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Exercise Physiology is a core course in the physical education major at higher education institutions. In the context of the modern era, leveraging generative artificial intelligence (AI) to reform its teaching framework is crucial for cultivating specialized professionals and advancing quality-oriented education. Addressing three major challenges in first-year university exercise physiology instruction-complex and interconnected teaching mechanisms that hinder systematic understanding, insufficient intuitive connections between microscopic mechanisms and macroscopic manifestations, and inadequate development of creativity-driven problem-solving skills grounded in physiological principles-the study employed AI agents and related technologies to innovate teaching philosophies, content delivery, instructional processes, and assessment methods. An innovative "three-phase, six-cycle" blended learning model was implemented. After one semester of practical implementation(16 weeks), evaluation through questionnaires and exam scores demonstrated that empowerment of Artificial Intelligence into blended teaching in Exercise Physiology significantly enhanced first-year students' critical thinking, interdisciplinary competencies, and academic performance. These findings indicated promising applications of AI in exercise physiology education. With well - designed guidance strategies and human supervision, AI agents can serve as effective teaching assistants in higher education, freeing instructors from repetitive tasks to focus on more innovative and personalized interactive instruction.
To compare the efficacy and safety of transradial (TR) versus transfemoral (TF) access in peripheral arterial angioplasty and stenting, providing evidence to guide clinical decision-making in endovascular interventions. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies comparing TR and TF approaches in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) were included. Databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) were searched up to May 10, 2025. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool, and RevMan 5.3 was used for statistical analysis. Outcomes included technical success, fluoroscopy time, hospital stay, minor/major bleeding, and access site complications. Seventeen studies (13 210 patients) were analyzed. No significant difference was found in technical success (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48, P = .36, 95% CI, 0.64, 3.54). However, TR access was associated with a shorter hospital stay (mean difference = -0.09 days, P = .01, 95% CI, -0.16, -0.02) and a trend toward fewer access site complications (OR = 0.49, P = .07, 95% CI, 0.23, 1.06), with significant reduction in lower extremity interventions (P < .01). Transradial also showed lower bleeding risks, with a trend in minor bleeding (P = .09) and significant reduction in major bleeding (P = .03). Transradial access for peripheral angioplasty and stenting offers advantages over TF, including reduced hospital stay, fewer complications, and lower bleeding risks. As TR techniques advance, TR may become the preferred approach, particularly when TF access is not feasible.Clinical ImpactThis study provides clinically relevant evidence supporting transradial (TR) access as a practical alternative to transfemoral (TF) access for peripheral arterial interventions. TR access showed fewer access-site complications, shorter hospitalization, and a trend toward reduced bleeding, suggesting benefits for both patient recovery and healthcare resource use. Although TF access remains preferable in certain femoropopliteal interventions, the growing availability of TR-specific devices and robotic technologies may further expand the role of TR access. These findings can guide access-site selection and improve procedural safety in clinical practice.
Hemodialysis is the primary renal replacement therapy in the US for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Functioning vascular access, in the form of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or graft (AVG), is fundamental to the outcomes for these patients. Over the last decade, changes have occurred in the field of vascular access. Evolving guidelines have placed unprecedented emphasis on individualized access, and rapid innovation-particularly in endovascular technologies-has expanded the toolkit for access creation and maintenance. This narrative review offers vascular medicine providers an in-depth evaluation of contemporary practice relating to hemodialysis access, including a comprehensive review of emerging technologies expected to shape the future of hemodialysis care.
The integration of digital technologies into older adult care requires higher vocational students majoring in Smart Older Adult Care to possess information literacy. However, higher vocational education cultivates technical and skilled talents, while undergraduate education focuses on academic research-oriented talents; thus, their information literacy frameworks cannot be interchanged. Yet prior research has largely focused on general university students or healthcare professionals, lacking targeted evaluation tools for higher vocational students. The gap impedes evidence-based teaching assessment and targeted talent development. To develop an information literacy evaluation framework for higher vocational students majoring in Smart Older Adult Care and calculate the weights of its indicators. A Delphi-AHP study. A multi-method study was conducted in China (April-October 2025), integrating a systematic literature review, expert group discussions, a two-round Delphi survey involving 17 experts, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Expert positivity coefficients were 94.4% in the first round and 100% in the second, with an authority coefficient of 0.841. Kendall's W were 0.217 and 0.246 (both p < 0.001). The final framework consisted of 4 first-level, 13 s-level, and 44 third-level indicators, with all consistency ratios (CR) < 0.1. The first-level weights were as follows: Information Application and Innovation (0.4718), Information Awareness (0.3073), Information Knowledge (0.1228), and Information Ethics and Security (0.0981). This study developed a preliminary information literacy framework tailored to higher vocational students, emphasizing practical competence. Further psychometric verification is recommended.
Policy Points Improving population health while reducing inequality is possible, but it depends on broad institutional investments whose benefits extend across the socioeconomic distribution rather than accruing primarily to the advantaged. The education-health gradient is sensitive to the race between technology and education. Recent advances have disproportionately benefitted college-educated persons, and differential automation risk and unequal access to therapeutics, such as GLP-1 agonists, may widen these gaps further and further entrench this inequalities without policy intervention to improve the health of the whole population. To the extent that technological displacement accelerates job loss and compounds the economic and social precarity already driving the stagnation in life expectancy among less-educated persons, the educational divide in health is poised to widen further unless policies decouple access to health insurance from employment status or otherwise shore up the labor market position of the most vulnerable workers. In this perspective, we have reviewed the historical evidence on the association between education and health in the United States, arguing that attention to public policies related to both education and technology are fundamentally important in understanding historical changes in the educational divide in life expectancy. Our assessment of the literature suggests that the relatively narrow educational gap in life expectancy throughout much of the 20th century until 1970 reflected a rapid expansion of education in the population combined with the deployment of technologies that benefitted the majority of Americans. In the latter part of the 20th century and into the 21st century, however, life expectancy for Americans with less than a college degree stalled, whereas the life spans of college-educated Americans grew at a rapid pace. We argue that the faster pace of technological change compared to educational changes in the population fueled the rise in life expectancy of college-educated persons, with life expectancy among less-educated persons being increasingly contingent on state policies focused on employment and health opportunities. The implications of these findings suggest that the educational divide in adult health is likely to grow even greater in the decades ahead with continued rapid technological advances.
Single-cell technologies have transformed our understanding of common cancers, though remain limited in scope for rare disease. The purpose of this review is to describe the impact of these studies on adrenocortical carcinoma. Pangenomic studies in adrenocortical carcinoma have revealed that this disease is comprised of distinct molecular subtypes with prognostic import. Recent, though limited, single cell studies in adrenocortical carcinoma have characterized a unique interplay between steroidogenic cancer cell populations and the immune system. Studies to date suggest that adrenocortical carcinoma is comprised of heterogeneous populations that coexist in specific ecotypes, with distinct features that may contribute to intrinsic therapeutic resistance. To leverage translational potential of these findings, large-scale multiinstitutional studies, including spatial information, are needed.
Granulation is a complex microbial-aggregation process essential for forming aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and other microbial granules used in wastewater treatment. However, the biological mechanisms that drive granule formation remain poorly understood. Cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a well-established second messenger that regulates biofilm formation, suggesting it may be used to enhance microbial granulation. Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155, a nonpathogenic model bacterium for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, naturally forms granules. Unlike other bacteria, M. smegmatis carries a single c-di-GMP modulating gene, dcpA, that encodes an enzyme with both diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities; this genetic simplicity offers a unique opportunity to examine the role of c-di-GMP in granulation. Here, we generated and studied three engineered M. smegmatis strains overexpressing dcpA, dcpA∆EAL, or dcpA D192A/E193A, the latter two of which are defective in either PDE or DGC activity, respectively. Using these engineered strains, we examined different forms of biofilm growth, cell morphology, plastic surface adhesion, granulation, and settleability. Results of sludge volume index and microscopy indicated that the aggregates of M. smegmatis were granules rather than flocs, and the settleability of the granules was particularly robust when the cells were grown in a carbon rich medium known to promote granulation. Engineered strains sustained stable granulation more effectively than the wildtype under a low concentration Tween-80 treatment, which was used to induce dispersion. These results suggest that overproduction of DcpA and thus the modulated level of intracellular c-di-GMP enhances granulation and promotes granule persistence in M. smegmatis. Our study further demonstrates that M. smegmatis is a useful model for elucidating biological mechanisms underlying granulation, which could be leveraged to improve granular technologies for wastewater treatment.
Severe occupational stress and burnout are widespread among teachers in primary and secondary schools in urbanizing China. While studies have examined these phenomena, few studies have used an individual-centered perspective meanwhile integrated Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) and Network Analysis (NA) to investigate the heterogeneity and underlying connections between stress and occupational burnout. This study aimed to address these gaps by examining co-occurrence patterns and core symptoms of teacher stress and burnout in a sample of 2,769 teachers using the Wilson Stress Profile and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The LPA revealed two distinct latent profiles: low stress-burnout and high stress-burnout. NA showed heterogeneity in the stressburnout network, with physical symptoms central in the low stress-burnout group and emotional exhaustion in the high stress-burnout group. The networks indicated strong interconnections, suggesting a dynamic link between stress and burnout. These findings highlight the varied experiences of teacher stress and burnout, informing targeted interventions to improve teacher well-being.
In health systems outside the United States (US) with longer biosimilar experience, use has shifted from a question of adoption to one of implementation. Tenders, formularies, and payer policies are progressively driving reference-product-to-biosimilar, biosimilar-to-biosimilar, switchback transitions, and retransitioning in routine care, posing significant clinical, operational, and governance difficulties. This structured narrative review examines evidence published from 1 January 2015 to 15 March 2026 on repeated switching within a single reference-product family. It focuses on efficacy, safety, immunogenicity, persistence, switchback, clinician-led and non-medical switching, nocebo mechanisms, communication, patient education, device support, pharmacovigilance, and traceability. While data on repeated and cross-switching are promising yet nascent, particularly outside tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and beyond short-term follow-up periods, current evidence unequivocally supports initial switching. Successful outcomes depend upon pharmacovigilance, traceability, structured communication, and device support, in addition to molecular comparability. Injection-site pain during adalimumab transitions may be attributed to citrate content, pH, injection volume, or device variations, and should not be prematurely categorized as a nocebo effect. Explicit governance frameworks for repeated-switch programs and prospective, implementation-sensitive evidence are requisite for future clinical advancements.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by dynamically recurring inflammatory episodes, and targeting T cells has been shown to effectively alleviate RA. Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is widely distributed in the membrane structures of immune cells and participates in the differentiation and homeostasis of CD4+ T cell subsets through signal transduction; however, its role in RA has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to examine the expression pattern and clinical relevance of CAV-1 in RA, and to elucidate its regulatory role in CD4+ T cell-mediated immune imbalance during disease progression. This retrospective clinical study was conducted to detect serum CAV-1 levels in RA and healthy controls (HCs), characterize its expression in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells and synovial tissues, and evaluate its association with clinical parameters. A collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model was established and treated with the CAV-1 inhibitor hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). Joint pathology, CD4+ T cell infiltration, differentiation, and the expression of related inflammatory cytokines were assessed using histopathological and immunological approaches. CAV-1 expression in serum, CD4+ T cells, and synovial tissues was significantly higher in RA than in HC and was positively correlated with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (Anti-CCP) and rheumatoid factor (RF) levels. HP-β-CD treatment markedly relieved joint inflammation and structural damage in CIA mice, reduced CD4+ T cell infiltration, and significantly suppressed the differentiation of T helper 1, T helper 17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells, accompanied by decreased expression of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). CAV-1 is aberrantly upregulated in RA and contributes to disease pathogenesis by regulating CD4+ T cell differentiation. Targeting CAV-1 may represent a promising strategy for RA diagnosis and immunomodulatory therapy.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 2 (MTHFR2) plays a vital role in the one-carbon (1C) pathway, mediating plant immunity in Arabidopsis against rice blast, a role conserved across the plant kingdom. To understand the structural, conformational dynamics, evolutionary modifications and molecular activity of MTHFR2, we identified that the A55V substitution in an EMS mutant of Arabidopsis which diminishes disease resistance against rice blast. We hypothesized about its key role in regulating the enzyme activities involved in the 1C metabolic pathway. Molecular dynamic simulations, demonstrated that the A55V mutation induces structural alterations and instability at the enzyme active site, affecting its function. Ramachandran plot analysis revealed that the mutant had a slight reduction in favored conformations (94.097% vs. 94.662%). The root mean square deviation analysis exhibited 48.7% and 183% increase in structural deviation and conformational variability, respectively, in the mutant suggesting lower stability. Root mean square fluctuation analysis showed a 39.8% increase in the flexibility of residues in the NADH binding pocket, indicating impaired ligand recognition, altering the resultant product (5-CH3-THF). Differences in global compactness (radius of gyration) and solvent exposure (solvent-accessible surface area) were minimal, yet localized instability was apparent. Evolutionary analysis revealed that MTHFR2 was highly conserved among plant species and soybean orthologs had 81% similarity, therefore exhibit nonhost resistance. In vitro functional assays showed that soybean extracts suppressed Magnaporthe oryzae conidia germination and development, implying a conserved metabolite-based defense mechanism. Collectively, our findings establish a structural and functional framework for understanding MTHFR2's conserved role and lay the groundwork for future research aiming at connecting enzyme function to metabolite-based immunity in plants.
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in females internationally. Doxorubicin (DOX) has been well-thought-out as the most effective regimen for breast cancer treatment for several years. The chronic side effects of DOX obligate us to control the dosage that can be used, although its efficacy. Radiotherapy is a vigorous regimen in breast cancer treatment, but correlated side effects are determining factors for a successful recovery. Combined metronomic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, at low doses, can reduce the side effects of single-modality treatments. We have studied the dose 1.8 mg/kg twice per week for 8 weeks of DOX singly or with 0.5 Gy fractionated doses of gamma radiation on inducing cell death, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, and also P53, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), and caspase-3 gene expression in an animal breast cancer model. Treatment with DOX resulted in upregulation of apoptosis and downregulation of cell division at an accumulated dose of 0.5 Gy, as well as downregulation of Bcl-2 gene expression and upregulation of p53, Bax, and caspase-3 gene expression in animals bearing breast cancer. In addition, DOX in combination with radiation decreased the tumor size. A metronomic dose of DOX, when used with a low dose of gamma radiation, with the least side effects, could be a successful treatment for breast cancer in clinical trials.
Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) solar cells have attracted considerable attention owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties. However, their efficiency remains severely limited by non-radiative recombination. To address this issue, previous studies have mainly focused on crystal orientation, defect passivation, and interfacial energy-level alignment. Nevertheless, the role of strain in regulating thin-film growth and carrier dynamics has long been overlooked. Here, a heterojunction engineering strategy based on Co2+-doped CdS buffer layers is proposed to regulate lattice strain through tailoring the CdS lattice parameters. Co2+ is found to partially substitute for Cd2+ sites in the CdS lattice. Owing to its smaller ionic radius, Co2+ incorporation induces CdS lattice contraction, thereby reducing the lattice mismatch at the CdS/Sb2Se3 interface, markedly promoting strain relaxation, and improving the growth quality of Sb2Se3 films. Meanwhile, the partial back-diffusion of Co2+ into the Sb2Se3 absorber modulates its crystallization process, promotes preferred orientation, and suppresses defect formation. Moreover, density functional theory calculations combined with experimental characterizations reveal that Co2+ incorporation strengthens interfacial electronic coupling and facilitates charge transfer across the heterojunction. Benefiting from the synergistic effects, the optimized device delivers a champion power conversion efficiency of 9.44%, corresponding to a 16.4% enhancement over the control device.
The development of high-energy-density Li─Cl2 batteries is hindered by insufficient Cl2 storage in cathodes. Although porous host materials have been preliminarily explored, the effect of pore size on Cl2 confinement and electrochemical behavior still remains unclear. Herein, two novel covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with distinct pore sizes, namely TH-COF (mesoporous, 2.7 nm) and HH-COF (microporous, 0.9 nm), were fabricated by reacting triphenylene-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarboxylic acid with 3- and 6-connected amines, respectively, to serve as a model system for elucidating the pore-size effect in Li-Cl2 batteries. Owing to its smaller pore size and resultant stronger spatial confinement, the microporous HH-COF enables superior Cl2 capture and markedly enhanced battery performance, as exemplified by a high capacity of 4500 mAh g-1, a high current density of 10 000 mA g-1, and a Coulombic efficiency (CE) above 94% for each of the 500 cycles, outperforming its mesoporous TH-COF counterpart and all previously reported electrodes. Density functional theory calculations reveal stronger host-guest interactions between Cl2 and the microporous HH-COF than its mesoporous counterpart TH-COF. This study not only clarifies the pivotal role of pore-size engineering in Li-Cl2 batteries but also establishes a rational design principle for developing high-performance Cl2 host cathodes.
Ischemic stroke (IS), the main stroke type, causes neuronal injury via hypoperfusion and hypoxia, imposes heavy health burdens, and is characterized by neurological deficits driven by oxidative stress and inflammation. A rat model of IS was established via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunctions post-IS were assessed using neurological function scoring, the rotarod test, the adhesive removal test, the foot-fault test, and the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Brain injury was evaluated by TTC staining, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blotting. For mechanistic exploration, RNA transcriptome sequencing analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and ELISA were employed to determine UA's effects on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation following IS. UA treatment was confirmed to exert neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke, as it can inhibit neuronal injury and improve sensorimotor and cognitive functions in rats. Mechanistically, UA upregulates the expression of Nrf2/HO-1, thereby enhancing antioxidant capacity characterized by increased levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, GSH-Px) and decreased level of the lipid peroxidation marker MDA. Additionally, UA suppresses neuroinflammation, which is manifested by reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and elevated level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. RNA transcriptome sequencing analysis further revealed that these neuroprotective effects of UA may be associated with inhibition of pathological NF-κB activation. Urolithin A may exert neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke by inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Collectively, this study provides theoretical support for the clinical translation of UA as a poststroke neuroprotective agent.
Complete blood count (CBC) discrimination indices are widely used as low-cost triage tools for microcytosis, but their diagnostic utility in population-based samples with ferritin-defined iron status is uncertain. We evaluated whether commonly used indices distinguish ferritin-defined iron-deficient from noniron-deficient microcytosis among women aged 18-49 years. We analyzed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016, 2017-2018, and August 2021-August 2023 data among nonpregnant women aged 18-49 years with CBC, serum ferritin, and survey design variables. Among microcytic (MCV < 80 fL) women, iron-deficient microcytosis was defined as ferritin < 15 ng/mL and noniron-deficient microcytosis as ferritin ≥ 15 ng/mL. Mentzer, England-Fraser, Srivastava, and red cell distribution width (RDW) indices were evaluated at conventional cutoffs. Sensitivity analyses used ferritin < 30 ng/mL and C-reactive protein (CRP) restrictions of ≤ 5 and ≤ 3 mg/L. All estimates were survey-weighted. Among 3991 women, 507 had microcytosis. Ferritin-defined noniron-deficient microcytosis comprised 40.8% (95% CI, 35.5-46.2) and remained 37.0% and 33.6% after CRP restrictions of ≤ 5 and ≤ 3 mg/L. With ferritin ≥ 30 ng/mL, the corresponding proportions were 26.5%, 22.6%, and 20.2%. All four indices showed high sensitivity (92.9%-97.6%) but poor specificity (6.7%-35.3%). RDW had the highest specificity but still misclassified most noniron-deficient cases. Classic CBC indices had limited utility as standalone triage tools for ferritin-defined microcytosis. Ferritin-based assessment, interpreted in the relevant clinical and inflammatory context, should remain central. Persistent microcytosis without evidence of reduced iron stores should prompt diagnostic reconsideration and, when appropriate, hemoglobinopathy-aware evaluation.
Selective scattering of electrons near the Fermi level is the kinetic origin of the thermoelectric effect. Pronounced band nonparabolicity near the band edge is expected to promote the decoupling of a high Seebeck coefficient from high electrical conductivity; however, accessing this band-edge transport regime at low temperatures remains challenging, as defect-dominated scattering often masks the intrinsic band-structure effects. Here, we experimentally show that single-crystalline Bi2Te3 can access a reduced-scattering band-edge transport regime in which the transport distribution becomes strongly energy dependent, enabling simultaneously a sizable thermopower and a high carrier mobility at cryogenic temperatures. This approach yields a record thermoelectric power factor of three times as high as that of conventional parabolic band-dominated Bi2Te3. Quantum oscillation measurements reveal multiband transport components consistent with the band-structure complexity of Bi2Te3, and magneto-thermal conductivity measurements indicate a reduced Lorenz factor and suppressed electronic thermal conductivity in the same regime. The resultant over 600% thermoelectric enhancement in conventional Bi2Te3 demonstrates a practical strategy of advancement by engineering band-edge transport in strong spin-orbit coupled materials.
Lithium metal anodes are pivotal for next-generation high-energy batteries, yet practical deployment is severely limited by rampant dendrite growth, fragile solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), and drastic volume expansion under high-areal-capacity and lean-electrolyte industrial conditions. Conventional porous carbon hosts suffer from disordered pore geometry and tortuous ion transport, failing to balance deposition uniformity, interfacial stability, and manufacturing feasibility. Herein, an ordered macroporous graphene carbon monolith (OMGC-O-3 h) is fabricated via a dry-pressing route, with long-range pore ordering isolated as the sole structural regulatory variable. The low-density bicontinuous ordered network homogenizes the interfacial electric field, eliminates current hotspots, and induces regulated Coble creep, achieving dendrite-free Li deposition with volume expansion restricted below 33.9% at 30 mAh cm-2. Combined with cryo-FIB-SEM tomography and multiphysics simulations, the inherent structure-activity correlation is clarified. Moderate oxygen functionalization in situ constructs a robust LiF/Li2O-rich SEI to suppress parasitic side reactions. The optimized Li@OMGC-O-3 h anode achieves stable cycling over 1900 h at 1 mA cm-2 with negligible polarization. Paired with high-loading LiFePO4 cathodes under an N/P capacity ratio of 3.24, the full cell delivers superior cycling durability and a high energy density of 378.5 Wh kg-1. This work provides a scalable, dry-process-compatible structural strategy toward industrially viable high-stability lithium metal batteries.
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) suffer from poor Zn anode stability in aqueous electrolytes, arising from disordered Zn deposition and parasitic reactions. While artificial solid electrolyte interfaces mitigate these issues, their fabrication is complex and time-consuming. In this study, an ultrafast chemical solution reaction and selective etching are designed to in situ exfoliate a highly durable (002) plane-exposed GA@Zn layer across the non-uniform topography of the primary zinc substrate, effectively addressing these problems. Theoretical calculations combined with the experimental characterization show that a specific (002)-dominant GA@Zn layer, as a multifunctional structure, mitigates the electrodeposition "tip effect" and suppresses dendrite formation. Moreover, the surface polarization field regulates interfacial electric field distribution, guiding uniform Zn2+ diffusion and deposition, while preventing water-Zn direct contact, increasing hydrogen evolution overpotential, and eliminating side reactions. Consequently, the 4%GA@Zn symmetric cell maintains stable cycling for more than 4200 h at 2 mA cm-2, and the Znǁσ-MnO2 full battery keeps an 80% capacity retention rate after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1. The present investigation offers a straightforward method for developing high-stability Zn anodes for advanced AZIBs.
Dry reforming of methane, the endothermic co-conversion of CH4 and CO2 into syngas (H2/CO), is typically limited by low-temperature activity and carbon-induced deactivation at high temperatures. Here, a geometrically isolated dual-site architecture is established by co-anchoring Ni and Ru atomic sites on defect-rich CeO2. The optimized 1NiRu/CeO2 catalyst achieves CH4/CO2 conversions of 21.46%/24.10% and a H2/CO ratio of 0.91 at 500°C, and approaches equilibrium (86.77%/92.78%) at 750°C. 1NiRu/CeO2 demonstrates outstanding stability over 150 h, with negligible carbon deposition compared to 1Ru/CeO2. Operando spectroscopy and theoretical calculations reveal preferential CH4 activation at Ru sites in the isolated Ni-Ru dual-site structure. The Ruδ+-Ov-Ce3+ interfacial sites preferentially dissociate CH4 into CH3 * species that are further oxidized to CH3O* via a low-barrier, lattice oxygen-mediated pathway, while Niδ+-Ov-Ce3+ sites readily activate CO2 and replenish Olattice. This oxidative pathway effectively suppresses CHx deep dehydrogenation and, coupled with Ni-driven CO2 activation, establishes a self-sustaining Olattice/Ov redox cycle. This synergistic cycle enables a site-selective division of labour for CH4/CO2 activation, thereby maintaining coke-resistant activity across 400°C-750°C. This work establishes a generalizable strategy for isolated dual-site catalyst design, where Ru-preferential CH4 activation and vacancy-governed interfacial cooperation orchestrate low-temperature activity, stability, and coke resistance, enabling efficient and durable CH4/CO2 valorization via dry reforming.