one of the most severe threats to modern operating systems (OS) due to the kernel's privileged control over hardware, memory, and process management. This study reviews some significant kernel-level security mechanisms regarding vulnerability detection, as well as the prevention and mitigation of exploitation in today's OSs. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, a total of 30 high-quality, peer-reviewed studies were examined and analyzed in detail using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) quality framework. Discussion about the leading research directions emanated from three central questions of this review: What are the predominant kernel attack vectors? How are the techniques for protection and detection that are currently available assessed? What are the emerging research directions? The study identifies the following as the principal sources of kernel compromise: memory corruption, privilege escalation, rootkits, and race condition exploits. It also identifies several techniques for kernel hardening, such as Mandatory Access Control (MAC), the use of SELinux and AppArmor, kernel integrity monitoring, secure and measured boot, fuzz testing, and hardware-assisted protection. Some of these emerged as having a great deal of promise for proactive defense against zero-day vulnerabilities, including machine learning-based detection and live kernel patching. Issues regarding scalability, detection accuracy, and securing containerized and virtualized environments need to be solved. This paper aims to provide relevant, structured, and up-to-date research on kernel security synthesis and offer valuable guidance on the development of robust, adaptive, and novel OS defense mechanisms.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) comprise a complex group of disorders characterized by the progressive loss of neurons in the CNS, resulting in cognitive and motor dysfunctions. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases is essential to identify effective therapeutic strategies. The hallmarks of NDs include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding. Among the implicated molecular targets, monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) plays a crucial role since it catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic amines, such as amine neurotransmitters, and therefore plays an important role in the physiopathology of the brain and nervous system generating reactive oxygen species, so contributing to oxidative stress and inflammation. Elevated hMAO-B activity has been observed in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target for neuroprotection. Given the role of MAO-B activity in various molecular pathways related to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes that underlie the onset and progression of NDs, the development of more active and selective hMAO-B inhibitors could represent a promising avenue leading to safer and more effective therapies for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In this view, MAO-B inhibitors have long been investigated for their therapeutic potential in NDs. Building upon previous reviews, this updated overview focuses on the most recent advances from 2020 to today in the field of new small molecules hMAO-B inhibitors, highlighting results from preclinical studies. Attention is paid to the various classes of synthetic compounds that have emerged in recent years and, where available, the main structure-activity relationships (SARs) are discussed to provide insights into the molecular features responsible for hMAO-B inhibitory activity and selectivity. The aim is to provide researchers with a current perspective on the evolving landscape of hMAO-B inhibitor-based therapies for NDs.