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What is the sustained impact of master's programs in reproductive science and medicine in meeting the growing global demand for expertise in this field? This study provides quantitative data supporting the value of master's degree programs in providing students with educational experiences to meet the increasing demands for a well-trained workforce of reproductive scientists. Master's programs focused on reproduction-ranging from animal science, clinical embryology, and reproductive health and biology-are expanding around the globe, providing students with a degree beyond the bachelor's or its equivalent and are an alternative or bridge to other advanced degrees. However, the impact of these programs in creating a well-trained next generation of reproductive scientists to support workforce needs and advance the field has not been systematically investigated. We performed a web search to define the landscape of master's programs offered across the globe. We also convened a meeting (Global Perspectives: A Think Tank for MS Programs in Reproductive Science and Medicine at Northwestern University on 24-25 June 2024) to establish a network between four master's programs (two in the United States and two in Europe), including the Master at Northwestern University (USA), at University of Dundee (United Kingdom), at Colorado State University (USA), and at the University of Murcia (Spain). These programs are established at public and private institutions, are varied with respect to class size and duration, and span focus areas ranging from veterinary to human reproductive health to Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). We obtained and analyzed enrollment and outcome data from the four featured master's programs to determine the profile of students who pursue these master's degrees in reproductive science and determine how they contribute to the field post-degree. The study relied on self-reported data from each participating program. The programs were selected because they represent a cross-section of established master's programs in reproduction that have collectively trained almost 1000 students since 2004. We analyzed enrollment and outcome data from these four established master's programs. Programs reported on student outcomes post-degree, including job categories, job titles, employers, and other impact (e.g. publications, awards and honors, and grants and independent funding). Master's programs in reproduction and related fields are on the rise, with the number of programs having almost doubled from 73 in 2022 to 145 in 2025. The four featured programs reported on at least 9 years of retrospective data. The University of Murcia program started in 2004, Colorado State University in 2013, University of Dundee in 2014, and Northwestern in 2016. To date, these programs have trained 366, 210, 244, and 108 individuals, respectively, with average class sizes for each program ranging between 12 and 22 students. Most students across programs (81% cumulatively) are female. The programs based in the USA primarily attract US students, whereas the programs in the United Kingdom and Spain have a more global footprint. Students matriculate into programs with academic backgrounds in life sciences and related fields and have obtained prior degrees in broadly defined fields including biology, chemistry, animal sciences, and medicine. After students complete their master's degrees, they are generally continuing within the reproductive science and medicine pipeline with careers spanning: advanced training (e.g. PhD, MD, and DVM programs), clinical careers (e.g. embryology and andrology), research careers (e.g. scientist or faculty), and careers in industry and education. Our study is limited to four master's programs that were invited to the Global Perspectives: A Think Tank for MS Programs in Reproductive Science and Medicine meeting. The analysis performed here can serve as a basic template for tracking student profiles and outcomes across all existing programs, so that we can glean a more wholistic understanding of the impact of master's degrees programs in reproductive science and medicine. This study provides quantitative data supporting the value of master's degree programs in providing students with educational experiences to meet the increasing demands for a well-trained workforce of reproductive scientists. This work lays the foundation for establishing a formal consortium of master's programs in reproductive science whereby prospective data can be collected in a standardized way across programs, alumni outcomes tracked, and an educational network created. This could be of value in disciplines where there is an increasing trend toward accreditation and adherence to legal frameworks, such as reproductive medicine and embryology. This work was supported by institutional funds from the Center for Reproductive Science, the Thomas J. Watkins Endowment, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Northwestern University (F.E.D.) and the Makowski Family Endowment, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CU Anschutz School of Medicine (T.R.K.). C.L.R.B. is Co-Editor-in-Chief of Human Reproduction; he is a faculty member and deputy program lead for one of the courses discussed in this article (Dundee) for which salary is paid by the University of Dundee. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Not applicable.

A common misconception is that Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) stems solely from poor treatment management in hospitals and weak health systems. AMR is, however, driven by a multitude of factors, including environmental stressors such as contamination from industrial, agricultural, domestic, and healthcare waste, use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and agriculture, inadequate water, sanitation, and poverty. This paper is a synthesis of stakeholder engagement to advocate for a multi-sectoral One Health approach to address the emerging global threat of AMR. The Africa One Health Network for Disease Prevention (ADAPT) led multi-sectoral stakeholder engagement at the 15th CUGH annual conference in San Francisco, USA. Up to 100 in-person attendees included medical clinicians, microbiologists, anthropologists, veterinarians, agriculturalists, crop scientists, data scientists, mathematical modellers, policy makers, and economists, among others. Stakeholders' views were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed manually according to pre-determined themes of (a) key achievements, (b) challenges, and (c) recommendations for multi-and inter-sectoral approaches towards antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and AMR. Academic research institutions and governments are called to foster multi-sectoral and inter-sectoral collaborative education, research, policy, and community engagement innovations, together with the human and animal health, wildlife, agriculture, trade, tourism, urbanization, and immigration sectors, to prioritize efforts to promote AMS.

The Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing (GSN) at the Uniformed Services University (USU) is dedicated to preparing advanced practice nurses (APRNs) and nurse scientists for the federal health system, with a distinct focus on military readiness. As a joint-service program, the GSN educates a diverse student body from all military branches to serve those in harm's way, offering Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) and PhD degrees across specialties like Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP), Women's Health Nurse Practitioner (WHNP), Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP), Registered Nurse Anesthetist (RNA), and Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS). For Army nurses, this education is uniquely tailored to operational demands. The rigorous curriculum requires 1,800-3,000 clinical hours, specialized training in battlefield medicine and advanced trauma care, and interprofessional field exercises simulating large-scale combat operations. Strategic partnerships with entities such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) provide unique clinical experiences in diverse and resource-limited settings. Consistently ranked in the nation's top 5%, the GSN leverages a strong partnership with Army Nurse Corps leadership to generate a ready medical force, ensuring its graduates are prepared to lead and provide expert care from stateside hospitals to austere operational environments. Through its dedication to excellence, leadership, and operational relevance, the GSN produces highly skilled Army Nurse clinicians and scientists, prepared to lead and transform military healthcare for the nation.

The role of the Army nurse scientist is crucial in advancing healthcare through rigorous clinical research and practice. These doctorate-prepared professionals enhance ready, reliable patient care and patient safety by bridging interprofessional gaps and generating knowledge that translates into evidence-based practices. Positioned strategically, they influence clinical outcomes and military readiness, mentor young clinicians, guide graduate students, and support senior leaders with data-driven decisions. This paper examines the evolution of Army nurse scientists, highlighting their unique ability to impact healthcare from the bedside to the boardroom. The future is bright for nurse scientists, with endless opportunities for leadership and career growth within the military and beyond.

Sport is a global industry with athletes supported by sport scientists who have gained the necessary education and experience. However, there is still great variety in the training and career development opportunities for novice and trainee sport scientists to develop their practice. The objective of this study is to audit current sports science professional standards worldwide. A network approach and modified scoping review protocol were used to guide a global search of existing national professional standards for inclusion in the audit. The professional standards from the included associations were analysed together to indicate the breadth and depth of their coverage, using thematic analyses and summary statistics. Professional standards from five countries were identified as meeting the criteria for inclusion in the audit. The standards from one country were selected as the basis for the standards audit. Five composite standard domains were created, with 37 related elements being included for comparison. Common elements exist across the audited sport science standards and there is inconsistent coverage of some elements. The findings are important for understanding the skill and competency expectations for sport science practice. This audit confirmed there is sufficient breadth, depth and international coverage to produce internationally representative professional standards in sport science.

The International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD) is an international scientific organization that has shaped the framework for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) research, clinical management strategy, therapeutic development, and clinical trial methodology for more than four decades. Formally constituted in April 1981 in Lyon, France, IOIBD was created to address fundamental barriers to scientific and clinical progress in IBD, including inconsistent definitions of disease activity and outcomes across studies and countries. Since the establishment of the IOIBD Foundation for Research and Education in 1997, IOIBD has combined a highly engaged global membership of experts with structured governance, continuously active thematic clusters, and an annual rotating international meeting to deliver consensus frameworks and collaborative initiatives that translate directly to clinical practice and regulatory and translational science. Key outputs include studies of global epidemiology of IBD, the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in IBD (Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, STRIDE) treat-to-target programs; the SPIRIT consensus initiative addressing long-term disease impact and endpoints for disease-modification trials; validated approaches to capturing disability and patient-reported outcomes; consensus guidance on nutrition and diet as modifiable and potentially disease-modifying factors; recommendations to optimize IBD clinical trial design and endpoints; reclassification of IBD initiative; rapid international guidance during the COVID-19 pandemic; and educational initiatives including topic-focused satellite symposia, the Helmsley-IOIBD Clinical Experience Exchange Program, and the Empowering Women in IBD Leadership Program (EMPOWHER). This manuscript reviews IOIBD's history, operational model, selected scientific contributions, educational mission, and evolving strategy as the field moves toward precision medicine, globalization of care, and data-intensive approaches, including artificial intelligence. International organization for the study of inflammatory bowel diseases (IOIBD) Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, faces ongoing challenges. Although treatment has improved, many patients still face delayed diagnosis, ongoing inflammation, complications, surgery, and reduced quality of life. These challenges have also made it hard for researchers and clinicians worldwide to compare studies and agree on the best ways to measure improvement. This article reviews the work of International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD), an international network of experts founded in 1981 to help solve these problems through collaboration and shared standards. IOIBD brings together clinicians and scientists from many countries and disciplines, works year-round in focused topic groups, and meets annually to develop practical guidance and shared definitions that can be used in research studies, clinical trials, and everyday care.

Scholarship is essential for career progression within academic settings. Unfortunately, time pressures, uncertain processes, and unclear or absent resources remain barriers. We describe the development, implementation, and effectiveness of an internally funded scholarship program for EM faculty clinician educators led by the effort from 2 faculty physician scientists and a full-time Health Science Research Analyst. The program was developed through a needs assessment survey, discussions with faculty development leadership, and components of the PRISM implementation framework. Effectiveness was assessed using an interrupted time series (1 year pre- and 1 year post-implementation). Scholarship was defined a priori as manuscripts, abstract acceptances, regional/national presentations, book chapters, and online publications. The target audience was faculty, residents, fellows, attendings, and advanced practice providers. Our needs assessment survey suggested deficiencies in mentorship, formal curriculum, academic writing, and navigating journal submissions. A conceptual framework for scholarship was developed with 4 domains: education, clinical trials and studies, administrative, and training. The program was implemented July 1, 2024, and adopted by 17% (n = 17) of the audience. Acceptability ratings were high, with over 88% of respondents selecting 4/5 or 5/5 (1-5 ordinal scale). Overall scholarship increased from pre-implementation (146 manuscripts, 69 abstracts, 54 presentations, 27 book chapters, 34 online publications; total 330) to post (195 manuscripts, 90 abstracts, 78 presentations, 28 book chapters, 57 online publications; total 448), representing a 35.8% growth. The most notable increases occurred in manuscripts, followed by abstracts and presentations. For adoptees, output increased from a mean of 0.4 to 0.58 per participant per year. A faculty scholarship program for EM clinician educators was successfully executed within an implementation science framework. Our program was well received by end users and displayed an increase in scholarly output. Future evaluations will focus on program sustainability, growth, and impact on promotion.

Diabetes is a dynamic disease, an ever-evolving entity. In existence for centuries, the prevalence of diabetes has increased manifold over the past few decades.1 This evolution is associated with a change in classification, clinical features, comorbidities, complications, and clinical management strategies. These changes are what we describe as the Darwinization of diabetes. Charles Darwin was one of the most important scientists in human history. His research forms the basis of evolutionary biology. His hypothesis on natural selection, created along with Alfred Wallace, is accepted as the most important mechanism of evolution.2 A similar situation occurs with diabetes.

IntroductionCancer registries are essential for surveillance and cancer control, yet many pediatric oncology registries capture limited longitudinal clinical data and are not designed to support care continuity or active follow-up. In low- and middle-income settings, this limits the ability of registries to inform quality improvement, population decision support, and efforts to reduce treatment abandonment.MethodsWe used a modified implementation mapping approach to optimize Ethiopia's pediatric hospital-based cancer registry across five pediatric cancer centers. Clinicians, data clerks, social workers, and implementation scientists jointly refined registry workflows and co-developed the Pediatric Oncology Summary Sheet-Treatment and Follow-up (POSSh-TF), a structured tool designed to capture treatment delivery, modifications, and longitudinal follow-up data beyond minimum WHO-IARC recommendations. Iterative workflow analyses were conducted to align documentation, data entry, and reporting processes with routine clinical care and priorities outlined in Ethiopia's National Cancer Control Plan.ResultsWe identified the following key gaps to registry implementation including (1) variability across sites in available resources, (2) workload barriers preventing completion at every patient visit, and (3) variability in proposed workflow options across institutions. In order to mitigate these barriers, we designed concrete implementation strategies including: (1) partnership with the non-profit organization The Aslan Project to support the initiative, (2) standardized pre-defined workflows and SOPs to facilitate longitudinal data capture, and (3) site-embedded registry personnel with targeted training to improve data collection.ConclusionsCollaborative optimization of pediatric oncology registries can extend their function beyond surveillance to support cancer control, quality monitoring, and patient-centered follow-up. The POSSh-TF and associated workflows provide a scalable model for leveraging registry data to strengthen continuity of care and population-level decision support in resource-constrained settings.

Adolescent externalizing symptoms, including aggression, impulsivity, and rule-breaking, are prevalent and often co-occur. Etiologically, developmental scientists have utilized developmental models to explain the link between exposure to family violence and adolescent externalizing symptoms; however, few studies have tested the longitudinal underlying role of impulsivity on the association between exposure to family violence and adolescent antisocial behavior. Thus, this study synthesized three theoretical frameworks, including the developmental cascading framework, emotional insecurity model, and intergenerational transmission of violence, in estimating the predictive effects of exposure to family violence on aggression and rule-breaking behavior, respectively, and the mediating role of impulsivity on the developmental link between exposure to family violence and aggression and rule-breaking behavior, respectively, across four time points (n = 1543). Direct effects results indicated that exposure to family violence did not statistically predict the onset and growth rates of aggression; however, exposure to family violence positively predicted the onset of rule-breaking behavior, but not the growth rate. Mediation results indicated that baseline impulsivity mediated the indirect effect of family violence on baseline aggression; however, the same mediation effect was not found for the growth rate of aggression. Importantly, family violence, mediated by the growth rate of impulsivity, had a negative indirect effect on the growth rate of aggression. Furthermore, family violence was linked to baseline rule-breaking behavior through baseline impulsivity; however, baseline impulsivity did not significantly mediate the relationship between family violence and the growth rate of rule-breaking. As with aggression, the growth rate of impulsivity mediated the association between family violence and the growth rate of rule-breaking behavior, with a negative indirect effect, indicating that greater family violence exposure was associated with slower declines in impulsivity and, in turn, slower declines in rule-breaking behavior. Overall, these results partially supported the developmental cascading and the intergenerational transmission of violence perspectives by highlighting the relative effects of exposure to family violence on baseline rule-breaking and the longitudinal mediational effect of impulsivity on the relationship between adolescents' exposure to family violence and both aggression and rule-breaking behavior over time.

Commissioning of a synchrotron hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline traditionally requires months of iterative alignment after hardware installation, during which operational knowledge accumulates but remains inaccessible to non-specialist users. To address this, we present a browser-based virtual commissioning platform for the Korea Light Source ID10 Hard X-ray Nanoprobe beamline (first light 2029) that allows beamline scientists to design, test and refine alignment procedures, scan plans and experimental workflows years before the first photon arrives. Specifically, the platform integrates a Monte Carlo ray-tracing engine, a standard Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS)/Bluesky control stack, and a multilingual natural-language interface within a single deployable package, which we name HANBIT (Hybrid Agent-driven Natural-language Beamline Interactive Toolkit). Users can interactively explore parameter trade-offs, such as the effect of the secondary source aperture on beam size versus photon flux. The Monte Carlo engine reproduces the overall Shadow4 beam-profile shape and is validated against SPECTRA undulator spectra, source size and divergence. The natural language processing (NLP) agent achieves 98.2% automated action-identification accuracy across 228 test cases in Korean, English and Japanese, whereas expert review of the same responses yields an acceptance rate of 67.3%. We identify this 30.9 percentage-point gap as a central finding: automated accuracy does not guarantee operational acceptability, and closing it is the key challenge for deployment-grade natural-language beamline control. We further validate the zero-change hardware transition strategy that the beamline pursues on three real hardware subsystems, confirming that at the validated device layers the control code and scan plans operate unchanged on the real devices; the integration of the remaining parts, such as high-rate area detectors, which awaits the detector hardware, is also discussed.

The lack of harmonization for microbiome-based clinical studies represents a critical issue for microbiome researchers and stakeholders, although microbiome research and clinical studies on the gut microbiome have been intensively conducted for more than a decade. The selection of a minimum metadata set to be analysed and reported during clinical studies with microbiome outcomes, the identification of reference materials, the definition of standardized sampling procedures and data analysis protocols, and the choice of unified clinical end points are still lacking. The two-round Delphi survey, conducted within the framework of the Horizon Europe Human Microbiome Action (HMA) consortium, aimed to standardize metadata collection, sampling procedures, data generation and sharing, and standard operating procedures for aspects of gut microbiome-based clinical studies beyond outcomes. The process involved 72 scientists and experts worldwide in the first round and 61 experts in the second round, with an 85% participation rate from the first to the second round. On the basis of the outcome of the Delphi survey, the HMA consortium provided 15 recommendations that might be taken up by the community at large to promote coherence and harmonization in the way microbiome clinical research is and will be performed. The recommendations mainly focus on the gut microbiome and diseases associated with the gastrointestinal tract and gut-organ axes.

Neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) is an inherent consequence of strenuous training and competition. It arises from complex interactions between the central nervous system and peripheral skeletal muscle. Despite decades of research, the interaction between central and peripheral mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue and their influence on sports performance remains a contentious topic. In addition, translating mechanistic insights into practical strategies for monitoring, training, and recovery in athletes is an ongoing challenge. This review synthesizes contemporary literature to build a central-peripheral integrative model of NMF and proposes an applied framework for athlete monitoring and training design. The review first summarizes central and peripheral fatigue mechanisms, highlighting the bidirectional influence of descending motor drive and afferent feedback, and discusses controversies such as the central-governor theory. It then assesses monitoring tools (subjective ratings, neuromuscular tests, electromyography, heart-rate variability, biochemical and neurochemical markers) and recovery strategies. Finally, the review translates mechanistic knowledge into evidence-based training and recovery recommendations. A conceptual model illustrating the interactions between central and peripheral mechanisms and their monitoring is included. The aim is to inform sports scientists and practitioners about the physiological bases of fatigue and provide guidance for individualized athlete management.

Cone photoreceptors support the high-acuity color vision characteristic of many primates, including humans. In several nonmammalian species, such as amphibians, the light-sensitive disk membranes within cone outer segments (COSs) are fully open to the extracellular space and continuous (patent) with the surrounding plasma membrane. In contrast, the extent of such patency in mammalian COSs has remained unresolved. The open disk architecture represents a fundamental distinction from the closed, discrete disks that dominate a rod OS (ROS), with important implications for outer-segment renewal and phototransduction. Here, we documented ROS and COS disk patency in the retina of macaque monkeys of both sexes, near the foveal-parafoveal boundary, by 3D ultrastructural analysis, using serial-section electron microscope tomography. The frequency of disk patency was determined at different locations along the entire OS length. It was less in the apical region of both COSs and ROSs, although still evident, even in ROSs. We complemented our 3D ultrastructural assessment of COS disk patency with electrophysiological measurements of whole-cell membrane capacitance. Both methods indicated that only a minority of all COS disk membranes are open, though more than in ROSs. Thus, in contrast to COSs of many lower vertebrates, the majority of monkey COSs are closed, especially distally. Compared with fully open disks, this structural organization should improve the efficiency of disk membrane renewal and may influence aspects of visual signaling.Significance Statement For over 60 years, scientists have debated whether the membrane disks of mammalian cone photoreceptors are continuous with the plasma membrane, as in many other vertebrates, or instead form closed, independent structures similar to those in rod photoreceptors. The difference between the two types of disk organization may have important implications for cell biological processes (e.g. disk membrane renewal) and the physiology of phototransduction. We report that EM tomographic analyses of disk ultrastructure and measurements of electrical membrane capacitance both indicate that the majority of cone disks are completely closed. This information now allows for enhanced understanding of the relationship between structure and function of cone photoreceptors - the sensory cells that mediate the most complex information about our external environment.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) encompasses a heterogeneous group of inherited peripheral neuropathies. Despite being the most common genetic neurological condition, individual CMT subtypes are rare, presenting unique challenges for therapeutic development. The Together Patients Industry Clinicians versus CMT (ToPIC: CMT) Advocacy Group was formed with a diverse group of patient advocacy groups, clinician-scientists who treat patients with CMT, and pharmaceutical industry representatives to develop a common guidance on development of new treatments for CMT with clear expectations for meaningful patient outcomes and objective assessments of improvement. The ToPIC: CMT Group developed recommendations for clinical development of drugs and biological products for treating CMT, addressing trial design considerations for this rare progressive disease. Key challenges in CMT include small patient populations, variable disease progression, and the need for sensitive outcome measures. Recommendations emphasize flexible trial designs including adaptive designs, external controls, and single-participant designs when scientifically justified. Where possible, broad inclusion criteria based on clinical phenotype rather than genetic subtype alone are recommended. Disease-specific, validated outcome measures should assess function across ages and disease stages. Biomarkers reflecting peripheral nervous system health may serve as surrogate endpoints to support accelerated approval pathways. Patient and care partner perspectives are essential throughout development, particularly regarding treatment goals, risk tolerance, and meaningful endpoints. Successful therapeutic development for CMT and related neuropathies requires innovative approaches that balance rigorous scientific standards with the realities of rare disease research. Regulatory flexibility, informed by patient input and natural history data, can facilitate efficient development while maintaining assurance of safety and effectiveness.

The purpose of the present investigation is to analyze some essential scientometric features of the dynamic institutionalization and internationalization of contemporary research on obstructive sleep apnea, a common and socially significant respiratory sleep disorder in adults and children worldwide. A retrospective problem-oriented, title-word-based search in Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded, MEDLINE, and BIOSIS Citation Index of Web of Science during the period between 1999 and 2023 was performed. The annual dynamics of several essential scientometric indicators are compared. There are a total of 715 publications in 20 languages abstracted in Scopus, 93 in English only-in Science Citation Index Expanded, 39 in English only-in BIOSIS Citation Index, and 34 in 4 languages-in MEDLINE. There are 64, 28, and 14 countries of authors with publications abstracted in Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded, and BIOSIS, respectively. The researchers from the United States and China strongly dominate. The journals with the most papers on the topic, the most cited articles, and the most productive authors and scientific institutions are identified. The dynamic science stratification in this field, regarding publication output and international collaboration, deserves special attention from science policymakers and managers in smaller countries. Clinicians, scientists, and collections could successfully use this rich bibliographic data to improve the international visibility and prestige of their national medical science.