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This article provides updated global cancer statistics for the year 2024 based on the GLOBOCAN estimates of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The authors describe national cancer incidence and mortality by world region and the Human Development Index and predict the burden in 2050 based on demographic trends. In 2024, an estimated 20.6 million new cancer cases (19.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.8 million deaths (9.7 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred worldwide, equivalent to one in five people developing cancer during their lifetime and one in nine men and one in 13 women dying from the disease. Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer, responsible for almost 2.6 million new cases (12.8%), followed by female breast (11.8%), colorectal (9.9%), prostate (7.5%), and stomach (4.7%) cancer. Lung cancer is also the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.9 million deaths (19.1%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (7.5%), female breast (7.1%), and stomach (6.6%) cancer. Incidence rates vary four- to five-fold across regions, with the highest rates found in Australia/New Zealand (men, 477 per 100,000; women, 396 per 100,000), whereas mortality rates differ two-fold, with elevated rates in Eastern Europe for men (158 per 100,000) and Melanesia for women (108 per 100,000). The incidence burden is predicted to reach 34.4 million by 2050, up 67% from 2024, with the largest proportional increases in lower Human Development Index countries. Although global variation in cancer profiles demands a nuanced approach to cancer control at national and regional levels, primary prevention must be at the forefront, including intensified efforts to reduce tobacco use, prevent infections, lower alcohol consumption and excess body weight, and increase physical activity.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) are developmental conditions frequently characterized by executive dysfunction. However, the cognitive and neurophysiological differences between these conditions remain insufficiently defined. This study aimed to examine the behavioral and electrophysiological features of executive function in children with ADHD and BIF. Children with ADHD and BIF, along with typically developing controls, completed computerized Stroop and Go/No-Go tasks while electroencephalography was recorded. Behavioral performance was evaluated using reaction times, accuracy indices, omission errors, and commission errors. Electrophysiological analyses focused on P300 event-related potential amplitude and latency at frontal (F3, F4) and central (C3) electrode sites. Children with BIF demonstrated slower reaction times, increased omission errors, and prolonged P300 latency at the F4 electrode, indicating reduced processing speed and attentional inefficiency. In contrast, children with ADHD exhibited faster but more error-prone response patterns, characterized by increased commission errors and shorter P300 latency, consistent with impulsivity and impaired inhibitory control. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and BIF share executive dysfunction but differ in underlying cognitive and neurophysiological profiles. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is primarily associated with disinhibition, whereas BIF is characterized by reduced processing speed and impaired sustained attention. Differences in P300 patterns may help distinguish between these conditions and support diagnosis and individualized intervention strategies. Cite this article as: Abanoz E, Korkmaz OE, Duru AD, Esin İS. Differential P300 signatures of executive dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline intellectual functioning. Eurasian J Med. 2026, 58(4), 1539, doi: 10.5152/ eurasianjmed.2026.261539.

Previous studies have reported differences in levels of mental wellbeing between autistic and non-autistic adolescents and between girls and boys. However, it is unclear to what extent being autistic or a particular gender influences mental wellbeing in adolescence. The importance of social relationships for mental wellbeing is well established, but it is unknown to what extent this may differ between autistic and non-autistic adolescents and between autistic girls and boys. Data from the Millennium Cohort Study were used. Measures of social experience included social support and social alienation at age 14 (N = 11,056). Mental wellbeing was measured at age 17 (N = 10,034). Moderated regression analyses after multiple imputation were used to determine (i) whether autism diagnosis moderates the effect of social experience on mental wellbeing and (ii) whether the interaction between gender and autism diagnosis moderates the effect of social experience on mental wellbeing (N = 16,370). In this nationally representative sample, levels of mental wellbeing are lower for autistic adolescents and for girls. Autistic girls had the lowest wellbeing, with large differences relative to non-autistic boys (mean difference: -3.09; 95% CI: -4.565, -1.612) and non-autistic girls (mean difference: -1.66; 95% CI: -3.13, -0.180). Autistic boys had lower wellbeing compared to non-autistic boys (mean difference: -1.68; 95% CI: -2.54, -0.824) and non-autistic girls (mean difference: -1.43; 95% CI: -1.69, -1.18). Autism does not moderate the effect of social experiences on mental wellbeing. No moderations were found on the effect of social experiences on mental wellbeing when all potential interactions are considered. Social support and social alienation during early adolescence equally impact the mental wellbeing of autistic and non-autistic individuals at later adolescence. Considering the low mental wellbeing of autistic adolescents, there is a critical need to improve their social experiences.

Identifying predictors and mechanisms in the development of childhood internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) problems is crucial for early intervention. Inhibitory control has been linked to INT and EXT, with emotion regulation (ER) potentially mediating these associations. However, specific pathways between early inhibitory control, ER, and later INT and EXT remain unclear. Additionally, regulation of distinct emotions (anger, fear, sadness, joy) may play a role. The sample included 94 typically developing children from the EFFECT study, a longitudinal project on the development of self-regulation. At age 4, inhibitory control was measured using the Day/Night Stroop Task. At age 6, general ER, as well as regulation of specific emotions (anger, fear, sadness, and joy), were assessed using the Emotion Questionnaire (parent-report). INT and EXT at ages 9-10 were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (parent-report). Correlational and path analyses were conducted. No longitudinal associations were found between inhibitory control at 4 years and either INT or EXT at ages 9-10, or with ER at age 6. Consequently, we found no evidence of mediation by ER. General ER at 6 years emerged as a predictor of both INT and EXT at 9-10 years. While not statistically significant, effect sizes linking regulation of some specific emotions (anger, fear) with subsequent INT and EXT problems warrant further research. The results reflect the complexity of studying longitudinal effects of early inhibitory control. A modest sample size with attrition, and measurement constraints may have attenuated effects and limited generalizability. Meanwhile, our findings highlight ER as a target for intervention across both INT and EXT.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on emotion regulation (ER) and emotion dysregulation (ED) in people with any mental health condition. Following a pre-registered protocol (PROSPERO CRD42024618605), we searched multiple databases (Web of Science, PsycINFO, Embase, and PubMed) on 04/07/2025. We identified randomised-controlled trials (RCTs) in which the effects of MBIs on ER or ED were measured in people with mental health conditions established by an adequately trained healthcare professional according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (from third to fifth editions) or equivalent diagnosis as per the International Classification of Diseases (ninth or 10th revisions). Pooled effect sizes (Hedge's g) were estimated using random-effect meta-analyses. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2. We identified 19 RCTs, with 16 in the meta-analyses (988 participants in total; 50.71% randomised to MBIs). We found that MBIs significantly improved cognitive reappraisal (k = 6, g = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.33, 0.98) and reduced overall ED (k = 9; g = -0.54; CI = -0.71, -0.36). Significant reductions in ED domains concerning goal-directedness, impulsivity, and accessing ER strategies were found. Effects for expressive suppression were nonsignificant (k = 6; g = -0.25; CI = -0.94, 0.45) with significant heterogeneity. Study quality significantly moderated both ER outcomes, though not overall ED. MBIs show potential for improving cognitive reappraisal and reducing ED across diagnoses. However, limited evidence for younger people and self-report measurements warrant cautious interpretation. NIHR PROSPERO 2024 CRD42024618605. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024618605.

Given the importance of the link between mental and other medical conditions, JCPP Advances organized a special issue on the topic; yet since then, very few papers have focused on this area. As such, this editorial perspective aims not only to highlight the link between mental and other medical conditions, but also to (1) explore the origins of the divide between mental and "physical" health, (2) provide evidence that this so-called divide does not exist in actuality, (3) highlight the harms of maintaining such a divide, and (4) discuss strategies to bridge this divide to address this monumental mistake, which has been perpetuated throughout medicine.

Paediatric emergencies account for only 5% of emergency deployments, but conversely, they pose a challenge for most emergency doctors. We retrospectively recorded 1055 deployments (2015-2024) of the Karlsruhe pediatric emergency ambulance and compared it with 1169 deployments (2003-2013) focusing on disease indications of the patients being treated. Small children formed the largest group (2003-2013: 45.3%; 2015-2024: 32.2%); deployments were seen more often in boys (2003-2013: 53.3%, 4.6% not identified; 2015-2024: 48.8%, 12.2% not identified). In all cases, 57.7% (2003-2013) and 69.4% (2015-2024) involved minor injuries/diseases. Most common were trauma (2003-2013: 25.9%; 2015-2024: 29.2%) and neurological diseases (2003-2013: 26.2%; 2015-2024: 20.7%). We observed a decrease of respiratory disorders (-7.2%), resuscitation (-2.2%), and sudden infant death syndrome (-0.8%); a rise in psychiatric presentations (+5.4%), ingestion/intoxication (+2.4%) and allergies/anaphylaxis (+2.4%). Females had an increased probability of psychiatric emergencies (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.7-5.5). During the COVID-19-pandemic (2020/2021), the frequency of deployments dropped (-50%), psychiatric (+4.3%; OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.2-5.4) and obstetrics diagnoses (+3.8%) rose while trauma decreased (-11.1%; OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.4-0.8). A specific therapy was initiated in 82.2% (2003-2013) and 58.7% (2015-2024) of all the deployments. Our results revealed changes in the range of deployments between the two time frames as well as during the Covid-19 pandemic. We believe that the provision of preclinical emergency care for children-with their particular needs and range of disease indications (compared to adults) warrants discussion considering the need for reforms and additional medical qualifications. HINTERGRUND: Pädiatrische Notfälle sind mit 5 % der rettungsdienstlichen Einsätze selten und stellen für die Mehrheit der Notärzte eine Herausforderung dar. Es wurden 1055 Einsatzprotokolle (2015–2024) des Kindernotarztfahrzeuges Karlsruhe retrospektiv ausgewertet und mit 1169 Einsätzen (2003–2013) verglichen, insbesondere bezüglich der Einsatzindikation und vorliegender Krankheitsbilder. Kleinkinder stellten mit 45,3 % (2003–2013) sowie 32,2 % (2015–2024) die größte Gruppe dar mit Häufung des männlichen Geschlechts (2003–2013: 53,3 %, 4,6 % nicht erfasst; 2015–2024: 48,8 %, 12,3 % nicht erfasst). Bezogen auf alle Fälle lagen in 57,7 % (2003–2013) sowie 69,4 % (2015–2024) leichte Erkrankungsbilder/Verletzungen vor. Die häufigsten Einsatzindikationen waren Traumata (2003–2013: 25,9 %; 2015–2024: 29,2 %) und neurologische Erkrankungen (2003–2013: 26,2 %; 2015–2024: 20,7 %). Eine Abnahme zeigte sich bei respiratorischen Erkrankungen (−7,2 %), Reanimationen (−2,2 %) und „Sudden Infant Death Syndrome“ (−0,8 %); dagegen zeigte sich eine Zunahme psychiatrischer Einsatzbilder (+5,4 %), Ingestionen/Intoxikationen (+2,4 %) und Allergien/Anaphylaxien (+2,4 %). Eine erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit für psychiatrische Noteinsätze (OR 3,5; 95 % CI 1,7–5,5) wies das weibliche Geschlecht auf. Während der COVID-19 Pandemie (2020/2021) kam es zu einer Abnahme der Gesamteinsatzhäufigkeit (−50 %); hierbei zeigte sich ein Anstieg der Einsatzzahlen für psychiatrische (+4,3 %; OR 2,5; 95 % CI 1,2–5,4) und geburtshilfliche (+3,8 %) Einsätze sowie eine Abnahme traumatologischer Einsätze (−11,1 %; OR 0,6; 95 % CI 0,4–0,8). In 82,2 % (2003–2013) sowie in 58,7 % (2015–2024) aller Fälle wurde eine spezifische Therapie eingeleitet. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung zeigten Veränderungen im Einsatzspektrum zwischen den Jahren 2003–2013, 2015–2024 sowie der COVID-19-Pandemiezeit. Aufgrund des speziellen und unterschiedlichen Einsatzspektrums bei Kindern/Jugendlichen im Vergleich zu Erwachsenennotfällen ist eine Neuausrichtung der pädiatrischen rettungsdienstlichen Versorgung und Etablierung von fachlichen Zusatzqualifikationen zu diskutieren.

Strength development in children across a range of psychiatric diagnoses may reduce needs for mental health, social, and functioning support over time. A strength-based adjunct to child and adolescent mental health may foster the developmental context most helpful for achieving desired outcomes with positive developmental cascading effects. We longitudinally examined changes across 5 years in the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths Assessment in 2- to 18-year-old children (N = 30,103) from a public mental health system. First, children who began with a greater number of strengths consistently had fewer support needs, not only at entry but also at one, two, three, four, and five years later. Second, initial strengths appeared to have cumulative positive cascades with reduced support needs over time; each additional strength a child possessed at the beginning of service was associated with a progressively faster decrease in their support needs each subsequent year. Furthermore, developing more strengths during the service period also predicted lower support needs one, two, three, four, and five years later. Finally, the impact of developing strengths over time varied depending on the child's age. Developing more strengths was linked to an increasingly rapid reduction in support needs each year for 2- to 5-year-olds. In contrast, developing more strengths was linked to a progressively slower reduction in support needs each year for 11- to 15-year-olds. We provide empirical support suggesting both the clinical utility of strength-based behavioral health care and the value of strength development in relation to reduction in support needs as a transdiagnostic clinical dimension. In turn, positive developmental cascading effects during a sensitive period early in development suggest the importance of early intervention. Strength-based mental health classification and treatment systems can be balanced with a traditional mental health symptom focus to more broadly leverage individuals' abilities for adaptation.

BackgroundNeonatal nursing care requires ethical competence alongside technical expertise. Despite progress in Spain, disparities persist in ethical training and professional autonomy in neonatal units.ObjectiveTo examine the ethical dimension of neonatal nursing in Spain, including training, institutional resources, ethical climate, and experiences of ethical conflict and moral distress.Research designA descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study was conducted, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses to examine the ethical-professional reality of neonatal nurses nationwide. The study was based on an ad hoc questionnaire specifically designed for this research and validated through expert review and content validation procedures.Participants and research contextA total of 307 neonatal nurses in Spain completed an online questionnaire developed by the researcher with 24 structured and semi-structured items. The sample size was determined based on voluntary nationwide participation during the 6-month data collection period, aiming to maximize territorial representation and professional heterogeneity among neonatal nursing staff. The instrument explored sociodemographic, educational, professional, and institutional variables, together with experiences of moral distress and ethical conflict.Ethical considerationThe study followed the Declaration of Helsinki and Spanish and European data protection regulations. The questionnaire was fully anonymous, and no personal data or IP addresses were collected. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. As the study involved anonymous voluntary participation without clinical intervention or sensitive data processing, Ethics Committee approval was not required under regulations.FindingsMost participants had non-formal bioethics training, whereas formal postgraduate education was rare. Moral distress was reported by 85% of respondents, mainly related to treatment limitation, therapeutic obstinacy, and end-of-life care. Bioethics training and professional experience predicted moral distress, while Clinical Ethics Committees showed no predictive value. These findings highlight the need to strengthen ethics education and promote participatory institutional environments to support ethical decision-making and reduce moral distress in neonatal nursing practice.ConclusionThe ethical dimension of neonatal nursing in Spain is shaped by education, experience, and institutional climate. Training was associated with moral distress, but its impact depends on organizational support, underscoring the need for participatory environments to reduce suffering and strengthen ethical care.

The embodied self emerges from dynamic interactions between internal bodily signals and external sensory inputs, including those of social origin. Interoception (the perception and interpretation of internal bodily states) plays a central role in bodily self-consciousness and social cognition. Although socially salient contexts have been shown to modulate interoceptive accuracy (IAcc), the influence of passive social presence remains largely unexplored. In this study, we examined how the social exteroception modulates cardiac interoceptive accuracy using a heartbeat counting task in a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE). Neurologically healthy participants (N = 32; ages 19-45) completed the task under both social and non-social exteroceptive conditions. Results showed that the mere presence of social exteroceptive cues significantly decreased IAcc. These findings indicate that even minimal social cues can influence internal bodily awareness, supporting the view that the embodied self is inherently relational and dynamically influenced by its social environment. This effect may reflect attentional competition between interoceptive and exteroceptive processes, consistent with predictive coding and attentional switching models. By leveraging immersive virtual reality, we created ecologically valid yet precisely controlled social contexts, minimizing the confounds of real-life physiological coregulation. Beyond theoretical implications, this study raises methodological considerations regarding the potential influence of social context, including experimenter presence, on interoceptive performance, and may inform clinical research on mental health conditions characterized by altered interoceptive and social processing.

To develop and validate a simple, office-based screening tool for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in adolescents with obesity using readily available clinical indicators. This cross-sectional study utilized NHANES 2021-2023 data (derivation cohort, n = 100) and 2017-2020 data (temporal validation cohort, n = 149). MASLD was defined as controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) ≥245 dB/m. Model performance was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). A simplified three-variable model incorporating alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglycerides, and waist circumference demonstrated excellent discrimination (AUC 0.809, 95% CI: 0.721-0.897) in derivation and remained robust in validation (AUC 0.725, 95% CI: 0.636-0.814). Inclusion of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) did not significantly improve performance (DeLong P >0.05). This validated three-parameter model requires no specialized tests or insulin measurement, providing a practical tool for frontline pediatricians to stratify MASLD risk during routine visits.

Childhood mental and behavioral health problems have increased in recent years in the United States, yet limited research has examined how positive childhood experiences (PCEs) across family and community contexts are associated with mental health across development. Using data from 68,000 children aged 6-17 years in the 2022-2023 National Survey of Children's Health, this study assessed whether Family- and community-level PCEs were independently and cumulatively associated with depression, anxiety, and behavioral problems. Family and community PCEs were categorized as low, moderate, or high. Weighted logistic regression models estimated associations with mental and behavioral health outcomes, with and without adjustment for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and sociodemographic characteristics. Predicted probabilities were calculated to evaluate cumulative patterns across contexts. Low family PCEs were associated with higher odds of depression (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI, 1.25-1.89), anxiety (AOR = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.48), and behavioral problems (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.36-2.09), and low community PCEs showed similar associations across outcomes. These associations remained robust after adjustment for ACEs and sociodemographic factors. Although interaction effects were small, predicted probabilities revealed a clear cumulative pattern, with the lowest risk observed when both family and community PCEs were high. Findings suggest that family and community PCEs were each independently associated with mental and behavioral health outcomes, and predicted probabilities revealed a cumulative pattern across PCE domains. These findings underscore the importance of supporting both family and community environments, as each context showed independent associations with depression, anxiety, and behavioral problems across developmental stages, highlighting the value of multilevel approaches to support child and adolescent mental and behavioral health.

To examine the association between age at menarche and general and/or abdominal obesity in Brazilian women aged ≥ 50 years. Cross-sectional study conducted with data from the second wave of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros(ELSI-Brazil, 2019-2021), in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 50 years. Self-reported age at menarche was categorized as ≤ 12 years, 13-15 years, and ≥ 16 years. General obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥ 30 kg/m2, and abdominal obesity as a waist circumference of ≥ 88 cm. The variables were combined into "general or abdominal obesity" and "general and abdominal obesity". Multinomial logistic regression adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics was used. Among the 4,229 participants, 41.1% (95% confidence interval -95%CI 37.9-44.3) reported menarche at ≤ 12 years and 9.3% (95%CI 8.0-10.9) at ≥ 16 years. The prevalence of general or abdominal obesity was 36.6% (95%CI 33.7-39.5), while the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity was 35.0% (95%CI 32.5-37.7). After adjustments, women with age at menarche of ≤ 12 and 13-15 years had, respectively, 84% (odds ratio - OR = 1.84; 95%CI 1.14-2.98) and 64% (OR = 1.64; 95%CI 1.04-2.57) greater odds of general and abdominal obesity compared with those with menarche at ≥ 16 years. There was no significant association between age at menarche and general or abdominal obesity. Menarche before age 16 is associated with a higher odds of general and abdominal obesity combined, but not in isolation, suggesting its potential as a relevant marker for the formulation of public policies aimed at preventing obesity in girls from school age onwards.

BackgroundDepression is a widespread mental health disorder that disproportionately affects women of reproductive age due to a combination of biological, social, and environmental factors. It significantly impacts productivity, increases morbidity and disability, and poses challenges to the global economy. In Bangladesh, there have been few studies addressing this issue using modern analytical methods, despite its importance for public health.ObjectivesThe study aims to develop the best predictive model for depression risk factor analysis and to assess the PHQ-9 scale.DesignThis study extracted data from the cross-sectional survey.MethodsWe utilized data from the BDHS 2022, which gathered information on depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The study included 13,113 ever-married women aged 15-49 years. To develop the predictive model, several machine learning algorithms were used. The performance of each model was assessed using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and specificity. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was conducted to interpret and rank each feature's contribution to the model's output.ResultsApproximately 4.54% of women experienced moderate to severe depression. The Boruta algorithm identified 21 significant risk factors from a total of 25 variables, spanning demographic, socioeconomic, household, and reproductive domains, for predicting depressive symptoms. The Random Forest (RF) and Decision Tree models showed good performance across different performance metrics, achieving sensitivity of (0.068, 95% CI:0.064-0.072) and (0.409, 95% CI:0.395-0.423), specificity of (0.946, 95% CI:0.945-0.948) and (0.640, 95% CI: 0.629-0.651), and accuracy of (0.906, 95% CI:0.905-0.907), and (0.630, 95% CI:0.620-0.641). Whereas, boosting models also showed comparable performance. SHAP analysis revealed that household size, number of children under 5 in the household, and number of women in the household were the most influential predictors.ConclusionThe study demonstrated the effectiveness of the RF and decision tree model in detecting depression among Bangladeshi women, proving to be a valuable tool for identifying and predicting risk factors related to women's mental health. The findings indicate that combining machine learning with the PHQ-9 would help screen for depressive symptoms in large-scale public health settings while accounting for different covariate effects.

Early exposure to maternal depression can increase risk for offspring mental health problems across the lifespan. Less is known about the transdiagnostic pathways through which maternal depression influences offspring mental health risk in young adulthood. This pre-registered study tested the prospective associations of maternal depression (total exposure and instability) with offspring mental health in young adulthood and evaluated adolescent emotion dynamics as transdiagnostic mechanisms. This study used data from the Future Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS; n = 4898). Maternal depression was assessed when children were 1, 3, 5, and 9 years old and offspring young adult depression and anxiety was assessed at age 22 with structured clinical interviews. Adolescent daily and biweekly positive and negative emotions were assessed in two Future of Families and Child Wellbeing study substudies (n range = 513-1049) when offspring were 15 years old. Informed by theory and past research, we calculated variability, instability, and inertia to assess emotion dynamics and instability to assess maternal depression dynamics. We tested study aims using logistic regression, multivariate regression, and mediation models. Total exposure to maternal depression predicted greater odds of offspring young adult depression whereas instability in maternal depression was not directly associated with offspring mental health. Offspring biweekly emotion dynamics during adolescence significantly predicted subsequent anxiety and depression. Additionally, greater instability in maternal depression was associated with lower biweekly instability in sadness during adolescence, which was in turn associated with greater likelihood of young adult anxiety. Associations were independent of mean emotion levels and covariates. Overall, findings highlight the importance of considering how the dynamics of mood and emotions across generations (e.g., mother, offspring) and timescales (e.g., daily, biweekly, yearly) may shape young adult psychopathology. To build from these initial findings, future studies could investigate these processes using genetically informative longitudinal designs, causal mediation analyses, and continuous measures of maternal depression.

To evaluate the relationship between dietary patterns and inflammatory markers in Brazilian adolescents with obesity. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 70 post-pubertal adolescents aged 15-19 years of both sexes who were classified as obese according to the World Health Organization criteria. Blood samples were collected to determine leptin and adiponectin levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, and the leptin/adiponectin ratio was calculated. Anthropometric measurements and body composition were assessed. Food intake was evaluated using a 24-hour dietary recall and categorized according to the NOVA classification into: fresh or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods, and ultra-processed foods. Participants were grouped according to sugar-sweetened beverage intake into intakers (n=41) and non-intakers (n=29). Adolescents who consumed sugar-sweetened beverages had higher fat-free mass, body weight, resting metabolic rate, and pro-inflammatory leptin/adiponectin ratio. They also showed greater intake of total grams, energy, proteins, lipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates, fiber, and saturated and polyunsaturated fats from ultra-processed foods. Additional analyses revealed that ultra-processed food intake was associated with increased body weight and higher waist and neck circumferences, which are relevant predictors of pro-inflammatory status. The findings suggest that sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and high ultra-processed food intake are associated with unfavorable anthropometric indicators and increased pro-inflammatory biomarkers, reflected by higher leptin/adiponectin ratios in adolescents with obesity. RBR-6txv3v.

BackgroundEvidence supporting calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody (CGRP mAb) use in adolescents with migraine is limited. Rapid recovery for daily school functioning is particularly important during this stage of life. We aimed to evaluate early functional outcomes in daily and school activities, as well as headache-related outcomes after initiating CGRP mAb therapy in Japanese adolescents with migraine.MethodsThis single-center retrospective cohort study included patients aged 15-17&#x2005;years who received CGRP mAb therapy (galcanezumab, fremanezumab or erenumab) for migraine between May 2021 and July 2025. The primary outcome was time to clinically meaningful improvement on the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) scores, comprising a reduction of &#x2265;&#x2009;6 points from baseline, and was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Secondary outcomes included tracking longitudinal HIT-6 trajectories with mixed-effects models for repeated measures, exploratory univariable comparisons for early response (&#x2265;&#x2009;6-point reduction within 10-14 weeks), questionnaire-based daily functioning assessments, and safety evaluations.ResultsOf 34 adolescents who initiated CGRP mAb therapy, 33 participated in HIT-6 analyses. The cumulative response rate began increasing immediately after treatment initiation, reaching 68.3% (95% confidence interval&#x2009;=&#x2009;44.6-81.8%) within the 10-14-week period; approximately half of the responders achieved meaningful improvement by weeks 4-6. Mixed-effects models for repeated measures analyses adjusted for baseline HIT-6 scores showed a least-squares mean change of -9.4 points at 12 weeks (95% confidence interval&#x2009;=&#x2009;-14.2 to -4.6; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), with benefits sustained over follow-up. Among questionnaire respondents (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;27), school attendance or concentration in the classroom was the most affected activity before treatment (70.4%) and 88.9% indicated that their primary treatment goals were mostly or partially achieved. Adverse events were reported by 40.7% of participants, primarily injection-site reactions (29.6%), none of which led to therapy discontinuations or modifications.ConclusionsIn this real-world adolescent cohort, CGRP mAb therapy was associated with early and clinically meaningful improvements in headache-related impact and self-reported functioning. Safety and tolerability findings are particularly notable given the limited evidence in this age group. Further prospective controlled studies are warranted to validate these findings and to identify predictors of early functional response.

Children with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) and those exposed to HIV but uninfected (HEU) are at increased risk for adverse cognitive and behavioral outcomes, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluated the efficacy of brain powered games (BPG), a mobile computerized cognitive rehabilitation intervention, on neurocognitive outcomes among children with PHIV, HEU, and HIV unexposed uninfected children (HUU) in Uganda and Malawi. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in Uganda and Malawi enrolling 599 children aged 5 to 12 years (PHIV = 120, HEU = 239, HUU = 240). Participants were randomized to a 12-week BPG intervention or a waitlist. Neuropsychological outcomes were assessed at baseline, postintervention, and 6-month follow-up using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Second Edition (KABC-II), test of variables of attention, and Cogstate. Linear mixed-effects models estimated intervention effects, separately by country. In Uganda, children receiving BPG demonstrated higher Learning composite scores (3.34; 95% CI, 1.03-5.65), Mental Processing Index scores (2.39; 95% CI, 0.78-4.01), and Nonverbal Index scores in KABC-II (2.28; 95% CI, 0.27-4.28) immediately postintervention compared with waitlist. Cogstate Maze Learning was higher postintervention (0.02; 95% CI, 0.004-0.043) and at 6 months (0.02; 95% CI, 0.003-0.040). In Malawi, Planning scores (-2.22; 95% CI, -4.39 to -0.05) and Delayed Recall scores (-2.87; 95% CI, -5.22 to -0.51) in KABC-II were lower in the intervention arm postintervention, whereas Cogstate Identification scores were higher (-0.03; 95% CI, -0.05 to -0.004). Mobile cognitive training produced modest, domain-specific cognitive benefits, with effects varying by context and HIV exposure status.

Affective dysregulation (AD) in children is characterized by irritability, anger, and frequent intense temper outbursts. Considerable evidence implies altered processing of frustration about missed rewards, but few studies investigated the preceding and thus potentially predictive reward anticipation and initial delivery processing in children with AD. A total of 103 children aged 8-12&#xa0;years (50 with AD and 53 without AD) were examined during a monetary reward anticipation task with event-related potential (ERP) components resolving reward anticipation (cue-CNV [Contingent Negative Variation]) and reward delivery phases (Reward Positivity and Feedback-Related Negativity). All components were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. Regression analyses also evaluated the associations between those ERP components and dimensional AD symptoms. Children with AD showed attenuated anticipatory reward processing compared to No-ADs. The CNV at fronto-central site (FCz) showed a significant group effect (No-AD&#xa0;>&#xa0;AD, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.017). Post-hoc test showed that this group difference was stronger for the cue monetary condition (monetary cue: p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.007, d&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.56, verbal cue: p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.901, d&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.16), and that only the No-AD group showed a significant difference between conditions (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001). No significant effects were obtained for the delivery phase. Regression analysis showed that a reduced anticipatory CNV at FCz significantly explained AD symptoms, and that anger/irritability and anxiety/depressive symptoms predicted a reduced anticipatory CNV at FCz. This neurophysiological characterization of reward anticipation and delivery in children with AD demonstrates altered neural activity in AD during anticipation of reward rather than following the delivery (or omission) of the reward itself. Our results highlight that altered reward anticipation in AD can occur outside frustration-prone tasks or settings, and underline the important role of both anger/irritability and anxiety/depressive symptoms in the pathophysiology of AD for atypical reward anticipation.