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The Euthelairini are a tribe of New World Tachinidae (Diptera) with fewer than 30 described species and dozens of undescribed species. Most species are Neotropical and range from Mexico to Brazil, with only two described species in the Nearctic Region. One new species, Neomintho beckersisp. nov., is described from Florida (United States) and Cayman Islands (Caribbean Sea). Several of the paratypes were reared from the katydid Neoconocephalus triops (L.) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) by the researcher for whom the species is named, and this is the first host record for the Euthelairini. The tribal concept is well established but the number of genera has varied from one (Neomintho B. & B.) to 12 in recent decades. The tribe is reexamined on the basis of morphology and DNA barcoding to provide a basis for the generic assignments of the three Nearctic species. Results indicate that these species are each more closely related to other species in the Neotropical Region than to each other, and only the new species N. beckersi belongs to Neomintho sensu stricto. The classification of the Euthelairini is reviewed and provisionally revised, with seven genera and 27 described species recognized. The following taxonomic changes are proposed to the existing classification: Eupelecotheca Townsend, 1919 (including synonym Pantagathus Reinhard, 1935) is removed from synonymy with Neomintho Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 and recognized as a valid genus, status revived; synonymized with Neomintho are genus-group names Euthelaira Townsend, 1912, syn. nov., Iteuthelaira Townsend, 1927, syn. nov. and Neominthoidea Thompson, 1968, syn. nov.; new or revived combinations are proposed as Eupelecotheca celer Townsend, 1919, comb. revived, Neomintho chaetosa (Townsend, 1929), comb. nov., Neomintho esuriens (Fabricius, 1805), comb. nov., Neomintho inambarica (Townsend, 1912), comb. nov., Neomintho rufilabris (Wulp, 1890), comb. nov., Neomintho trinidadensis (Thompson, 1968), comb. nov. and Pelecotheca curulis (Reinhard, 1943), comb. revived. As First Reviser, the species name "flavipes" is selected as the correct original spelling in the combination Pelecotheca flavipes Thompson, 1968 and "flavipalpis" becomes an incorrect original spelling. The distribution of Neomintho macilenta (Wiedemann, 1830) is revised to Brazil only (previously misidentified from Trinidad). The monotypic genus Hypohoughia Townsend, 1927 is removed from the Euthelairini and placed in the Voriini (Dexiinae) based on study of the holotype of type species H. reclinata Townsend, 1927 by Rodrigo de Vilhena Perez Dios. A revised checklist of the genera and species of Euthelairini is provided.

Myocardial viability testing has traditionally been used to guide revascularization decisions in ischemic cardiomyopathy on the assumption that identifying dysfunctional but viable myocardium predicts functional recovery and improved survival following revascularization. Recent trials have challenged this assumption, highlighting the need to re-evaluate the clinical role of viability testing in the context of contemporary revascularization strategies and modern guideline-directed medical therapy. The STICH trial and its extended follow-up demonstrated that CABG improves long-term survival independently of viability status and independently of whether ejection fraction improves, challenging the mechanistic assumption of viability-guided revascularization. REVIVED-BCIS2 showed that PCI may not improve survival benefit, even in patients selected with demonstrated viability. A prespecified imaging substudy of REVIVED identified scar burden, rather than the presence of viable myocardium, as the strongest independent predictor of adverse outcomes, reframing the prognostic question from the detection of viable tissue toward the quantification of irreversible myocardial loss. Viability should be reconceptualized as a continuous spectrum rather than a binary construct. Scar quantification, particularly through late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), may offer greater prognostic utility than viability detection alone. A prospective randomized trial integrating contemporary imaging with modern guideline-directed medical therapy is needed to resolve the clinical role of viability-guided revascularization.

This article examines how racialised memes circulating on X revive scientific racism, demonstrating that hybrid formats reconfigure biological essentialisation within contemporary digital culture. Using a corpus of 68 viral items and 4 case studies, our analysis applies Shifman's content-form-stance model, informed by cognitive psychology. We show that these memes adopt common scientific conventions while relying on visual polarisation, whereby rapid perceptual contrasts stand in for arguments. Familiar templates, reinforced by selective algorithmic amplification, create a sense of perceptual legitimacy through fast categorisation and pre-attentive processing. We also trace how these cognitive shortcuts provide the basis for a regime of racialisation tailored to digitally immersed male audiences, producing gendered behavioural stereotypes and disappearance anxieties. A further pattern is the recoding of older racial hierarchies into neutral-sounding language of competence, allowing these ideas to travel across racialist, masculinist, techno-elitist, and anti-DEI (Diversity, Equity, Inclusion) communities. In this environment, memes work as micro-infrastructures of classification that align claims to objectivity with affect and platform incentives, making inequality appear natural and necessary. We conclude that effective critique must meet these images on their own terrain, with a pedagogy of the gaze that teaches publics how to recognise and challenge persuasion in meme-driven spaces.

As part of efforts to identify genes associated with Trichomonas vaginalis resistance to 5-nitroimidazole drugs, thirty cryopreserved T. vaginalis isolates were revived and grown using Diamond's TYM medium. Minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) for metronidazole (MTZ), tinidazole (TDZ), and secnidazole (SEC) were determined using a drug susceptibility assay. Transcriptome profiling was performed for 15 MTZ-sensitive (MTZ-S, MLC < 50 &#xb5;g/mL) and 15 MTZ-resistant (MTZ-R, MLC &#x2265; 50 &#xb5;g/mL) isolates using next-generation RNA sequencing. Bioinformatics analyses identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among the MTZ-R isolates, six exhibited low MLCs of 50 &#xb5;g/mL, five had intermediate MLCs between 100 and 200 &#xb5;g/mL, and four had high MLCs &#x2265; 400 &#xb5;g/mL. Differential gene expression analysis identified 28, 140, and 73 significantly altered genes in low-, intermediate-, and high-level MTZ resistance groups, respectively, with predominantly upregulated expression patterns. The SEC-resistant (SEC-R) isolates exhibited 136 differentially expressed genes, whereas the TDZ-resistant (TDZ-R) isolates showed minimal transcriptional changes. Focused analyses of iron transport pathways revealed reduced expression of ZIP-family iron import genes, particularly TvZIP4 (TVAG_273550), the strongest predictor of resistance in elastic-net modeling (AUC = 0.795). Resistant isolates also demonstrated coordinated upregulation of iron-sulfur cluster assembly and hydrogenosomal protein-import pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified multiple resistance-associated transcriptional modules correlated with MTZ and SEC MLCs. A comparative transcriptomic-proteomic analysis revealed concordant upregulation of iron-sulfur cluster machinery but discordant regulation of hydrogenosomal cargo proteins, likely supporting a post-transcriptional restriction model. These findings provide a broader mechanistic framework for understanding 5-nitroimidazole resistance in T. vaginalis and identifying candidate biomarkers and pathways that may support future therapeutic and diagnostic development.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by synaptic dysfunction, glial cell activation, and deterioration of neurons. Multiple pathways contribute to its pathophysiology, including &#x3b2;-amyloid (A&#x3b2;) plaque formation, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, oxidative neuronal damage, and inflammatory responses. While A&#x3b2; deposition is considered an early trigger in the disease cascade, clinical symptom progression correlates more strongly with tau pathology and inflammatory responses. Recent concerns over data integrity in several high-profile AD studies have prompted critical re-evaluations of widely accepted hypotheses, emphasizing the urgent need for scientific transparency, reproducibility, and independent validation. In compiling this review, we prioritized findings supported by converging evidence from multiple experimental approaches and replication across independent cohorts. The hypothesis that an imbalance between A&#x3b2;42 synthesis and clearance is a central factor in AD has gained support from recent evidence, despite ongoing debate over the amyloid &#x3b2;-protein hypothesis. Dominant mutations associated with early-onset AD are primarily found in the amyloid precursor protein, which serves as the substrate for A&#x3b2; production, or in presenilin, the protease responsible for A&#x3b2; formation. The identification of presenilin as the catalytic site for &#x3b2;-secretase has provided crucial insights into AD pathogenesis. This review synthesizes current understanding of AD mechanisms, highlights emerging insights from multi-omics and spatial transcriptomic technologies, and discusses the evolving therapeutic landscape. Despite setbacks, the field continues to advance through methodological innovation and a revived interest in AD research integrity, offering hope for early diagnosis, more targeted treatments, and ultimately, disease-modifying therapies.

The growing demand for high-specific-energy storage has revived interest in lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs), whose theoretical energy density far exceeds that of conventional lithium-ion battery systems. However, their practical use is limited by sluggish reaction kinetics, parasitic reactions, high overpotentials, and the buildup of insulating lithium peroxide, all of which hinder reversibility and cycling stability. Manganese oxides (MnOx) have emerged as promising cathode catalysts because of their abundance, low cost, tunable oxidation states, and diverse structural features. Their tunnel, layered, and spinel architecture provide adaptable environments for O2 reduction and evolution, Li+ transport, and the conversion of reaction intermediates. Recent progress demonstrates that structural engineering of MnOx, through pore-structure tuning, surface-site modulation, defect introduction, heteroatom doping, and composite fabrication, can significantly optimize lithium peroxide formation and decomposition. These strategies regulate catalyst electronic structures and reaction pathways, thereby influencing Li2O2 formation/decomposition behavior, reducing side reactions, lowering polarization, and enhancing catalytic activity. This review summarizes recent advances in MnOx-based catalysts for non-aqueous LOBs, emphasizing structure-activity relationships and mechanistic understanding. By outlining remaining challenges and key design guidelines, we aim to support the rational development of next-generation catalysts for practical LOB deployment.

ConspectusImmune checkpoint blockade therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment. However, their clinical efficacy remains limited by dysfunctional T-cell states within the tumor microenvironment. These limitations are particularly evident in aged hosts, where metabolic and signaling impairments compromise immune fitness and reduce responsiveness to PD-1/PD-L1-directed therapies. Emerging evidence suggests that chemical modulation of immune cell function represents a promising strategy to overcome these barriers. Our work explores how small molecules can be leveraged to restore T-cell activity and potentiate antitumor immunity through complementary chemical mechanisms. By integrating cell-based screening with electrophile-focused chemoproteomics, we identified a covalent small-molecule activator, arvenin I, which engages a ligandable cysteine in MKK3, promoting signaling programs that revive exhausted T-cells and synergize with immune checkpoint blockade. In parallel, previous studies revealed that age-associated depletion of the endogenous polyamine spermidine contributes to impaired T-cell metabolism and diminished responses to checkpoint blockade. Using chemoproteomic tools, we profiled spermidine-interacting proteins and found that the majority were mitochondrial proteins, including lipid-metabolism factors. This chemoproteomic platform also enabled the identification of a biostable spermidine mimetic that restores mitochondrial fitness and enhances antitumor immune responses in vivo. Together, these studies establish a unified chemical biology framework in which covalent signaling activation and metabolite-inspired energy support converge to restore T-cell fitness. This Account highlights how chemoproteomic discovery can guide the development of immune-activating small molecules and underscores the potential of chemical approaches to complement and extend the impact of cancer immunotherapy.

This research delivers a comprehensive future-oriented multi-dimensional drought appraisal for Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India, by inter-linking Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing, machine learning algorithms, geospatial analysis, and socioeconomic indicators. Four primary drought dimensions-meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socioeconomic vulnerability-are interfaced into a holistic drought evaluation framework during 2014-2025, representing an epoch with intensified climate variability in South India. Meteorological drought is assessed through the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), while hydrological drought is assessed through the Standardized Water Level Index (SWI) from the observations of the Public Works Department (PWD) groundwater. Agricultural drought conditions are considered using multi-sensor satellite indices on the GEE platform, namely, Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), and Precipitation Condition Index (PCI). Socioeconomic vulnerability parameters, which included population density, literacy, household density, and workforce-related characteristics. These socioeconomic indicators were standardized and weighted separately to derive a socioeconomic vulnerability map, while meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural drought indicators were integrated into Multi-Drought Severity Index. The spatio-temporal assessment shows cyclic drought occurrences, which became stronger in the 2015-2018 period and revived from 2021 onward, particularly in the years 2023-2025. LULC analysis with Random Forest classification for 2014, 2018, and 2025 pointed toward rapid urbanization and consequent land-use change, which increases drought vulnerability. Future drought manifestation for 2035 was done by employing multi-year geospatial trends, historical RF-based LULC spatio-temporal change analysis, ANN-based LULC-2035 predictions, and long-term drought indicators. The integrated ANN-based LULC-2035 and MDSI-2035 analysis predicts extreme drought in Thuraiyur, Omandhur, and Thachankurichi, with varying severity across other regions. This study demonstrates the successful application of multi-indicator drought modelling together with machine-learning-driven land-cover prediction, thereby presenting a scalable framework for regional drought risk assessment and climate-resilient planning.

Human gut microbial communities capable of degrading mucin are taxonomically unique and have a range of physiologically relevant metabolic outputs. To determine the feasibility of reviving mucin-degrading fecal microbial communities after cryopreservation, we employed 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize revived communities. Microbial communities were generally stable but small donor-dependent shifts in diversity, composition, and taxonomy were observed following revival. The revivability of these microbial communities is valuable for studying mucin-degrading microbial communities.

Uganda faces a rising burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) at a time when pressure to mobilize domestic health financing is increasing. These challenges have become more acute since January 2025, when geopolitical shifts and donor fiscal tightening led to substantial reductions in external health funding. Consequently, policymakers have renewed interest in health taxes as a mechanism both to reduce consumption of harmful products and generate domestic revenue for health. While tobacco taxation has received sustained policy attention, largely due to the influence of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, considerably less is known about the political dynamics shaping alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation. This study therefore examines the factors contributing to the relatively low prioritization of alcohol and SSB taxes within Uganda's policy agenda. Guided by the framework on political priority, we conducted 25 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from government, parliament, civil society, academia, industry, and the media. We also reviewed 22 documents from 2015 to 2025, including policy papers, fiscal records, parliamentary debates, and industry materials. We analyzed the data thematically following an inductive thematic analysis approach. Coding was informed by the framework and strengthened through triangulation across interviews and documentary sources to enhance credibility. We identified three levels of barriers. First, transnational norms promoted health taxes, but regional tax harmonization commitments within the East African community constrained national policy space. Second, domestic advocacy was weakened by fragmented ministerial mandates, limited local evidence, retreating policy entrepreneurs, and industry lobbying. Third, within the national political environment, the multiparty legislative dynamics, the high cost of sponsoring private members' bills, and revenue-centric fiscal framing limited traction. The 2025 donor financing contraction acted as a focusing event that revived debate on health taxes primarily as domestic health financing stabilization instruments rather than NCD prevention tools. While policymakers support health taxes to curb NCDs and increase domestic revenues, taxes on alcohol and SSBs remain underprioritized in Uganda due to institutional fragmentation, political-economic incentives, and legislative resource constraints. As external financing declines, it will be essential to strengthen locally grounded evidence, cross-sector coalitions, and integration of health objectives into fiscal reforms. In this way, health taxes represent a durable policy option for quickly mobilizing financial resources for health and preventing NCDs.

Dominance has been evolutionarily salient in shaping power relations across species, and recent social-psychological work has revived the concept in the study of human social hierarchies. Yet previous research has produced mixed findings and inconsistent interpretations of the effectiveness of dominance. This article clarifies the role of dominance, particularly in the context of leadership selection. We relax the strict view of dominance as inherently equated with physical aggression and antisociality, often assumed to be inherited from nonhuman primates. Instead, its instrumental value depends on how followers evaluate its capacity to benefit them. We situate this reframing within a unitary evolutionary model of human status, in which diverse traits and behaviours contribute to leadership through a single pathway of competence. We then outline the socio-ecological conditions under which dominance-based leadership emerges. We argue that groups grant leadership to individuals who demonstrate contextually relevant competence, particularly when contexts demand (a) resolving and preventing intragroup conflict, (b) securing and defending resources, and (c) managing external threats. We invite future research to examine how socio-ecological contexts shape diverse forms of leadership, moving beyond explanations focused on a fixed set of individual motives and strategies for status attainment.

Trichobezoar is a rare gastrointestinal condition typically caused by ingestion of hair, which most often affects adolescent females. Its clinical presentation is frequently nonspecific, with symptoms such as abdominal pain, constipation, or early satiety, which can delay recognition until severe complications such as obstruction or perforation develop. We present the case of a 14-year-old girl who developed a massive trichobezoar resulting in gastric perforation and death. She had a three-month history of intermittent constipation and multiple healthcare visits without definitive diagnosis. On arrival to the emergency department, she was in cardiopulmonary arrest. Computed tomography revealed a large intragastric mass with associated pneumoperitoneum. Emergency laparotomy confirmed a trichobezoar with gastric perforation and diffuse peritonitis. Despite prompt surgical and resuscitative intervention, the patient could not be revived. This case underscores the importance for emergency physicians to maintain clinical vigilance when adolescents present with persistent, unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms. Trichobezoar should be considered in the differential diagnosis, even in the absence of psychiatric history. A low threshold for advanced imaging is warranted, as early recognition and intervention may prevent fatal complications such as gastric perforation and septic shock.

Metalloid contamination, notably arsenic (As) toxicity, severely impacts soil, water quality, and plant development. This study evaluated the role of phosphorus (P) supplementation in mitigating As stress in 15-day-old Brassica juncea seedlings. P-deficiency was detrimental across all As concentrations, with As300-P causing the most damage. P-supplementation significantly improved morphology in As150-P seedlings compared to As50-P and As300-P, where the former exhibited rapid recovery while the latter showed limited response. Stress markers, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased in As150-P and As300-P treatments, with P-supplementation aiding the restoration of protein-pigment complexes. Although cysteine metabolism was initially impaired by As-P stress, it revived after P-augmentation, peaking in As300-P. Glutathione metabolism also improved with P-enrichment, particularly in As150-P. Thiol and non-protein thiol levels, elevated under stress, declined post-P supplementation, signifying stress relief. These results highlight P-enhanced S-containing detoxification pathways as key to tolerance in mustard seedlings.

Stoneflies (Plecoptera) are vital bioindicators of freshwater health, playing a foundational role in stream ecosystems worldwide. Despite their ecological significance, Pakistan's stonefly fauna remains largely unexplored, presenting an untapped frontier for biodiversity research. Positioned at the convergence of the Palearctic and Oriental realms, Pakistan's diverse landscapes from the towering peaks of the Hindu Kush and Karakoram to the western Himalayas, offer rich, largely unstudied habitats for aquatic species. This study aims to revive interest in Plecoptera research by providing a comprehensive review of species distributions across Pakistan, including an extensive literature survey and the redescription of Mesonemoura skardui (Aubert, 1959). The study highlights the significance of local Plecoptera research while enhancing a global understanding of this country's fauna. The Plecoptera fauna of Pakistan comprises six families, 10 genera, and 20 documented species. This research presents a species checklist, distribution map, and identification key for adult families and genera, with the Nemouridae family being the most species-rich, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, which emerges as a hotspot for stonefly diversity. Beyond documenting current species, the study identifies research gaps and proposes strategies to further explore Pakistan's Plecoptera fauna. As the first major study of its kind in > 50 years, this work revitalizes interest in the region's stonefly diversity and lays a foundation for future research, offering a pathway for ongoing exploration and conservation of this essential insect group.

The preservation of chicken genetic resources is important to both backup commercial breeds that support egg and meat production worldwide and conserve the genetic diversity of indigenous breeds, which is essential for managing breeding according to future demands. Because chicken embryos are attached to a large yolk, cryopreservation is technically impossible. In chickens, a unique developmental engineering approach based on the manipulation of primordial germ cells (PGCs), the embryonic precursor cells of gametes, has been developed. Cryobanking of PGCs is an innovative strategy for efficiently maintaining chicken genetic resources without breeding live birds. Cryomedia containing dimethyl sulfoxide or propylene glycol (PG) as permeable cryoprotectants, combined with serum as a non-permeable cryoprotectant, have been widely used for the cryopreservation of chicken PGCs. However, because the serum composition varies greatly, performance differences arise between lots. Consequently, there is a demand for serum-free cryomedia with specific known compositions. Here, we investigated the cryoprotective effects of ovalbumin and sericin, as alternatives to serum, on chicken PGCs. Two cryomedia were designed: PO comprising 7.5% PG and 5% ovalbumin and PS comprising 7.5% PG and 2% sericin. Following the culture of PGCs cryopreserved in these cryomedia, viability and cell doubling times recovered to levels comparable to those of an unfrozen control group at 6 and 2 d post-culture, respectively. When frozen-thawed PGCs were transplanted, their gonadal migration ability was significantly lower immediately after thawing, but recovered to levels comparable to those of the unfrozen control group after 4 d of culture. We successfully revived viable offspring from Hinai-dori, designated as a natural monument of Japan, from PGCs cryopreserved in these cryomedia. In conclusion, we developed two serum-free cryomedia that achieved > 60% recovery of viable PGCs after thawing while maintaining germline competency.

Urban congestion is simultaneously influenced by heterogeneous spatio-temporal travel demands, the topology and spatial characteristics of road networks, and the interplay between multiple travel modes. As a critical component of solutions towards a greener and more sustainable transportation, bike-sharing systems have great potential in reducing carbon emissions, improving public health, and alleviating congestion by substituting short-distance motorized trips. Benefiting from flexible accessibility and usage, dockless bike-sharing has gained wide popularity and revived the fashion of cycling in cities. In this study, we reveal that the widely adopted detour ratio alone cannot effectively reflect congestion levels at the route level. Using large-scale dockless bike-sharing data and taxi trajectory data in Beijing, we quantitatively examine the relationships between cycling flow, motor vehicle traffic and road network structure. In addition, the proposed cycling-traffic-weighted detour ratio can prescreen potentially inefficient cycling routes, which can assist targeted infrastructure optimization and evidence-based urban planning.

Sudden arrhythmic death remains a major clinical risk in ischemic heart disease (IHD), underscoring the need for improved risk stratification. Late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (LGE-CMR) provides measures of scar burden and heterogeneity, but its incremental prognostic value beyond conventional markers such as left ventricular ejection fraction remains uncertain. We analysed two independent IHD cohorts (Dataset 1: n&#x2009;=&#x2009;399, 54 events; National Research Ethics Service approvals 07/H0708/83 and 09/H0504/104+5; Dataset 2: n&#x2009;=&#x2009;424, 50 events; derived from the prospectively registered REVIVED-BCIS2 trial, ISRCTN45979711, registered 20 November 2012)using clinical and LGE-CMR-derived variables to evaluate the contribution of LGE-CMR features, and compare machine learning-based survival modelling approaches. A brute-force feature-selection strategy identified optimal predictor subsets for Cox proportional hazards models, Random Survival Forests, and DeepSurv, evaluated using cross-cohort and pooled validation strategies. Scar entropy consistently emerged as a strong predictor of major arrhythmic events. Non-linear approaches outperformed Cox regression, with DeepSurv demonstrating superior generalization across cohorts and Random Survival Forests showing robust performance in pooled analyses. These findings support scar heterogeneity as an important prognostic marker and suggest that machine-learning survival models may improve arrhythmic risk prediction in patients with IHD.