To develop and validate a simple scoring system for dysphagia after fragility fracture or orthopedic surgery in older adults. This prospective cohort study included a total of 934 participants aged ≥ 65 years who were hospitalized due to fragility fractures or had undergone orthopedic surgery. The following outcomes were set: pneumonia during hospitalization, pneumonia-related and dysphagia-related mortalities (sum of pneumonia-associated and choking-associated deaths). The odds and hazard ratios were calculated for the candidate independent variables, and the risk factors for dysphagia were selected. Additionally, the weighted score of the scoring system was calculated using the odds and hazard ratios. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 43 (4.6%) patients during hospitalization. During 2.0 years follow up period, thirty-eight (21.8%) and two (1.1%) patients died due to pneumonia and choking, respectively. Among the collected independent variables, male sex, < 800 kcal/day calorie intake, and poor form of rice or main dish were selected as risk factors for dysphagia. The weighted risk score was determined as follows: 1 point for male sex, < 800 kcal/day calorie intake, and when the dietary form was rice porridge or chopped main dish; 2 points when the dietary form was rice in a blender, main dish in a blender, tube feeding, and nothing by mouth. After adjusting for covariates, pneumonia-related and dysphagia-related mortalities were 2.67-3.84 times for 1 point, 7.08-9.82 times for 2 points, and 44.55-53.74 times higher for 3 or 4 points, in comparison to 0 points. Early intervention is recommended for participants with score ≥ 1.
We show a simple way to compare the electronic properties of a zeolite framework by a standard FT-IR analysis, after following the shift of the peak at ∼600 cm-1, which corresponds to the Si-O-Si bond bending [double ring (DR6)] vibrations of the framework. The FT-IR peak can significantly redshift from one metal-supported zeolite to another depending on the reduction degree of the metal. These results bring an extremely fast, inexpensive and non-destructive method to assess the electron density in metal-supported zeolites.
Sphenopalatine ganglion block (SPGB) is a potential treatment option for trigeminal autonomic cephalgia (TAC) performed fluoroscopically or endoscopically. We explored the role of noninvasive SPGB via intranasal application of lidocaine (INL) in hemicrania continua (HC) and probable TAC. In 4 patients of HC, INL spray decreased baseline acute attacks from Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) 8-10/10 to nil acute attacks and baseline continuous NRS-11 from 2-6/10 to 0-2/10 in 3 months. In patient of probable TAC, multiple acute attacks a day of NRS-11 10/10 decreased to NRS-11 1-2/10 in 3 months follow-up, with acute attacks of 1-2 in a day. Ten percent INL spray may be used as noninvasive treatment modality for HC and probable TAC, both for acute attacks and decreasing basal continuous pain.
This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and simplicity of a preoperative vascular assessment method with ViewtifyⓇ for perforator flap elevation. To evaluate the accuracy and simplicity of this new method, we compared it with an existing reliable method based on the same contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images. The evaluation included the deviation of the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) course and the position of the perforators, as well as the time required for evaluation. CT images were acquired from 20 female patients who underwent DIEA perforator flap reconstruction. A third-year plastic surgery resident, new to flaps and the software, was the candidate for this new method and hand-drew a schematic diagram from three-dimensional computer graphics (3DCG) images reconstructed with ViewtifyⓇ. After receiving only short instructions on how to operate the software, she began the evaluations. The comparison was made with reference images that had been created by a board-certified surgeon using a reliable method from the same CT images. The average age and body mass index (BMI) of patients were 48.1 ± 7.5 years and 24.2 ± 3.3 kg/m2, respectively. Deviations in the DIEA pathway were within 7.4 ± 3.2 mm, and perforator positions matched the reference images. Evaluation times decreased significantly, stabilizing below 10 min in 5 patients. The average evaluation time across all patients was approximately 8 minutes. ViewtifyⓇ enables accurate and efficient preoperative vascular assessment, even for inexperienced surgeons, demonstrating a rapid learning curve. This method may offer an alternative approach for the surgical planning of perforator flap elevation.
Soccer is an open-skill sport in which players must rapidly process visual cues and transform them into appropriate motor actions under changing contextual constraints. Stroboscopic vision training has been proposed as a method for enhancing visuomotor processing and sport-related performance, but its value as an embedded visual constraint within regular soccer-specific training remains unclear. This single-site, two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled intervention study examined whether a 6-week stroboscopic vision training program combined with soccer-specific practice could improve visuomotor reaction performance and soccer-specific reactive agility in male collegiate soccer players. Thirty-six players were randomly assigned to either a stroboscopic training group or a non-stroboscopic group, with 18 participants in each group. Both groups completed the same soccer-specific training tasks three times per week. The stroboscopic training group wore Senaptec Strobe eyewear with the stroboscopic mode activated, whereas the non-stroboscopic group wore visually similar clear non-stroboscopic eyewear that did not produce visual occlusion or stroboscopic restriction. Outcome assessors were blinded to group allocation during pre- and post-intervention testing. Simple motor time, simple lower-limb visuomotor reaction time, complex reaction speed, with-ball reactive agility time, and without-ball reactive agility time were assessed before and after the intervention. Intervention effects were primarily evaluated using linear mixed-effects models with group, time, and group × time interaction as fixed effects and participant ID as a random intercept. Training experience and weekly training time were included as covariates. ANCOVA was also conducted as an adjusted analysis, with post-test values as dependent variables and corresponding pre-test values and training-related variables as covariates. The linear mixed-effects models showed significant group × time interactions for all five outcomes, indicating greater pre-to-post improvements in the stroboscopic training group than in the non-stroboscopic group. Compared with the non-stroboscopic group, the stroboscopic training group showed larger reductions in simple motor time, simple lower-limb visuomotor reaction time, complex reaction speed, with-ball reactive agility time, and without-ball reactive agility time. The ANCOVA results were consistent with the primary analysis, showing significantly lower adjusted post-intervention values in the stroboscopic training group across all outcomes after controlling for baseline performance, training experience, and weekly training time. These findings suggest that adding stroboscopic vision training to soccer-specific practice may provide additional short-term benefits in visuomotor reaction efficiency and soccer-specific reactive agility. Compared with the same soccer-specific training performed with visually similar clear non-stroboscopic eyewear, adding stroboscopic vision training may further improve visuomotor reaction efficiency and soccer-specific reactive agility in male collegiate soccer players. This approach may be used as an auxiliary strategy for developing soccer-specific reactive ability, although further studies are required to determine whether these gains are retained over time and transferred to match play.
malnutrition is a modifiable risk factor that is associated with a higher number of post-surgical complications in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), such as delayed healing, persistent drainage and prosthetic infection. The identification of simple and reliable nutritional parameters is key to optimizing the preoperative preparation of elderly patients, a particularly vulnerable group. the objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the nutritional prognostic index (NPI) and other biochemical parameters as predictors of surgical wound-related complications in patients ≥ 75 years of age undergoing primary TKA. a single-center retrospective observational cohort study was conducted. Patients ≥ 75 years of age who underwent surgery for TKA between January 2016 and December 2019, with nutritional data available in the 6 months prior to surgery, were included. Biodemographic, biochemical (albumin, fibrinogen, creatinine, lymphocytes), clinical (hospital stay, readmissions) variables were analyzed, and combined indices (albumin/lymphocyte ratio, albumin/fibrinogen ratio, NPI) were calculated. Prolonged hospital stay ( > 7 days) and readmission were considered as indicators of postoperative complications. of 584 patients operated on, 117 met inclusion criteria (mean age 79.6 years; 71 males, 46 females). There were 8 readmissions (6.8 %). Patients with albumin < 3.5 g/dl and NPI < 40 had significantly longer stayed (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively). An NPI < 40 was associated with lower albumin, lymphocyte, and albumin/fibrinogen ratio levels, as well as longer duration of hospitalization (12.8 vs. 6.6 days; p = 0.023). In the analysis of readmissions, only albumin (p = 0.018) and NPI (p = 0.018) showed a significant association. preoperative nutritional assessment could be key to identifying and optimizing the nutritional status of these patients, to reduce postoperative complications. NPI and serum albumin are confirmed as simple and useful nutritional markers to predict postoperative complications in elderly patients undergoing TKA. An NPI value < 40 identifies patients at higher risk of wound complications and prolonged hospital stay, reinforcing the need to incorporate routine nutritional assessment in the preoperative period and to propose specific nutritional interventions in this high-risk group.
In this review, we emphasize on ternary deep eutectic solvents (TDESs) utilized in environmental and analytical chemistry for separation and sensing purposes in contrast to their binary counterparts, known as simple deep eutectic solvents (DESs). To ensure food security, high water quality, and environmental protection from the current industrialized era of the twenty-first century, it is of utmost importance to determine and separate effluents, pollutants, or any undesired materials in our related day-to-day utilities, foods, or nature using a more efficient and green separating media or sensor. For this reason, there is no better choice for an analytical chemist to design and use hybrid and natural ternary deep eutectic solvents, with enhanced physicochemical properties. Since the discovery of simple binary DESs, they have been applied in sensing and separation sciences, but the invention of ternary deep eutectic solvents has made them a more interesting and suitable candidate for the development of separation or sensor methodologies based on TDESs. Furthermore, we explore TDES structure-property relationships, showing how the choice of components dictates macroscopic properties. This molecular-level understanding facilitates the rational design of tailored solvents for analytical applications. This review consolidates recent advances in TDES-based sensing and separation to support future research.
The novel RANO risk score provides prognostic stratification for patients with IDH-wildtype glioblastoma(GBM) and includes age, Karnofsky Performance Scale(KPS), RANO resection class(RRC), and MGMT promoter methylation(MGMTm). However, MGMTm testing is unavailable in many countries. We aimed to explore the prognostic performance of a RANO-adapted clinical score excluding MGMTm. We applied the same scoring system established by original RANO score, excluding MGMTm. Three risk classes were defined as numerical scores derived through tertiles. The primary endpoint was overall survival(OS), and the secondary exploratory endpoint was progression-free survival(PFS). One-hundred twenty patients were included. Three risk classes were identified:low-risk(0-1 points,n:47, 39.2%), intermediate-risk(2-3 points,n:27, 22.5%), and high-risk(≥4 points,n:46, 38.3%). The median OS was 35.5 months(95% CI:21.1-49.9) for the low-risk group, 16 months(95% CI:9.9-22.1) for the intermediate-risk group, and 5 months(95% CI:3.6-6.3) for the high-risk group(p < 0.001). Similarly, the median PFS was 16.3 months(95% CI:12.3-20.3) for the low-risk group, 9.9 months(95% CI:7.2-12.6) for the intermediate-risk group, and 4.1 months(95% CI:3.5-4.7) for the high-risk group(p < 0.001). This simplified RANO-adapted score demonstrated promising prognostic stratification using basic clinical parameters. As a pragmatic adaptation study, external validation is required before clinical application, particularly in settings where MGMTm testing is unavailable. Glioblastoma is an aggressive type of brain cancer. Doctors often use simple scores to help estimate a patient’s outlook and to support discussions about care. One existing score, developed by the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology group, uses age, physical function, the amount of tumor removed during surgery, and a tumor test called MGMT promoter methylation. However, this tumor test is not available in many hospitals. In this study, we looked at whether a simpler version of this score could still give useful information when the MGMT test is not available. We reviewed the medical records of 120 patients with IDH-wildtype glioblastoma treated at one hospital. The simplified score used three pieces of information that are usually available in routine care: patient age, physical function after surgery, and how much of the tumor was removed. The simplified score separated patients into three groups with different survival outcomes. Patients in the lower-score group lived longer on average than patients in the higher-score group. This score should not be used to deny or limit treatment. It may help doctors explain expected outcomes and support communication with patients, especially where MGMT testing is not available. Because this was a small study from one hospital, more research in larger and more diverse patient groups is needed before this score can be widely used in clinical practice.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) persists in latent reservoirs, mainly within CD4+ T cells, which are refractory to antiretroviral therapy, and can lead to rapid viral rebound upon treatment interruption. The "shock and kill" strategy aims to eliminate latent reservoirs by inducing viral transcription through latency-reversing agents (LRAs), thereby exposing infected cells to immune-mediated clearance. We developed and validated a simple, low-cost, and highly reproducible in vitro screening protocol to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LRAs, using a two-color flow cytometry assay on ACH2 cells, a well-characterized model of HIV-1 latency. Using this method, we identified PEP005 and CUDC-907 as the most potent LRAs across multiple experimental settings. Their reactivation capacity was further confirmed through transcriptomic analysis, which revealed a significant upregulation of viral RNA copies following stimulation. In addition, we collaborated with Dompé for using the Exscalate platform, an innovative computer-aided drug discovery approach, together with the experimental validation, which led to the identification of Tandutinib, a tyrosine kinase and mTOR inhibitor, as a novel LRA candidate with appreciable latency-reversing activity in the ACH2 model. While the ACH2 cell line does not fully recapitulate the complexity of HIV latency in vivo, it offers a robust and scalable system for early-stage screening and prioritization of candidate LRAs. Importantly, the future application of these LRAs in ex vivo samples derived from people living with HIV, with a particular focus on pediatric samples, will be crucial to deepen our understanding of latency reactivation in clinically relevant settings and age-specific immune environments. This study addresses a major obstacle to curing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection: the persistence of latent viral reservoirs that are not eliminated by current therapies. We developed a simple and reproducible assay to identify compounds capable of reactivating latent virus, a key step in cure strategies. Using this approach, we identified effective latency-reversing compounds and, through collaboration with Dompé using the EXSCALATE platform, we also identified Tandutinib as a promising new candidate for further investigation.
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), a vital food and oilseed crop native to China, has the development of high-yield and high-quality new varieties as a core objective in soybean breeding. However, studies on genetic diversity and marker-trait associations for yield-related traits across multiple environments using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers remain limited. This study utilized 20 pairs of SSR primers to investigate genetic diversity and marker-trait associations (MTAs) between SSR markers and yield-related traits in 150 soybean accessions of diverse origins, which were grown under two environmental conditions. Genetic diversity analysis of 12 key agronomic traits, including plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, and hundred-seed weight, showed substantial phenotypic variation with large ranges and high coefficients of variation among the accessions. Cluster analysis based on agronomic traits classified the germplasm into five clusters under environment E1 and four clusters under environment E2. SSR primer amplification of the accessions' genomic DNA produced an average of 7.10 amplified loci and 6.80 polymorphic loci per primer pair, with an average polymorphic locus rate of 96%. The average values of effective allele number (Ne), gene diversity index (H), Shannon's information index (I), polymorphism information content (PIC), and genetic similarity coefficient (GSC) were 1.5035, 0.3581, 0.5176, 0.3539, and 0.57, respectively. SSR-based cluster analysis divided the 150 accessions into three distinct clusters. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) validated that the selected SSR primers could effectively discriminate among the accessions. Population structure analysis indicated complex genetic relationships and substantial genetic diversity within the germplasm panel. Association analysis between agronomic traits and SSR markers identified 44 markers significantly associated with yield-related traits, of which 13 were simultaneously linked to two or more yield-related traits. Using generalized linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM) analyses, six SSR markers significantly associated with yield-related traits were consistently detected across the two environments. These results provide a theoretical basis for germplasm utilization and molecular breeding in soybean.
Individual identification plays an important role in forensic anthropology, where biological profiles are created. Estimating body height is a key parameter, alongside age, sex and ethnicity. This study aims to assess the relationship between height and hand dimensions, and to develop regression equations specific to the Slovak population. The sample consists of 125 women and 90 men aged 18-30. Twenty-two hand dimensions were measured on both hands (hand length and width, palm length, finger length, and the length of individual finger phalanges), as well as participants' height. The measurement data were subsequently analysed using simple and multiple regression analysis. Significant differences between the sexes were found for all measured variables, with bilateral asymmetry observed for certain dimensions. The accuracy of predicting height using these hand dimension-based equations ranges from ±5.14 to ±5.92 cm for women and from ±5.57 to ±7.35 cm for men. The results indicate a positive correlation between height and all hand-related variables (R = 0.366-0.894, p < 0.001), with a stronger association observed between hand and finger length than between finger phalanx length and height. Our study provides equations that can be used to estimate stature based on palm and finger measurements among Slovaks.
A deep understanding of reactant adsorption behaviors is crucial for unraveling structure-activity relationships and identifying simple descriptors for the kinetics of multi-electron redox reactions, such as the sulfur redox process in Li-S batteries (LSBs). Recently, the "10-electron rule" for evaluating the adsorption strength of single atoms (Eads) has been established for free-atom-like single-atom alloys (SAAs). However, our density-functional theory calculations show that this rule is unfeasible for single-atom catalysts (SACs) with metal centers covalently coordinated by nonmetal atoms. Herein, we proposed a new 18-electron rule for covalent SACs by establishing the quasi-atom interaction model (Q-AIM), which interprets the U-type behavior of Eads(S) dominated by antibonding-orbital filling. Additional calculations demonstrate that Eads(S) can serve as an efficient descriptor of the kinetics of sulfur redox involving multiatom polysulfides. Then, guided by the efficient predictor and Q-AIM, we employed machine learning to screen ∼800,000 candidate SACs. Ultimately, we obtained over 400 and 8000 promising SACs for sulfur evolution and sulfur reduction, respectively. Furthermore, Eads(S) can be extended to predict the catalytic performance of SACs in Li/Na/K-S/Se batteries. This work not only simplifies complex multi-electron processes to single-atom adsorption energy but also establishes a link between occupied electronic states and the catalytic performance of SACs.
Uncontrolled hemorrhage remains a leading cause of early, potentially preventable death following traumatic injury. Contemporary multicenter data continue to demonstrate that fatalities from hemorrhagic shock cluster within the first hours after injury, reinforcing the operational principle that the critical timeline is from point of injury to initiation of hemostatic resuscitation rather than time to hospital arrival. Ongoing armed conflict, including the war in Ukraine, as well as broader preparedness for future disasters and mass casualty events, underscores the need for evidence-based, practical strategies to reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. Panel discussion and supporting documents underscore that forward resuscitation must be feasible for protocol-based teams in austere environments: early blood where possible, ideally low-titer O whole blood, plasma-based bridging strategies (including spray- or freeze-dried plasma, which is rapidly becoming available and very new to the prehospital paradigm) when blood logistics are constrained, and mandatory early adjuncts, tranexamic acid and calcium, embedded into simple, auditable pathways. This synthesis integrates the panel's "good, bad, and hard realities" from the audience discussion and proposes practical next steps for scalable clinical governance in the prehospital space in Ukraine under ongoing conflict constraints.
Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. Mortality rates and limited therapeutic options justify the development of reliable preclinical research models, as their translational value remains limited. Simple in vitro models do not recapitulate tumor heterogeneity, while in vivo research faces ethical concerns and interspecies differences. Patient-derived organoids offer a physiologically more relevant platform that retains the genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic characteristics of the original tumor. Tumor-derived organoids enable precise investigation of novel treatments, functional genomics, and modeling of cancer development. Integration with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing further enables accurate manipulation of specific genes to study carcinogenesis and therapeutic resistance. This review highlights recent advances in the use of organoids for colorectal cancer research and explores the potential of gene-edited organoids to discover the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying colorectal cancer development, progression, and treatment resistance.
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles are promising candidates for oral drug delivery, yet their clinical translation is hindered by limited targeting precision and inconsistent systemic absorption. While surface engineering can enhance tissue accumulation, strategies that preserve biocompatibility and enable scalable production remain limited. Here, we introduce boiling as a simple thermal processing approach that structurally reconfigures ginger extracellular vesicles (GEVs) into functionally enhanced, thermally reassembled GEVs (T-GEVs). The surface architecture of T-GEVs is enriched with key vesicle trafficking regulators, including V-type proton adenosine triphosphatase subunit G, ARF1, and β-adaptin-like protein. This specific composition drives their tissue-specific accumulation in the intestine and liver and potentiates clathrin-dependent cellular uptake in intestinal cells by 8.57-fold. Beyond superior intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity through NLRP3 inflammasome suppression, T-GEVs function as an efficient oral delivery platform. When loaded with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) small interfering RNA, they enable a synergistic therapy that combines innate anti-inflammatory activity with targeted gene silencing of TNF-α, showing potent efficacy in colitis. Our findings position boiling as a natural strategy for enhancing the bioactivity and targeted oral delivery potential of GEVs.
Clinical features associated with sustained ventricular arrhythmias (sVA) during acute myocarditis (AM) are poorly defined. Identify simple clinical characteristics of arrhythmogenic AM patients who develop sVA during acute-phase hospitalization. Case-control study of AM patients hospitalized in two tertiary centers from 2000 to 2020. Patients with documented sVA during AM hospitalization (cases) were compared with AM patients without VA (controls). Patients with history of myocardial infarction, heart failure or VA were excluded. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to evaluate clinical parameters associated with occurrence of sVA during AM hospitalization. Study included 41 cases with sVA and 137 controls without any VA during AM hospitalization period. VAs included monomorphic VT and polymorphic VT/VF in 24/41 (58.5%) and 17/41 (41.5%) cases, respectively. Older age, syncope, palpitations, hemodynamic instability, intraventricular conduction delay on ECG, and reduced LV function (LVF) were associated with increased sVA occurrence on univariate analysis. Multivariable model including age, gender, admission ECG, and LVF revealed age (OR 1.027/year, 95% CI [1.015, 1.052]; p = 0.038), intraventricular conduction delay (OR 5.55, 95% CI [2.237, 8.346]; p < 0.001), and reduced LVF (OR 4.38, 95% CI [1.783, 9.081]; p = 0.002) to be independently associated with sVA. Applying these characteristics, we could delineate AM patients with differing prevalence of sVA during hospitalization. Few clinical parameters, readily available upon admission, including older age, intraventricular conduction delay, and reduced LVF, are associated with acute-phase sVA in AM. Once validated by larger studies, these parameters may assist decision-making regarding level of care and ECG monitoring.
Rapid and cost-effective detection of dengue infection, especially during the early stages of disease and in resource-limited settings, remains a significant public health concern. Recent advances in nanomaterial-based biosensors have provided promising opportunities for the development of simple, sensitive, and affordable nucleic acid detection platforms. In the present study, a Cu2+-modified reduced graphene oxide (Cu2+/rGO) nanostructure-based colorimetric biosensor integrated with hybridization chain reaction (HCR) was developed and assessed for the detection of a dengue virus target sequence. The nanozyme exhibited peroxidase-like activity and catalyzed the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), generating a visible colorimetric signal. Following HCR-mediated double-stranded DNA formation, the catalytic activity of the nanostructure was suppressed, resulting in reduced color intensity and enabling signal-off detection. The proposed biosensor showed a linear response over 0.5-10 nM, with detection limits of 1.36 nM in buffer and 1.6 nM in human serum samples spiked with synthetic target DNA. The color variation was directly visible to the naked eye. The assay showed good linearity (R2 = 0.9868) while avoiding the need for thermocyclers and complex instrumentation. The Cu2+/rGO nanozyme preserved nearly 79% of its catalytic performance after 10 days of storage. Overall, the results suggest that the developed platform may provide a practical and cost-effective biosensing strategy for preliminary nucleic acid screening in resource-limited settings and complement conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays.
Urolithin A (UA) is a gut microbiota-derived metabolite formed from dietary ellagitannins and ellagic acid. It has drawn sustained interest because it can influence mitochondrial quality control, but the evidence does not support a simple anti-aging or anticancer label. In this review, UA is examined across microbial metabolism, urolithin metabotypes, pharmacokinetic exposure, mitophagy biology, aging-related phenotypes, and cancer. The emphasis is placed on what has been shown, what remains model-dependent, and where translational claims are still premature. Preclinical work links UA to PINK1/Parkin-, TFEB-, AMPK-, sirtuin-, and Nrf2-associated pathways, with reported improvements in mitochondrial turnover and inflammatory signaling. Human data are narrower: most trials have been short and have focused on safety, muscle performance, mitochondrial signatures, and circulating biomarkers. Evidence for cancer prevention or cancer therapy still comes mainly from cell and animal studies. Because mitophagy can limit early mitochondrial damage but may also help established tumors survive hypoxia, nutrient restriction, dormancy, and therapy-induced stress, UA is better regarded as a microbiome-dependent mitochondrial modulator whose effects depend on biological setting. The next step is to define direct molecular targets, test native and conjugated UA at human-relevant exposure ranges, account for UM-A, UM-B, and UM-0 metabotypes, and evaluate cancer-specific endpoints before making therapeutic claims.
Amorphous PdAg alloy nanoparticles with tunable compositions were synthesized via a simple one-pot strategy. Composition and phase engineering synergistically optimize CO2 electroreduction, with an amorphous Pd86Ag14 alloy catalyst delivering superior CO selectivity and activity over amorphous Pd and crystalline PdAg alloys, providing an effective route to high-performance amorphous alloy catalysts.