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Purpose This pilot study explores how queer slash fanfiction writers reorient cis/heteronormative entertainment media (EM) content to create queer information worlds. Design/methodology/approach Constructivist grounded theory was employed to explore queer individuals' slash fanfiction reading and creation practices. Slash fanfiction refers to fan-written texts that recast cis/heteronormative content with queer characters, relationships, and themes. Theoretical sampling drove ten semi-structured interviews with queer slash writers and content analysis of both Captain America slash and material features found on two online fanfiction platforms, Archive of Our Own and fanfiction.net. “Queer” serves as a theoretical lens through which to explore non-cis/heteronormative perspectives on gender and sexuality. Findings Participants' interactions with and creation of slash fanfiction constitute world-queering practices wherein individuals reorient cis/heteronormative content, design systems, and form community while developing their identities over time. Findings suggest ways that queer creators respond to, challenge, and reorient cis/heteronormative narratives perpetuated by EM and other information sources, as well as ways their practices are constrained by structural power dynamics. Research limitations/implications This initial data collection only begins to explore the topic with ten interviews. The participant sample lacks racial diversity while the content sample focuses on one fandom. However, results suggest future directions for theoretical sampling that will continue to advance constructs developed from the data. Originality/value This research contributes to evolving perspectives on information creation and queer individuals' information practices. In particular, findings expand theoretical frameworks related to small worlds and ways in which members of marginalized populations grapple with exclusionary normativity.

Abstract Fires set for slash‐and‐burn agriculture contribute to the current unsustainable accumulation of atmospheric greenhouse gases, and they also deplete the soil of essential nutrients, which compromises agricultural sustainability at local scales. Integrated assessments of greenhouse gas emissions have compared intensive cropping systems in industrialized countries, but such assessments have not been applied to common cropping systems of smallholder farmers in developing countries. We report an integrated assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in slash‐and‐burn agriculture and an alternative chop‐and‐mulch system in the Amazon Basin. The soil consumed atmospheric methane (CH 4 ) under slash‐and‐burn treatment and became a net emitter of CH 4 to the atmosphere under the mulch treatment. Mulching also caused about a 50% increase in soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide and required greater use of fertilizer and fuel for farm machinery. Despite these significantly higher emissions of greenhouse gases during the cropping phase under the alternative chop‐and‐mulch system, calculated pyrogenic emissions in the slash‐and‐burn system were much larger, especially for CH 4 . The global warming potential CO 2 ‐equivalent emissions calculated for the entire crop cycles were at least five times lower in chop‐and‐mulch compared with slash‐and‐burn. The crop yields were similar for the two systems. While economic and logistical considerations remain to be worked out for alternatives to slash‐and‐burn, these results demonstrate a potential ‘win‐win’ strategy for maintaining soil fertility and reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, thus simultaneously contributing to sustainability at both spatial scales.

Abstract A study of the effect of slash on forwarder soil compaction was carried out. The level of soil compaction at two soil moisture contents, three slash densities (0, 10, and 20 kg/m2), and two levels of traffic (one and five passes) were measured. Results indicated that, on dry, loamy sand soils, the presence of slash did not decrease soil compaction after one forwarder pass, but did provide some protection from subsequent passes. The density of slash (over 10 kg/m2) did not affect compaction. On the same soils in a wetter condition, however, slash density at 20 kg/m2 was significantly less than on bare plots. At 10 kg/m2, the increase in bulk density after five passes was smaller than on the bare plots, but not significantly so.

Slash-and-burn agroecosystems are important to rural poor and indigenous peoples in the developing world. Ecologically sound slash-and-burn agriculture is sustainable because it does not depend upon outside inputs based on fossil energy for fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation. One means of demonstrating the soundness of slash-and-burn agroecosystems is to prove empirically the ecological compatibility of this system of crop production. This paper examines the ecological sustainability of slash-and-burn agriculture based on the productivity of soil resources.

Every year about 130,000 km2 of humid tropical rain forest is destroyed. Caused in part by the slash-and-burn practices of both large- and small-scale farmers in Brazil, Cameroon, Indonesia, and elsewhere, the environmental implications of tropical deforestation and its threat to biodiversity and carbon emissions remain a worldwide concern. Yet the small-scale farmers who use slash-and-burn agriculture depend on it to produce food and make a living for their families. Balancing the legitimate interests of rural households and global concerns about tropical deforestation is one of the major challenges of the coming decades. The Alternatives to Slash and Burn (ASB) consortium was formed in 1992 by a group of concerned national and international research institutions to address the global and local issues associated with this form of agriculture. With contributions from agronomists, foresters, economists, ecologists, and anthropologists, this book synthesizes the first decade of ASB's work. It assesses the environmental, economic, and social impact of deforestation and identifies the costs and benefits of alternative uses of forests and cleared land. Throughout the volume, the contributors present new conceptual tools and a rich compendium of empirical analyses needed to formulate viable alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture.

SUMMARY (1) Vegetation dynamics during five years of succession following slash-and-burn agriculture in the upper Rio Negro region of the Amazon Basin were elucidated by combining (i) permanent plot studies of plant-replacement dynamics and productivity, (ii) field analyses of the resource-procurement strategies of successional species, and (iii) field experiments on the role of regeneration strategies, establishment microhabitats and nutrient availability in controlling succession. (2) The main study plot was dominated by grasses and forbs during the first year of succession and then by pioneer trees, particularly Vismia spp. Pioneer trees exhibit greatest establishment in protected farm-site microhabitats, such as under fruit trees and among slash. By five years, Vismia mortality exceeded establishment and pioneer trees of the Melastomataceae were growing in the spaces vacated by Vismia. Primary forest species represented only 7% of all stems at this time. (3) The number of tree species ( > 2 m tall) increased from seventeen (year 1) to thirtyfive (year 5). The number of pioneer species remained constant (about twelve) while the primary forest species increased slowly. Nevertheless, most primary forest species were represented by only one individual after five years. (4) A key factor retarding succession is the slow rate at which primary forest species become established on abandoned farms. Diaspores of forest species that were artificially dispersed to a farm site had high rates of removal by animals. However, the probability that the diaspore of a species would escape removal and germinate increased as diaspore size increased. If these diaspores do germinate, they stand a high chance of surviving; seedlings of five forest species transplanted to an abandoned farm showed over 90% survival after 4 5 years. (5) Due to burning and to decomposition of forest wood and root residues, there is a dramatic decline in carbon stocks during slash-and-burn agriculture. After five years of succession, 86% of the plant mass from the pre-existing forest had disappeared from the main study plot. Biomass accumulation during five years of succession only added 38 t ha- '. Total site carbon stocks at five years were well below half of the pre-burn forest stocks. (6) Based on measurements of tree growth and litter production, total above-ground production averaged 1258 g m-2 year- ' over the five-year study period-a value almost identical to that measured for mature forest. Pioneer trees colonizing this site grew 1-2 m

Unprecedenteded rates of deforestation and biomass burning in tropical dry forests are dramatically influencing biogeochemical cycles, resulting in resource depletion, declines in biodiversity, and atmospheric pollution. We quantified the effects of deforestation and varying levels of slash—fire severity on nutrient losses and redistribution in a second—growth tropical dry forest ("Caatinga") near Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil. Total aboveground biomass prior to burning was °74 Mg/ha. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations were highest in litter, leaves attached to slash, and fine wood debris (<0.64 cm diameter). While these components comprised only 30% of the prefire aboveground biomass, they accounted for °60% of the aboveground pools of N and P. Three experimental fires were conducted during the 1989 burning season. In these treatments consumption was 78, 88, and 95% of the total aboveground biomass. As much as 96% of the prefire aboveground N and C pools and 56% of the prefire aboveground P pool was lost during combustion processes. Nitrogen losses exceeded 500 kg/ha and P losses exceeded 20 kg/ha in the fires of the greatest severity. With increasing fire severity, the concentrations of N and P in ash decreased while the concentration of Ca increased. This indicates greater amounts of these nutrients were volatilized (i.e., greater ecosystem losses occurred) with increasing fire severity. Following fire, up to 47% of the residual aboveground N and 84% of the residual aboveground P were in the form of ash, which was quickly lost from the site via wind erosion. Fires appeared to have a minor immediate effect on total N, C, or P in the soils. However, soils in forests with no history of cultivation had significantly higher concentrations of C and P than second—growth forests. Based upon the measured losses of nutrients from these single slash—burning events, it would likely require a century or more of fallow for reaccumulation to occur. However, current fallow periods in this region are 15 yr or less.

Slash‐and‐burn clearing of forest typically results in an increase in soil nutrient availability. Throughout the tropics, ash from consumed vegetation has been accepted as the primary nutrient source for this increase. In contrast, soil heating has been viewed as a secondarily important mechanism of nutrient release. Through the use of multiple burn plots and intensive pre‐burn and post‐burn sampling of mineral soil, this study quantified changes in total P and N, P fractions, and KCl‐extractable N in soil during the slash‐and‐burn conversion of a Mexican dry forest to agriculture. Slash burning resulted in large transformations of non‐plant‐available P and N in soil into mineral forms readily available to plants. Anion‐exchange resin, NaHCO 3 ‐extractable P, and KCl‐extractable N in soil increased by 37 kg P ha −1 and 82 kg N ha −1 Organic and occluded P (sequentially extracted with NaOH, sonication + NaOH, and NaOH fusion) and organic N (total N minus KCl‐extractable N) decreased after burning by 25 kg P ha −1 and 150 kg N ha −1 Immediately after burning, ash from consumed aboveground biomass contained 11 kg P ha −1 and 27 kg N ha −1 , of which 55 and 74%, respectively, were quickly transported off the site by wind. At this dry forest site, soil heating had a much larger influence on soil P and N availability than inputs of ash.

The effects of ontogeny and soil nutrient supply on aboveground biomass accumulation, allocation, and stemwood growth efficiency of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) were investigated in north-central Florida over 16 years using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment (species, fertilization, weed control). Aboveground biomass growth responses to the combined fertilizer and weed control treatments (FW) averaged ~2- and 2.8-fold for slash and loblolly pine, respectively. In the same treatment, annual needlefall (NF) production for slash pine approached a steady state of 6 Mg·ha-1 at ages 8-14 years, while loblolly pine NF production peaked at 7 Mg·ha-1 at age 10 years, and then declined 17% following curtailment of the fertilizer treatment. Periodic stemwood biomass increment (PAI) for the FW treatment for both species culminated at about 15 Mg·ha-1·year-1 at age 8 years and then declined rapidly (~275%) to <4 Mg·ha-1·year-1 at 15 years; reductions for the untreat...

We investigated the effect of fire intensity from slash‐and‐burn agriculture on the mineralogy of Oxisols in the Sepunggur area, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, in both field and laboratory experiments. Samples were collected from two depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm) at locations exposed to 100, 300, 600, and &gt;600°C surface temperatures during the burns. Soils under forest and slashed vegetation were collected as controls. The pre‐burn soil mineralogy was dominated by kaolinite, gibbsite, anatase, and goethite. Changes in soil properties with burning were most pronounced in the 0‐ to 5‐cm layer. Burning the topsoil led to coarser textures, especially at temperatures exceeding 600°C. Heat reduced the gibbsite and kaolinite concentrations and converted goethite into ultra‐fine maghemite, thus increasing the magnetic susceptibility of the samples. The conversion of goethite did not take place until water in the samples had vaporized. Addition of organic matter to soil with a low organic C content before heating increased the magnetic susceptibility, indicating that organic matter was necessary (and limiting) for the complete conversion of goethite. Coarse‐grained magnetite particles were present prior to and after the burning and, therefore, were not pyrogenic. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were highly discriminatory among heat treatments, whereas x‐ray diffraction (XRD) was much less sensitive to fire‐induced changes in mineralogy. Our research showed that severe burning had drastic effects on soil mineralogy, but changes should also be expected at lower fire intensities. Further research is needed to determine how important these changes in soil mineralogy are for nutrient availability in the growing season after the burn.

Research Article| October 01 1987 Her Body, Himself: Gender in the Slasher Film Carol J. Clover Carol J. Clover Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Representations (1987) 20: 187–228. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928507 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Carol J. Clover; Her Body, Himself: Gender in the Slasher Film. Representations 1 October 1987; 20 187–228. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2928507 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRepresentations Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1987 The Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The production and accumulation of total system organic matter (to 100 cm soil depth) in plantations of slash pine were analyzed using three replications of stands 2, 5, 8, 14, 18, 26, and 34 yr old. Maximum leaf area occurred at 5 yr. After this point aboveground net primary production (NPP) continued to increase to a maximum at 26 yr and then declined. After 5 yr stem biomass production composed a constant 50% of NPP. The forest floor increased at a constant rate through 34 yr, although total detritus (forest floor plus soil organic matter) was relatively constant at m160 Mg/ha. Live vegetation mass was less than detritus mass until =m25 yr, the current harvest rotation length. Total system organic matter showed no indication of a decline after site preparation, and was still increasing at 34 yr (340 Mg/ha). During site preparation -30 Mg/ha organic matter were lost through burning and decomposition. This loss was small enough to be completely offset by increases in live vegetation and forest floor over -3 yr following site preparation, which may be important in limiting losses of nutrients from these sites after a disturbance. rently 5.2 x 106 ha of commercial slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii), with -40% of the total in north- ern Florida. Fifty-two percent of the total is in plan- tations, representing 14% of the forested land area in Florida, and the rest is in naturally regenerated second growth (Scheffield et al. 1981); the proportion in plan- tations is rapidly increasing. Although the conversion of the natural stands to plantations amounts to landscape modification at a tre- mendous scale, we have little idea of the ecological consequences. Delcourt and Harris (1980) proposed

Soil CO 2 evolution rates were measured in slash pine (Pinuselliottii) plantations of three ages in north Florida. At the mature (29-year-old) plantation, which had a closed canopy and a well-developed forest floor of litter and humus overlying the mineral soil, C storage in detritus in the mineral soil was relatively low and soil C release was relatively high (13.0 t•ha −1 •year −1 ). C release was highest (22.7 t•ha −1 •year −1 ) at the clear-cut site, presumably because of high temperatures and rapid decomposition of detritus added during the harvest, and lowest (8.2 t•ha −1 •year −1 ) at the 9-year-old plantation. For a range of forest sites, soil CO 2 evolution rates and the magnitude and direction of changes after harvesting show latitudinal variation that probably depends not only on the amount of C contained in dead organic matter in the soil and its decomposition rate but also on the treatment of slash left after harvesting.

Net photosynthesis was measured under field conditions in 23-year-old slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) trees to determine how it was affected by fertilization and climate. There was only a small decrease in rates of net photosynthesis from late summer through winter demonstrating that appreciable carbon gain occurs throughout the year in slash pine. Although fertilization substantially increased leaf area and aboveground biomass, it only slightly increased the rate of net photosynthesis. Simultaneous measurements of gas exchange in fertilized and unfertilized (control) plots allowed the detection of a small, but statistically significant difference in average net photosynthesis of 0.14 micro mol m(-2) s(-1). Irradiance, and to a lesser extent air temperature, were the environmental factors that exerted the most control on net photosynthesis. The highest rates of net photosynthesis occurred between air temperatures of 25 and 35 degrees C. Because air temperatures were within this range for 46% of all daylight hours during the year, air temperature was not often a significant limitation. Soil and atmospheric water deficits had less effect on photosynthesis than irradiance or air temperature. Although the depth to the water table changed during the year from 10 to 160 cm, predawn and midday xylem pressure potentials only changed slightly throughout the year. Predawn values ranged from -0.63 to -0.88 MPa in the control plot and from -0.51 to -0.87 MPa in the fertilized plot and were not correlated with water table depth. There was no correlation between xylem pressure potentials and net photosynthesis, presumably because water uptake was adequate. Although vapor pressure deficits reached 3.5 kPa during the summer, they had little effect on net photosynthesis. Over a vapor pressure deficit range from 1.0 to 3.0 kPa, net photosynthesis only decreased 21%. No differences in responses to these environmental factors could be attributed to fertilization.

Chlorophyll is a key indicator of the physiological status of a forest canopy. However, its distribution may vary greatly in time and space, so that the estimation of chlorophyll content of canopies or branches by extrapolation from leaf values obtained by destructive sampling is labor intensive and potentially inaccurate. Chlorophyll content is related positively to the point of maximum slope in vegetation reflectance spectra which occurs at wavelengths between 690-740 nm and is known as the "red edge." The red edge of needles on individual slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) branches and in whole forest canopies was measured with a spectroradiometer. Branches were measured on the ground against a spectrally flat reflectance target and canopies were measured from observation towers against a spectrally variable understory and forest floor. There was a linear relationship between red edge and chlorophyll content of branches (R(2) = 0.91). Measurements of the red edge and this relationship were used to estimate the chlorophyll content of other branches with an error that was lower than that associated with the calorimetric (laboratory) method. There was no relationship between the red edge and the chlorophyll content of whole canopies. This can be explained by the overriding influence of the understory and forest floor, an influence that was illustrated by spectral mixture modeling. The results suggest that the red edge could be used to estimate the chlorophyll content in branches, but it is unlikely to be of value for the estimation of chlorophyll content in canopies unless the canopy cover is high.

I analyze the relationship between homophobia/heteronormativity and slash fan fiction. Through reading and coding almost 6,000 pages of Kirk/Spock fan fiction written from 1978 to 2014, I illuminate shifts in how normative gender and sexuality are portrayed by K/S authors. Writers of K/S, while ostensibly writing about the 23rd century, consciously or unconsciously include cultural norms from the 20th and 21st centuries. Thus, slash becomes a lens through which readers can view a decrease in both homophobia and heteronormativity in US culture over the past several decades.

Fans of J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series have written new stories featuring the characters; many of these stories, called "slash," are homoerotic. This article examines a number of online slash stories, and discusses the potential for fans, especially teens, to experiment with non-heteronormative discourses through the medium of Potter fanfiction.

There is a growing awareness of vegetation's role as a source of potentially reactive hydrocarbons that may serve as photochemical oxidant precursors. This study assessed the influence of light and temperature, independently, on monoterpene emissions from slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.). Plants were preconditioned in a growth chamber, then transferred to an environmentally controlled gas exchange chamber. Samples of the chamber atmosphere were collected; the monoterpenes were concentrated cryogenically and measured by gas chromatography. Five monoterpenes (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, myrcene, limonene, and beta-phellandrene) were present in the vapor phase surrounding the plants in sufficient quantity for reliable measurement. Light did not directly influence monoterpene emission rates since the emissions were similar in both the dark and at various light intensities. Monoterpene emission rates increased exponentially with temperature (i. e. emissions depend on temperature in a log-linear manner). The summed emissions of the five monoterpenes ranged from 3 to 21 micrograms C per gram dry weight per hour as temperature was increased from 20 to 46 C. Initially, emission rates from heat-stressed needles were similar to healthy needles, but rates decreased 11% per day. Daily carbon loss through monoterpene emissions accounted for approximately 0.4% of the carbon fixed during photosynthesis.

Can a system of distributed moderation quickly and consistently separate high and low quality comments in an online conversation? Analysis of the site Slashdot.org suggests that the answer is a qualified yes, but that important challenges remain for designers of such systems. Thousands of users act as moderators. Final scores for comments are reasonably dispersed and the community generally agrees that moderations are fair. On the other hand, much of a conversation can pass before the best and worst comments are identified. Of those moderations that were judged unfair, only about half were subsequently counterbalanced by a moderation in the other direction. And comments with low scores, not at top-level, or posted late in a conversation were more likely to be overlooked by moderators.