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Amphibians are the most threatened group of vertebrates on the planet due to habitat loss, climate change and the emerging disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Axolotls, species from the genus Ambystoma endemic to Mexico, are a highly vulnerable group of salamanders with restricted distributions and are severely affected by habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and pollution. In this context, population genomic studies are urgently needed to implement adequate conservation and management decisions. In this study, we identified abiotic and biotic factors associated with the genomic diversity and structure of Ambystoma altamirani through genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses. Based on 110,761 neutral SNPs from 99 individuals across five populations of A. altamirani, we found that genomic diversity of individuals was positively correlated with their body condition. Moreover, patterns of genetic structure identified three main genetic clusters which were correlated with habitat environmental differences. Specifically, elevation and temperature-associated variables significantly contributed to the genomic structuring of A. altamirani populations. Linear factor mixed models (LFMM) identified 1,670 SNPs associated with environmental variables as well as 80 and 47 SNPs associated with the biotic variables Bd infection intensity and body condition, respectively. We identified SNPs significantly associated with differences in Bd infection and body condition among homozygous or heterozygous genotypes. Overall, our study teases apart some of the factors likely influencing axolotl genetic diversity and population structuring, which should be considered for conservation strategies for this and other endangered amphibian species.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is linked to gut microecological imbalances, and increasing evidence suggests that oral-gut microecosystem aberrant interactions also significantly contribute to CRC pathogenesis. The emerging "oral-gut axis" offers novel perspectives into the cross-organ microbial regulation. Notably, the oral bacterium Peptostreptococcus exhibits spatiotemporal specificity during CRC progression and may modulate gut microecology and CRC via this axis. This review examines the oral-gut microecological interplay and teases apart the multidimensional associations between Peptostreptococcus (e.g. Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius) and CRC, including their heterogeneity across CRC patient groups and their dynamic evolution and spatial distribution during the "adenoma-carcinoma" sequence. It summarizes mechanisms whereby Peptostreptococcus influences CRC by promoting tumor cell proliferation, inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and reshaping the tumor microenvironment. It also categorizes the key technologies in this field. Furthermore, this review highlights Peptostreptococcus's potential as a CRC biomarker and therapeutic target, proposing future intervention strategies targeting oral-derived microbes to stimulate further research.

This prospective longitudinal cohort study described quality of life (QoL) related to facial differences in youth with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Participants completed the Youth Quality of Life-Facial Differences (YQOL-FD) before (n=114) and after (n=95) treatment for class III malocclusion with protraction (58%) or orthognathic surgery (42%). The YQOL-FD has 5 perceptual scales (Positive Consequences, Coping, Negative Consequences, Negative Self-Image, and Stigma), scored 0 to 100 and 18 independent contextual items. Analyses included correlations and t tests for pretreatment to post-treatment and treatment outcome. Participants had a mean age of 14.8±2.9 years pretreatment and 16.9±2.4 post-treatment. They were mostly Latino (68%) males (57%) born with unilateral CLP (76%) with public insurance (62%) and low socioeconomic status (SES; 42%). QoL varied with medium positive scale means (47.6±31.2 to 59.7±23.4 out of 100) and low negative scale means (10.5±14.8 to 25.7±23.8 out of 100). Post-treatment, staring, teasing, being spoken to slowly/loudly, and having to repeat themselves significantly decreased with small effect sizes (Cohen's d = 0.24 to 0.37). While walking in public also decreased post-treatment for the total sample, the only significant change based on successful treatment outcome was increased walking in public. Correlations were small to large (r = -0.19 to 0.66) with both positive and negative associations across Perceptual Scales for medical, sociodemographic, and contextual items, reflecting the complexity of QoL. Completing treatment was associated with modest QoL improvements regardless of treatment outcome. Understanding factors associated with QoL informs screening and interventions for individuals with CLP.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder (ED) characterised by restrictions in energy intake, intense fear of weight gain and distorted body image. AN may coexist with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurotype characterised by differences in attention and/or impulsivity and hyperactivity. Despite increasing recognition of neurodivergence in EDs, the co-occurrence of ADHD and AN remains markedly under-researched. Clarifying their interaction will improve diagnostic accuracy, tailor treatments, and ultimately enhance outcomes for individuals living with both neurobiological profiles. The objective of this study is to investigate how features of ADHD and AN influence the lived experience of adults with both profiles. Fifteen adults with co-occurring ADHD and AN participated in semi-structured interviews exploring how features of each profile shaped their experience. Qualitative data was analysed using Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis. Four themes were developed. The interaction and overlap of features of ADHD and AN as well as challenges teasing the two apart was central for participants. ADHD and AN features were intentionally and unintentionally instrumentalised, perpetuating the co-occurring profile and making participants' experiences of co-occurring ADHD-AN challenging to navigate. Participants experienced profound shame resulting from ADHD-related systemic factors which in some cases appeared to predispose them to the development of AN. Overall, participants emphasised the importance of making ADHD-AN visible, highlighting the need for both this research and clinical attunement and dexterity to support individual patient experiences. To our knowledge, this is the first qualitative study providing evidence of how the features of ADHD and AN interact. The findings emphasise shared challenges in living with the co-occurring profiles, highlighting the need for increased understanding and greater recognition of ADHD-AN. This research explores the lived experiences of adults with both Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Anorexia Nervosa (AN). While it is increasingly recognised that these two profiles often occur together, very little research has looked at how the two interact and affect a person’s daily life.To investigate how ADHD and AN interact, researchers interviewed 15 adults with a lived experience of both profiles. Findings show that features of ADHD can influence AN and vice versa, making the presence of both profiles challenging to navigate for both people with a lived experience and the clinicians working with them. Participants particularly highlighted how the features of ADHD can make the symptoms of AN worse, how AN can in some circumstance improve ADHD related challenges and in other cases worsen them and the importance of health professionals better understanding the overlap in order to improve diagnosis and support.As the first study to explore the lived experience of the interaction between ADHD and AN, this research highlights the nuanced interaction between the two profiles, revealing the specific challenges faced by people living with both, and calls on health providers to increase their awareness and understanding of these issues.

This study leveraged a novel Missouri Medicaid (MOHealthNet) benefit to adapt and implement evidence-based family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) within health care settings in alignment with policy requirements. In a nonrandomized matched-comparison trial, 108 parent-child dyads participated in FBT, and 92 dyads attended at least one session. Licensed Clinical Social Workers or Registered Dietitian Nutritionists offered 26-33 FBT hours delivered virtually over 6-12 months to Medicaid-insured patients in an urban and rural pediatric health system in Missouri. The matched-comparison group included 186 participants. The Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework (RE-AIM) framework was used to evaluate effectiveness (primary) and reach (secondary) and explore adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Children in the FBT group reduced their percent over median body mass index (BMI) compared with the matched comparison group (mean reduction: -3.9 &#xb1; 1.4, d = -0.42). Within the FBT group, participants also demonstrated improvements in coping with teasing, health-related quality of life, and family health habits (all p < 0.05). Families rated the program as highly acceptable. Reach data indicated enrolled patients had similar BMI, sex, and ethnic backgrounds compared with eligible but non-enrolled patients (ps > 0.301). Data demonstrate the feasibility of adopting and implementing FBT within health care systems and inform efforts to support maintenance. FBT reached a diverse population of families receiving Medicaid in pediatric primary care settings and was associated with greater improvements in youth weight outcomes compared with a matched comparison group. Adaptations made to align with the benefit may have reduced the magnitude of effects; however, this policy provides an opportunity to deliver FBT within primary care settings and expand access.

Standard genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are vulnerable to confounding factors, including stratification, assortative mating, and dynastic effects. Family studies such as sibling-based GWAS (sib-GWAS) mitigate such confounding and are becoming the tool of choice for teasing apart direct genetic effects-causal effects of one's genotype on one's own phenotype-from other factors. However, due in part to their smaller sample sizes, sib-GWAS allelic effect estimates are substantially more variable than standard (i.e., population-based) GWAS estimates. The quantification of this uncertainty is essential for many uses of sib-GWAS, including polygenic scoring, causal inference (e.g., Mendelian randomization), disentangling direct from indirect familial effects, and measuring assortative mating. Here, we investigate sources of uncertainty in sib-GWAS allelic effect estimators. We study their impacts on the biases of three uncertainty measurement methods, including two that are commonly used and a new resampling-based approach we propose. We find that heterogeneity in allelic effects or heteroskedasticity across families (e.g., due to variation in genetic backgrounds or environments) can bias existing methods, and that this bias is more severe for small samples and rare variants. In contrast, the resampling-based approach we propose is approximately unbiased under all scenarios we considered. We validate our theoretical predictions, as well as the importance of effect heterogeneity and heteroskedasticity, using simulations and empirical analysis in the UK Biobank. In sum, this study helps understand the sources of uncertainty in family-based genotype-phenotype association studies and provides a robust method to estimate uncertainty.

Children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) face psychosocial and communication challenges that may hinder peer relationships and emotional well-being. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the preliminary outcomes of the Module Klefiden, a parent-led intervention designed to improve psychosocial and communication functioning in Malaysian school-age children with CL/P. Module activities were developed through the Nominal Group Technique (n = 12) and validated by an expert panel (n = 8). The module was then evaluated through a feasibility study with 10 parents, followed by preliminary outcomes involving 17 children. The Module Klefiden comprises 14 culturally tailored, strength-based activities addressing stigma, teasing, and resilience building. The content validity of the module was high (0.86). The feasibility study showed that most parents found the Module Klefiden practicable and acceptable, as indicated by the results of the Treatment Evaluation Inventory-Short Form (M = 37.08). In the preliminary outcomes study, the module was evaluated before and after the intervention in four domains of the Cleft Lip and/or Palate Questionnaire (CLEFT-Q). The experimental group showed significant improvements in psychological function (Z = -2.668, p = .008, r = .889) and speech distress (Z = -2.201, p = .028, r = .734). Both groups showed improvements in social participation (experimental: Z = -2.392, p = .017, r = .797; control: Z = -2.375, p = .018, r = .840). Qualitative data highlighted the children's increased confidence in discussing their cleft condition. At school, children still favored physical activities over speech-related tasks. The Module Klefiden shows promise in improving psychosocial and communication outcomes in children with CL/P. Its structured, parent-led approach fosters emotional resilience and self-assurance, addressing a critical gap in cleft care in Malaysia. Future research should explore its long-term, large-scale application. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.31894306.

Footrot is one of the top five globally important diseases of sheep and causes lameness, leading to poor welfare and productivity. Transmission of Dichelobacter nodosus, the causative agent, occurs via surfaces such as pasture or bedding and persistence occurs from diseased sheep shedding bacteria into the environment; D. nodosus cannot replicate off host. High resolution proximity sensors were deployed on a flock of Poll Dorset sheep for 10-17 days at several points of the production cycle (teasing, tupping, pregnancy, and lactation (<6-week-old lambs)) between July 2018 and May 2021. Association indices between pairs of sheep were calculated, and outbreaks of footrot were simulated using a network-based susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered model. Two management approaches were modelled (1) where sheep were treated either not promptly, or effectively, resulting in long recovery times (28-100 days) and (2) where sheep were treated and recovered within 15 days, assuming 'active management' of footrot by the farmer using 'best practice' of prompt recognition of lame sheep and parenteral and topical antibiotics. Under 'active management' conditions (scenario 2), outbreak sizes were smaller at all points of the production cycle. This adds to existing evidence that prompt, effective treatment of sheep at all stages of the production cycle is key to reducing the prevalence of footrot in the flock, including at breeding when sheep are more likely to be in close contact.

Children with ADHD have significant difficulties with social skill application (e.g., waiting turn, interpreting social cues). Behavioral treatments to promote social skills, such as the Summer Treatment Program (STP), incorporate daily social skills training with systematic opportunities to apply skills as part of peer group interactions. Recreational periods are particularly well-suited for examining these behaviors, as social skills are essential during game play. The current study examined undesirable behaviors during board games and explored underlying factors (e.g., inhibitory control, sensitivity to reinforcement) that may contribute to undesirable behaviors during play. Twenty-eight children with ADHD participated in the current cross-over design study. At baseline, children completed a task of inhibitory control and their parents rated their child's sensitivity to reinforcement. During the STP, children played competitive or cooperative board games, when taking either stimulant medication or placebo, in small groups of 3-4 children across 20 days. Undesirable behaviors were recorded during game play. Overall, medication use reduced rule violations, poor sportsmanship, and other behaviors. Only cooperative board games decreased teasing behavior. There was a reward x game interaction, such that those with higher reward sensitivity exhibited more poor sportsmanship during competitive games. Collectively, these findings suggest that stimulant medication attenuates undesirable peer interactions during board game play, cooperative board games may decrease teasing relative to competitive games, and the board game setting may be a potential avenue to better understand and address peer interactions in children with ADHD.

The set of somatic mutations present in a human tumor is a record of one or more mutational processes, each of which leaves distinct "signature" of mutation types. Mutation types can be classified in various ways, the most straightforward being the base change induced by a single-base substitution (e.g., C>A, T>G, etc.). The advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing has facilitated the comprehensive, genome-wide assessment of mutation types in human tumors. This has spurred the development of methodology to tease apart the relative contribution of each mutational process by decomposing the set of all mutations into individual signatures. Many mutational signatures have known etiologies. Therefore, mutational signature inference can shed light on the causes of cancer and inform patient treatment. To date, most studies in this area have been performed on solid tumors; consequently, the application of existing methods to hematological cancers has yielded limited results. In this review, we provide an overview of the history and methodology behind mutational signature inference. Here, we present the challenges inherent in its application to hematological cancers and survey the work performed thus far. We highlight how recent research analyzing mutational signatures in normal blood cells can elucidate the beginning of a continuum of mutational processes, from normal hematopoiesis through mature hematological malignancy. Accurate characterization of mutational signatures in cancer development may aid in clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decisions.

Severe neuropathies with predominant involvement of motor fibers can resemble lower motor neuron disease (LMND) phenotypes. Given the fatal prognosis of LMND, identifying underlying autoimmune syndromes is crucial to provide treatment options to patients. We investigated a novel autoantibody binding pattern observed on murine teased sciatic nerve fibers. Target antigens were identified using immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry. Target specificity of these autoantibodies was validated in cell-based assays, neutralization assays, and knock-out models. A retrospective study cohort consisting of different neuropathies (chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy n=86, Guillain-Barr&#xe9; syndrome n=37, multifocal motor neuropathy n=18, diabetic neuropathy n=30, other inflammatory neuropathies n=10), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n=50), multiple sclerosis (n=50), and healthy controls (n=50) was negative for septin multimer autoantibodies. Histopathological analysis of skin and sural nerve including electron microscopy was performed in one seropositive patient, and autoantibody binding was characterized in vitro. Extensive immunotherapy was initiated in one patient, with clinical and serological follow-up over four years. Among 3,543 total samples tested, three patients (two male, one female) - diagnosed with the LMND variant of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ages 65, 72, and 79, respectively) - showed a novel and distinct autoantibody binding pattern of indirect immunofluorescence staining on peripheral nerves, targeting Schmidt-Lanterman incisures (SLIs), paranodes, and the abaxonal myelin. Target identification and validation revealed septin multimers as autoantibody epitopes. Despite the primarily intracellular location of septins, autoantibody binding was evident in living myelinated dorsal root ganglia, primarily at SLIs ("incisuropathy"). Septin multimer autoantibodies further initiated complement deposition on fixed and permeabilized cell-based assays. Sural nerve and skin biopsies showed inflammation, myelin and axonal pathology. Extensive immunotherapy in one patient was followed by disease stabilization over three years. The other two patients died of rapid disease progression: One of them received no immunotherapy while the other had ineffective treatments with single administrations of IVIG and rituximab. Our data suggest that septin multimer autoimmunity occurs in severe motor predominant neuropathies which can clinically resemble a neurodegenerative LMND. Screening for septin multimer autoantibodies should be considered in patients presenting with this phenotype. Follow-up studies need to determine the direct pathogenicity of septin multimer autoantibodies, their potential as a biomarker of an autoimmune syndrome, and responses to immunotherapy in larger cohorts.

The current era of emerging infectious disease demands an elaboration of critical geography's approach to biosecurity. We argue for further engagement with historicizations of empire to tease out the racialized, colonial, and class structures that create biosecurity crises and solutions. We suggest that work in political economy and critical surveillance studies offers ways to untangle the processes of racial capitalism, extraction, and racial imprinting that create multi-scalar vulnerability in the first instance. By shifting analyses to those marginalized by dominant biosecurity mechanisms, we develop a critical biosecurity consciousness that provides a positive conception of justice.

Vascular cells continuously remodel the arterial wall (micro)structure in response to changes in their biomechanical/biochemical environment. Although the functional effects of arterial remodelling can be easily measured, assessing the underlying microstructural mechanisms is complex in vivo. Constitutive modelling is a computational technique that allows for linking whole-organ function to tissue constituent-level mechanics. However, the need for comprehensive biomechanical data for model parametrisation hampers its clinical applicability. In the present study, we propose a novel constitutive modelling framework that addresses this limitation by leveraging longitudinal acquisitions of pressure-diameter relationships at different arterial beds to aid model parametrisation. We applied our constitutive framework to data from a study on the effect of 60&#xa0;days head-down bed rest (HDBR) on arterial function, where pressure-diameter relationships of three arteries (carotid, femoral and popliteal) were measured at baseline, during HDBR (two time points) and during a 30-day recovery (two time points). We modelled the arterial wall as a constrained mixture of elastin, collagen and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The dimensionality of the parameterisation problem was reduced through assumptions on (i) the time evolution of the behaviour of individual constituents and (ii) consistency in intrinsic constituent mechanical properties across different arterial beds. Overall, the proposed framework captured well the in vivo data (R2&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.89&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;0.05). We identified increased VSMC contraction and microstructural re-arrangement of collagen fibres as key adaptations to haemodynamic changes during HDBR, also resulting in reversible de-stiffening of peripheral arteries. The proposed approach appears promising for disentangling microstructural mechanisms of arterial remodelling in clinical settings. KEY POINTS: Constitutive modelling is a computational technique that links the macroscopic behaviour of arteries to the microstructure and mechanics of the constituents of their wall. Although constitutive modelling is used extensively on ex vivo data, the sparsity of biomechanical data that can be acquired in vivo hinders its applicability in clinical settings, where it could be instrumental in disentangling remodelling processes in ageing and disease. We propose a novel framework that leverages longitudinal acquisition of arterial waveforms at different arterial sites to aid in the parametrisation of comprehensive constitutive models. We exemplify the utility of our approach by teasing out the pivotal adaptation roles of vascular smooth muscle cell contraction and collagen microstructural remodelling in response to haemodynamic alterations resulting from prolonged head-down bed rest. Our approach shows promise for the quantitative characterisation of arterial remodelling from non-invasive in vivo data that can be easily measured in clinical settings.

While long-tailed semi-supervised learning (LTSSL) has attracted growing attention in many real-world classification tasks, existing LTSSL algorithms typically assume that labeled and unlabeled data share nearly identical class distributions. When this assumption is violated, these methods can perform poorly because they rely on biased model-generated pseudo-labels. To address this issue, we propose a simple yet effective approach called DeCon for LTSSL with unknown unlabeled class distributions. Specifically, DeCon decouples learning into two specialized branches: a standard branch that focuses on head classes and a balanced branch that focuses on tail classes. During training, the two branches interact and gradually converge, allowing them to complement each other and ultimately achieve strong performance across all classes. Despite its simplicity, we show that DeCon achieves state-of-the-art performance on a variety of standard LTSSL benchmarks, e.g., an averaged 2.7% absolute increase in test accuracy against existing algorithms when the class distributions of labeled and unlabeled data are mismatched. Even when the class distributions are identical, DeCon consistently outperforms many sophisticated LTSSL algorithms. Furthermore, we conduct extensive ablation analyses to tease apart the factors that are the most important to the success of DeCon. The source code is available at https://github.com/Gank0078/DeCon.

Understanding how nonhuman primates adjust their behavior in human-dominated environments is essential for effective urban wildlife management. This study examined the daily activity budgets of urban rhesus macaques in the Pashupatinath Temple area of Kathmandu, Nepal, comparing groups exposed to high (HAP) and low anthropogenic pressure (LAP). Behavioral data were collected using focal animal sampling and scan sampling methods. Resting/sitting and allogrooming were the most frequently observed activities of the macaques in both study blocks. However, feeding/foraging differed significantly between the blocks, occurring more frequently in HAP than in LAP. Sex-based differences in behavior were noted between the groups for resting, grooming, movement, and aggression, but not for feeding. Notably, the increased presence of visitors was negatively associated with grooming behavior, particularly among females (Mann-Whitney U = 12464, p < 0.05). An increased number of visitors around the focal subjects in HAP was associated with a decrease in grooming behavior (&#x3c1; = -0.2, p < 0.01), which may reflect the combined influence of food provisioning and visitor disturbance (e.g. teasing, threatening behavior) observed at the site. Reduced grooming in areas with high human activity can weaken social bonds, heighten stress, and undermine group cohesion, reducing macaques' social stability and resilience. These findings highlighted nonhuman primate behavior in human-dominated environment, emphasizing the need for effective urban management strategies.

Almost since its discovery, tau protein has perplexed scientists and clinicians with its varied roles in physiology as well as its appearance as phosphorylated protein aggregates of various structures in many neurodegenerative diseases. Tau plays a role in microtubule stabilization, but from the earliest of studies, tau has also been observed to bind to RNA, with recent research suggesting tau has a higher affinity for some RNA species compared to microtubules. In the context of disease, tau dysfunction potentiates disruptions to RNA metabolism, including the perturbation of mRNA splicing, impairment of translation, de-repression of transposable elements, and alteration of RNA export and degradation. Tau aggregates directly sequester diverse RNA species and RNA binding proteins. Emerging evidence reinforces the characterization of tau as an RNA binding protein, highlighting questions about both the physiological and disease-related functions of this direct RNA binding. The disparate structure of tau in normal and various disease states makes teasing apart the various impacts on RNA and regulation a more difficult puzzle requiring future study. In this review, we summarize the evidence for tau's role in RNA biology, including as an RNA binding protein.

Former ERP studies have shown that linear distance (number of intervening words between two agreeing elements in a sentence) modulates P600 amplitude for gender agreement violations. However, these studies have primarily focused on across-phrase dependencies, making it difficult to tease apart the effects of linear distance from those of structural distance (number of intervening phrases between two agreeing elements in a sentence). Norwegian, an understudied language in gender processing literature, permits manipulation of linear distance while holding structural distance constant. We tested 36 native Norwegian speakers with EEG, comparing three violation types: noun-suffix (within-word), determiner-noun (within-phrase), and noun-predicative adjective (across-phrase). Our aims were to: 1) assess processing of within-word gender violations, which, to our knowledge has not previously been done; 2) examine the effect of linear distance on within-phrase gender agreement by comparing processing of noun-suffix and determiner-noun dependencies; and 3) establish an ERP baseline for Norwegian gender processing. All three violation types elicited P600 responses, indicating repair/reanalysis processes. Noun-predicative adjective violations additionally produced a left anterior negativity, and determiner-noun violations showed a late frontal negativity. The noun-suffix P600 demonstrates that within-word gender violations recruit similar repair mechanisms as between-word violations. Moreover, the noun-suffix P600 was larger than the determiner-noun P600, likely due to either weaker constituent links resulting from longer distance, or longer distances reducing repairs due to a cost-benefit tradeoff. The findings from this study show that 1) within-word violations engage the same reanalysis processes as between-word violations, 2) within-phrase gender agreement processing is sensitive to linear distance, and 3) Norwegian exhibits similar ERP correlates of gender processing as those found for other languages.

During language processing, context usually prompts predictions over multiple words, not a single word. We examined how the distribution of multiple plausible words following a context, that is, conditional entropy, influences lexical processing. Greater conditional entropy simultaneously corresponds to activation of more semantic features, which should facilitate processing, and activation of more lexical competitors, which should inhibit processing. Participants (N = 58) completed two experimental sessions 14-21 days apart. In session 1, they produced up to eight completions for sentence fragments (N = 648), missing a final, target word (e.g., banana) along with probability values for each response. In session 2, they read the same sentences, including the target word, while their eye movements were tracked. We computed conditional entropy at the trial level (i.e., for each participant, for each sentence). To tease apart the semantic feature activation and lexical competition components of conditional entropy, we calculated total semantic overlap; the sum of semantic similarity values between target words and the responses produced during sentence completion (e.g., mango, orange, coconut, etc.). The remainder of conditional entropy would then capture lexical entropy corresponding to lexical competition. The results revealed that semantic overlap facilitated lexical processing, but lexical entropy inhibited it. A reanalysis of an independent self-paced reading dataset (N participants = 111, N items = 647) revealed the same pattern. These results suggest that conditional entropy should be decomposed to semantic activation and lexical competition, corresponding to facilitation and inhibition during language processing, respectively. Implications for predictive processing views of language processing and large language models are discussed.