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The Apple app store and the Google Play Store are major platforms for downloading mobile applications (apps). E-cigarette entertainment apps, such as games and simulators, commonly feature youth-appealing characteristics, such as animated or youthful characters and instances of magic or fantasy. Both platforms' policies limit tobacco-related apps; however, enforcement is inconsistent. This study sought to determine if e-cigarette entertainment apps appear in searches for e-cigarette-related terms and whether they contain youth-appealing content. Using Python, the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store were searched for 41 e-cigarette-related terms. Two coders reviewed all returned apps to identify e-cigarette entertainment apps. These apps' store listings (the web page for the app on the store) and app content were coded for youth-appealing features using a codebook. Both platforms had e-cigarette-related apps (Apple App Store: 42; Google Play Store: 73). While almost all (n=40) App Store apps were cessation-focused, e-cigarette entertainment apps (n=33) were found on the Google Play store. Many e-cigarette entertainment apps contained themes such as violence (n=13) and visible smoke/aerosol (n=26). Characters coded in the apps were mostly animated (n=12). Four characters were coded as appearing under 18 years old. Youth-appealing features of tobacco ads are regulated in broadcast and print media, but regulations do not pertain to mobile apps. While Apple has removed much of the concerning content from its App Store, the Google Play Store has numerous e-cigarette entertainment apps containing youth-appealing features.

Administration of naloxone by continuous infusion for treatment of respiratory depression associated with long-acting opioids often necessitates extemporaneous preparations at drug concentrations that exceed the manufacturer's recommendation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of naloxone hydrochloride (N-HCl) in 0.9% sodium chloride at concentrations of 40, 80, and 200 mcg/mL. The appropriate volume was withdrawn from commercially available vials of N-HCl (400 mcg/mL) and injected into 100 mL 0.9% sodium chloride IV bags, which were then stored at room temperature under ambient laboratory lighting for at least four days. The 80 mcg/mL IV bags were also protected from light and evaluated over eight weeks. Samples were withdrawn over time and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography to determine drug concentration. The initial measured drug concentrations, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical values adjusted for overfill volume, ranged from 97.9% to 101.5% and remained above 97.5% of the initial values for four days. Measured drug concentrations in the 80 mcg/mL samples also remained high over the eight-week period, decreasing by about three percentage points. In addition, no significant difference in measured drug concentration was found between IV bags stored in amber sleeves and those exposed to ambient laboratory lighting. Extemporaneously compounded N-HCl in 0.9% normal saline IV bags at concentrations of up to 200 mcg/mL was stable over a four-day period when stored unprotected from ambient laboratory light at room temperature. Moreover, IV bags prepared at concentrations of 80 mcg/mL were also stable over an eight-week period. Ambient laboratory lighting did not adversely affect drug stability in the timeframe studied.

The Ca²⁺ release-activated Ca²⁺ (CRAC) channel mediates store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), a ubiquitous pathway essential for many cell types, including immune cells. Three Orai (Orai1/2/3) proteins constitute the plasma membrane pore-forming units of CRAC channels that are activated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca 2+ -sensing STIM1/2 proteins when ER Ca 2+ stores are depleted. Orai1/2/3 are differentially expressed across primary cells with discernible differences in their structures and biophysical properties. Further, Orai1 has two alternatively translated isoforms: long mammalian-specific Orai1α and the 63-residue shorter Orai1β, which is evolutionarily older and conserved across vertebrates. Whether Orai1α/1β/2/3 produce unique cytosolic Ca²⁺ signatures that bias transcriptional responses through effectors like NFAT is unclear. Here, we used HEK293 cells engineered to express one native Orai isoform and show that all Orai isoforms couple to NFAT1/4 induction. The magnitude of NFAT1/4 induction for each Orai isoform matches that of SOCE, with the following profile: Orai1β>Orai1α>>Orai2>Orai3. Near-native re-expression of either Orai1α or Orai1β in primary murine Orai1 -/- CD4⁺ T cells restored SOCE, NFAT activation, cytokine production and promoted near identical transcriptional responses enriched for immune activation pathways. An analysis of genetic and clinical data of human individuals showed that homozygous null mutations selectively abolishing Orai1α are not associated with disease resembling CRAC channelopathy. Primary T cells from individuals homozygous or heterozygous for an Orai1α null mutation showed enhanced, rather than impaired, SOCE and NFAT induction. Our data indicate that NFAT activation and transcriptional outputs are primarily driven by the graded strength of SOCE mediated by each isoform of the Orai quartet.

In aging commercial poultry flocks, fertility is often sustained with artificial insemination (AI), although cooled semen can result in poor fertility. The objective was to assess effects of curcumin (Cur) or niosomal nanocarriers loaded with curcumin (NNCur), in concentrations of 100, 200 or 300 &#x3bc;M, on sperm quality and function of cooled rooster semen. hypothesized that supplementing rooster semen extender with NNCur protects sperm from negative impacts of ROS during cooled storage and improves sperm quality and function. Pooled semen samples were diluted in the Beltsville extender, split into seven equal aliquots (Control and three concentrations each of Cur and NNCur), cooled to 5&#xb0;C and stored for 48 h. Sperm motion, morphology, viability, membrane integrity and functionality, and lipid peroxidation were assessed after 0, 24 and 48 h of cooling. Flow cytometry analyses and AI were conducted using 24 h-cooled semen. Although Cur and NNCur did not affect sperm quality at the onset of cooling storage (0 h), compared to the Control group, extender supplementation with Cur, and in particular NNCur, increased (P < 0.05) sperm total and progressive motilities, membrane functionality, viability and mitochondria active potential, and reduced lipid peroxidation at 24 and 48 h. With 24 h cooled-stored sperm, fertility and live sperm were highest (P < 0.05) and late apoptotic and ROS production were lowest (P < 0.05) with NNCur (200 and 300 &#x3bc;M). However, hatchability, necrosis, and early apoptosis were not (P > 0.05) affected by Cur or NNCur. In conclusion, addition of NNCur to extender mitigated oxidative stress and improved fertility potential of stored chilled rooster semen.

Social insects recognize their nestmates by colony-specific olfactory labels stored as neural templates in the memory. The template is often considered a product of learning in higher brain centers. However, some evidence suggests that the template may be stored in the neural periphery, i.e., the antennae or antennal lobes. We investigated a potential mechanism for peripheral nestmate recognition templates: the composition and plasticity of the antennal odorant receptor (OR) profile. We found that OR gene expression in leaf-cutting ants is colony-specific, mirroring the colony-specific recognition labels. After exposure to non-nestmate odors, the ants exhibited reduced aggression toward the non-nestmate label, indicating habituation. When we exposed two different colonies to the same non-nestmate odor, their OR profiles converged. These results suggest that the olfactory system can adapt to the current nest-specific olfactory environment and may explain how habituation plays a role in nestmate recognition.

To examine characteristics associated with US adults favoring storing firearms unlocked to ensure quick access in an emergency, even if doing so increases the risk for suicide. A total of 2963 adults with home firearm access were drawn from a nationally representative sample of US adults (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;7521). Participants were members of a probability-based panel and completed a self-report survey between June 24 and July 10, 2025. Being female (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.82; 95% CI&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.69-0.99), children in the home (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.41; 95% CI&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.33-0.50), trust in the government for protection (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.89; 95% CI&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.82-0.97), and beliefs that home firearm access increases suicide risk (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.66; 95% CI&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.59-0.75) were associated with lower odds of endorsing firearms should be stored unlocked. Loaded and unlocked storage (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;5.90; 95% CI&#x2009;=&#x2009;4.88-7.15), frequent firearm carrying (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.08; 95% CI&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.01-1.15), and belief that firearms are essential for protection (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.40; 95% CI&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.27-1.54) were associated with greater odds of endorsing firearms should be stored unlocked. The results could mean those who feel responsible for protecting loved ones and believe firearms are essential for that task are more likely to endorse favoring unlocked firearm storage, even if they believe this will increase suicide risk.

Although conventional refrigeration is widely used for Atlantic salmon preservation, rapid quality deterioration limits its shelf life. With increasing consumer demand for fresh-like salmon products, ice-temperature and micro-freezing preservation techniques have gained attention. In this study, Atlantic salmon was stored for 10&#xa0;days under refrigeration (4.0 &#xb0;C), ice-temperature storage (-0.5 &#xb0;C), and micro-freezing storage (-4.0 &#xb0;C) to systematically evaluate quality evolution, water migration, and microbial community dynamics. The results demonstrated that salmon stored at -0.5 &#xb0;C exhibited superior quality retention, as indicated by lower increases in Total Viable Counts (11.29%) and reduced expansion of muscle interstitial spaces (10.89%). Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that -0.5 &#xb0;C storage stabilized water status by retaining immobilized water and restricting its conversion to free water. Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that -0.5 &#xb0;C effectively inhibited the proliferation of Firmicutes, thus delaying microbial succession and extending the shelf life. Taken together, ice-temperature storage outperformed conventional refrigeration and micro-freezing storage, providing mechanistic insights and a theoretical basis for high-quality preservation of salmon.

Sodium benzoate is mainly used as a preservative in food and pharmaceuticals and as a treatment for hyperammonemia in urea-cycle disorders. It is typically diluted in 5 or 10% dextrose solutions for intravenous administration to patients. While the stability of oral and injectable sodium benzoate formulations has been studied, there is limited research on its stability as an injectable solution under International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) conditions. This study evaluates the stability of a sodium benzoate injectable formulation in sterile water (100 mg/mL). A 100 mg/mL sodium benzoate solution was prepared in sterile water. A highperformance liquid chromatography method with UV detection (HPLC-UV) was developed for dosage measurement. The solution was stored in sterile glass bottles at room temperature (25&#xb0;C) and under refrigeration (5&#xb0;C). The effects of plastic and rubber screw caps on stability were also assessed. Stability was monitored over 230 days using validated HPLC-UV methods, and microbiological assays were performed to ensure sterility per USP <797> and USP <81> standards, as required by the "Ordre des pharmaciens du Qu&#xe9;bec." Sodium benzoate preparations in 10-mL horizontal and inverted glass bottles remained stable for at least 230 days at both storage conditions. Sodium benzoate injectable preparations can be stored safely for 230 days at both room temperature and under refrigeration, maintaining efficacy and safety for intravenous patient administration. However, microbiological and endotoxin testing are necessary for each batch to ensure continued safety and effectiveness, according with the Quebec sterile production standard OPQ 2014.01.

BackgroundGlobally, the retail sector is one of the largest employers. Due to its size, occupational accidents within the sector pose high costs due to absences. However, research on near misses or safety risks at work is currently insufficient.ObjectiveTo study retail sector employees' experiences of near misses and safety risks at work.MethodsWe conducted individual, semi-structured interviews with 36 retail sector employees (34 women and 2 men) from supermarkets, convenience stores, and service station stores across five regions in Finland between April and June 2024. A descriptive design based on the Critical Incident Technique and data-driven qualitative content analysis was used.ResultsA total of 49 reported near misses or safety risks at work constituted four main categories: slips, trips, and falls (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;18, mentioned by 37% of the respondents), material handling incidents (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;13, 27%), encounters with threatening customers (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;11, 22%), and customers in danger (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;7, 14%). Examples of situations preceding the near misses or accidents included water or grease on the floor, slippery floor materials, unnoticed obstacles, packing goods onto shelves and unpacking loads, inadequately packed products, aggressive or intoxicated customers, shoplifters, and customer collisions or medical emergencies.ConclusionsSituations associated with near misses and safety risks in retail work included slips, trips, and falls, material handling incidents, encounters with threatening customers, and situations involving customers in danger. These identified situations provide a basis for developing and implementing effective safety improvements at both the individual and organizational levels within this industry.

Interruptions in foraging behavior, displacement from foraging habitats, and reductions in food abundance or quality are common disruptions to energy acquisition experienced by wild animals that may be caused by naturally-occurring phenomena or anthropogenic activity. The impact of reduced energy acquisition to an organism is a function of the duration and magnitude of the energy reduction and the physiological response that mitigates the loss of endogenous nutrient reserves. Although the response to reduced energy acquisition has been studied in many terrestrial mammals, little information exists on the response in cetaceans, such as dolphins, which experience metabolic challenges characteristic of a fully-aquatic existence. To assess the response of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) to dietary energy restriction, five adult dolphins (3 male/2 female) were subjected to seven days of a normal diet (ND) followed by seven days of an energy-restricted diet (ERD) containing 25% less energy per day than the ND. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) was determined for each animal on days three, five, and seven of the ND and ERD periods. Blood samples were collected following each RMR measurement and processed for cortisol, free triiodothyronine (fT3), dehydroepiandrosterone, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-&#x3b1; and interleukin-6, as these hormones and cytokines are known to affect RMR, energy substrate selection, and possibly short-term catabolic signaling or metabolic adaptation. The ERD was associated with a lower RMR, which declined by an average of 5.3% from the ND treatment. The ERD was also associated with lower fT3 levels and increased adiponectin levels, and both showed continuing changes as a function of time on the ERD. Bottlenose dolphins show patterns in RMR and levels of fT3 and adiponectin under dietary energy restriction that are similar to patterns observed in terrestrial mammals. These likely help to conserve endogenous energy stores, increase reliance on lipid oxidation, and protect protein stores. The quantitative information from this study should be useful in modeling the impacts to individuals and populations that experience both natural and human-caused reductions in energy acquisition (e.g., disruptions of foraging, reduced prey quality).

Although 10-MDP is widely recognized for its ability to enhance zirconia adhesion, commercially available MDP-containing systems differ substantially in formulation chemistry. This study investigated whether different 10-MDP-containing universal agents affect the bond strength of resin cements, with and without 10-MDP, when applied to tribochemically silica-coated zirconia surfaces. Zirconia blocks were randomly assigned to groups corresponding to different cementation protocols. Surface preparation involved tribochemical sandblasting with 30&#xa0;&#xb5;m silica-coated aluminum oxide particles for 15&#xa0;s at 2.8&#xa0;bar from a distance of 10&#xa0;mm. After surface treatment, three universal primers and one adhesive were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. Two resin cements, one containing 10-MDP and one without, were applied using a standardized cylindrical Teflon mold. Samples were stored in distilled water at 37&#xa0;&#xb0;C for 24&#xa0;h, then subjected to micro-shear bond strength testing with a universal testing machine. Fracture types were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bond strengths were evaluated using parametric (Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA) or non-parametric (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis) tests. Statistical significance was set at p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05. Resin cement containing 10-MDP demonstrated significantly higher bond strength in the three universal agent groups compared to resin cement without 10-MDP (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). In the Signum Zirconia Bond groups, no significant difference was observed between the two resin cements (p&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05). Zirconia bond strength is influenced by the presence of 10-MDP and the specific primer-cement combination used. These results indicate that commercially available MDP-containing systems are not necessarily interchangeable for zirconia bonding.

Working memory (WM) is thought to rely on sophisticated frontostriatal mechanisms for selective gating, supporting updating and readout of information to and from distinct memory "addresses" (neural populations). According to computational models, capacity limitations in WM arise due to challenges in "role addressability": learning to correctly bind items in memory to their respective roles and assigning credit to the corresponding gating operations. However, these conclusions are based on particular assumptions about biological neural networks, and it is unclear whether the principles generalize to other architectures. To address this question, we examine whether similar gating mechanisms emerge in Transformer neural network architectures, which have demonstrated success on tasks requiring executive function-the ability to represent, coordinate, and manage multiple subtasks-yet lack intentionally built-in gating mechanisms. We analyze the mechanisms that emerge within Transformers trained on human WM tasks explicitly designed to place demands on gating. We find that the Transformer's attention mechanism develops role-addressable input and output gating, but only when trained on task distributions that benefit from frontostriatal-like gating mechanisms. Moreover, these gating strategies support enhanced generalization and variable binding and increase the models' effective capacity to store and access multiple items in memory, resembling the constraints found in frontostriatal models. These results suggest that gating mechanisms serve a fundamental computational role in managing role addressability and binding and highlight opportunities for future research on computational similarities between modern artificial intelligence architectures and models of the human brain.

&#xb9;&#x2077;&#x2077;Lu is an approved radionuclide for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT), first established with &#xb9;&#x2077;&#x2077;Lu-DOTATATE for neuroendocrine tumors, and subsequently with PSMA-targeted therapy. The widespread adoption of these therapies is expected to substantially increase radioactive waste generation. The long-lived isomer &#xb9;&#x2077;&#x2077;&#x1d50;Lu, present as an impurity in &#xb9;&#x2077;&#x2077;Lu preparations, may significantly affect the long-term radioactivity of urine waste. We aimed to quantify and compare the radioactivity of urine waste from real-world patients undergoing &#xb9;&#x2077;&#x2077;Lu-TRT, with and without &#xb9;&#x2077;&#x2077;&#x1d50;Lu impurities, to inform waste management strategies. Radioactivity was measured in two components: vials and patient urine waste. Six vials produced by the direct production process (containing &#xb9;&#x2077;&#x2077;&#x1d50;Lu impurities) and six by the no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) process (without &#xb9;&#x2077;&#x2077;&#x1d50;Lu impurities) were measured using a dose calibrator. Urine waste from real-world patients treated with &#xb9;&#x2077;&#x2077;Lu-DOTATATE (7.4 GBq per infusion, four infusions at 8-week intervals) was collected from a room under special safety measures for radionuclide therapy using a portable toilet system (Wrappon&#xae;), stored under refrigerated conditions, and measured using a NaI scintillator at 1&#xa0;m. Measurements were performed at multiple time points up to 120 days post-treatment. A log-linear mixed-effects model was used for statistical analysis (R version 4.5.2). Vials and urine waste from the direct production route retained measurable radioactivity beyond 120 days. In contrast, those from the non-carrier-added route reached background levels by day 73.5 and day 77.0, respectively (both p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). No-carrier-added &#xb9;&#x2077;&#x2077;Lu production, which eliminates &#xb9;&#x2077;&#x2077;&#x1d50;Lu impurities, significantly reduces the long-term radioactive burden of urine waste and supports the safe expansion of targeted radionuclide therapy.

An outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Reading in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, was linked to a restaurant and meat products purchased from South Asian grocery stores. Salmonella Reading was isolated from dried bovine meat products obtained from the restaurant and traced to an unlicensed meat processor and manufacturer of dried meat products.

The Upper Minjiang River Basin is a critical ecological barrier in the upper Yangtze River, where forest ecosystems play a vital role in carbon sequestration, water conservation, and soil retention. Given that different forest types exhibit significant variations in community structure, species composition, and ecological processes, their ecosystem service (ES) supplies and trade-off/synergy relationships are also expected to show distinct heterogeneity. However, systematic research on the trade-offs and synergies of ESs across different forest types remains limited, constraining the development of precision forest management and differentiated management strategies. To deal with this, we used the InVEST model and calculated five key services across the basin: carbon stock (CS), water yield (WY), soil conservation (SC), habitat quality (HQ), and forest stock volume (FSV). We then applied Spearman's correlation, root mean square deviation (RMSD), and the GeoDetector model to analyze trade-offs and uncover driving mechanisms. Finally, we used spatially constrained K-means clustering to map different management zones. The results indicate that the Upper Minjiang River Basin stored 1.78 &#xd7; 108 t of carbon, retained 2.98 &#xd7; 108 t of soil, produced 6.48 &#xd7; 109 m3 of water yield, maintained a mean habitat quality of 0.78, and supported a forest stock volume of 1.20 &#xd7; 108 m3. Coniferous forests exhibited the highest CS (181.07 t ha-1) and FSV (176.37 m3 ha-1), whereas shrublands contributed the largest share (52.17%) of regional water yield. At the regional scale, CS and FSV showed the strongest synergy (r = 0.71, p < 0.01), while WY displayed significant trade-offs with most other services. GeoDetector analysis revealed that forest type acts as the primary driver shaping the relationships among services, while elevation and precipitation play supporting roles. Based on the ES bundles identified via spatially constrained K-means clustering, the Upper Minjiang River Basin was divided into four distinct management zones: a carbon sequestration core zone, an ecological balance zone, an ecologically fragile zone, and a multifunctional conservation zone. Therefore, findings from the Upper Minjiang River Basin may provide insights applicable to other mountain forest ecosystems facing similar environmental and management challenges.