Experiencing violent crime has been associated with a higher likelihood of committing violent offenses, which can be driven by revenge desire. Revenge desire can also harm victims' mental health. While anger is a well-established emotional predictor of revenge, the role of self-conscious emotions, including shame, humiliation, and pride, has rarely been tested. These emotions may be especially relevant to crime victims, who frequently experience shame and humiliation post-victimization. This study examined whether inducing shame and humiliation increased revenge desire and behavior, and whether inducing pride reduced revenge, in crime victims (N = 108). Participants were betrayed in a prisoner's dilemma game and randomly assigned to a shame/humiliation, pride, or control condition. They then reported revenge desire and could administer noise-blasts as revenge. Humiliation significantly predicted both revenge desire and acts; shame approached significance for revenge desire, and pride was unrelated. These findings suggest that negative self-conscious emotions, particularly humiliation, can trigger revenge in crime victims and should be targeted in violence prevention efforts.
This article examines how migrants who traveled the Balkan Route use joint revenge fantasizing to make sense of border violence and reassign criminality to state actors. Based on minimally structured group conversations recorded in Trieste, Italy, it analyzes joint fantasizing as a collective narrative practice rather than an incidental expression of shared frustration. It identifies three mechanism families-symbolic reversal of hierarchies, collective moral tribunal, and contained transgressive catharsis-that show how imagined counter-violence may function as "impossible harm": morally saturated yet structurally blocked from enactment. Revenge fantasies among structurally marginalized groups are conceptualized as harm-related storytelling that exposes and contests state and border violence. Joint revenge fantasizing emerges as a mode of impossible harm through which migrants symbolically reassign criminality to state actors while keeping counter-violence in the imaginative realm. In this way, the article extends narrative criminology beyond its offender-centered, event-focused inheritance by foregrounding imagination, interaction, and lived narrative practices in contexts of border violence. How Migrants on the Balkan Route Imagine Revenge to Make Sense of Border ViolenceThis article looks at how migrants who traveled along the Balkan Route talk together about revenge after experiencing violence at European borders. Based on group conversations recorded in Trieste, Italy, the study shows that these revenge fantasies are not simple jokes or random expressions of anger. Instead, they are a shared way of talking about humiliation, fear, and injustice. The article identifies three main patterns in these conversations. In some cases, migrants imagine turning power relations upside down, so that border guards experience the same fear and suffering they caused. In other cases, they imagine a moral or legal judgment in which state actors are exposed and punished for their actions. In still other cases, dark humor allows them to express rage and frustration without turning these fantasies into real plans. The article argues that these imagined acts of revenge are a form of “impossible harm”: they are emotionally intense and morally meaningful, but they remain blocked from real action by fear, legal insecurity, exhaustion, and dependence on institutions. More broadly, the study shows that people who suffer border violence use storytelling not only to describe harm, but also to challenge official ideas about who is dangerous and who is criminal.
Our aim was to find out which social and psychological factors characterize forensic psychiatric patients who have committed family homicide with revenge as a reason as compared to subjects who committed family homicide with other motives. Qualitative research was carried out on the basis of pre-trial forensic assessment reports of existing cases (N=20), divided between Revenge and No-Revenge cases. In case of revenge, violence was almost always a sort of settling of an interpersonal score. Psychotic symptomatology was absent in the Revenge cases, personality problems (particularly borderline and narcissistic traits) were common. Demoralization because of a decline of well-being seems to be an important factor pushing some persons with such vulnerabilities over the edge. Our expectation is that, at least in a certain proportion of (non-psychotic) patients, there will be more brooding on revenge than the psychotherapist suspects.
The mixed-methods study aimed to explore revenge fantasies among Indians, focusing on gender and religious differences, and to evaluate the alignment between quantitative measures and qualitative expressions through drawings and narratives. The sample comprised 97 Indian women and 55 men, aged 18-56, who identified as either Hindu or Christian. Quantitative assessments included the demographics sheet, Traumatic Events Questionnaire (TEQ), and Injustice Experiences Questionnaire (IEQ). Qualitative measures involved drawings and narratives depicting a personal injustice and the participant's desired outcome for the perpetrator. Analysis employed non-parametric tests and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis for the drawings and narratives. The findings revealed no overall gender differences in the revenge fantasies depicted in drawings, though differences emerged in the types of perpetrators and central themes in narratives. Religious affiliation influenced the type of revenge fantasy, with Hindus and Christians showing significant differences in narrative organization, central themes, and resolution. Additionally, significant correlations were found between IEQ scores and various drawing indicators (event type, perpetrator type, and hierarchy) as well as narrative themes. These results suggest that gender and religious affiliation intricately shape revenge fantasies, highlighting the importance of considering cultural and social factors in understanding responses to perceived injustices.
Organizations have long been actively seeking ways to reduce unethical behavior among employees. However, employee time theft is widespread and costly across various industries, and related research remains relatively limited. Therefore, this study employed social exchange theory to empirically investigate how and when work connectivity behavior promotes employee time theft. Drawing on a sample of 330 employees, our findings indicate that work connectivity behavior positively impacts employee time theft by triggering revenge motives among employees. Furthermore, it was discovered that leader-member exchange weakens both the direct effect of work connectivity behavior on revenge motive and the indirect effect of work connectivity behavior on employee time theft via revenge motive. This research developed and elucidated a moderated mediation model, providing valuable insights for both theory and practice.
In this paper I want to trace the complex relationship between grievance and revenge. Both are expressions of the rage that arises in response to feelings of injustice and humiliation, but they differ in the direction that the rage is expressed. In revenge it is outwardly directed, usually as a violent attack, while in grievance the violence is inhibited and the rage is held inwardly in a state of withdrawal. I will use characters and episodes from Richard Holmes' life of Coleridge and from Homer's Iliad to explore this theme, especially with respect to Achilles, whose rage is the chief subject of the Iliad. It is initially expressed as a withdrawal into grievance and subsequently as an active rampage of violent revenge. I will look at the consequences of these different forms of expression of anger and also try to explore what factors enabled the direction of his rage to be so dramatically reversed.
Most military servicemembers (SMs) struggle to obtain sufficient sleep. Research indicates that SMs work extended hours and delay their sleep in order to create time to engage in meaningful life activities. The purpose of this study was to characterize the occurrence of, and association between, role overload and revenge bedtime procrastination (RBP) in military SMs and to what extent these variables contribute to functional performance. This study utilized a cross-sectional design to collect data from 393 SMs. Outcome measures included the Bedtime Procrastination Scale, the Work Role-Overload Scale, the Walter Reed Functional Impairment Scale (WRFIS), and the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10). This study was approved by the San Antonio Institutional Review Board (IRB #24-19390). This study found that SMs who report higher levels of role overload also reported greater engagement in bedtime procrastination, and that both variables significantly predicted declines in functional performance as measured by the FOSQ-10 and the WRFIS. Our findings suggest that RBP in SMs occurs as a byproduct of an imbalance between occupational demands and opportunities to participate in other life roles. Addressing sleep readiness in the military will be ineffective without leadership training, structural reforms, and policies that support optimizing work-life balance. Strengths of this study include the use of validated psychometric instruments and a substantial sample of active-duty SMs across all rank categories. Limitations include the cross-sectional design, which prevents causal inference, and the reliance on self-reported data, which may be influenced by recall bias or social desirability.
Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) is a well-established psychotherapeutic intervention for treating aversive memories, such as those related to interpersonal transgressions. However, questions remain regarding the optimal implementation of ImRs, particularly concerning which components are most effective. In this experimental study (N = 271), we examined whether guiding participants to imagine forgiving versus taking revenge on a transgressor would differentially affect key emotional and cognitive outcomes. Additionally, we investigated the moderating role of the initial victim-transgressor commitment. Participants were instructed to imagine being the victims in a fictional interpersonal transgression. The imagined transgressor was a person with whom they had either a weak or strong commitment. Participants then engaged in an audio-guided ImRs session oriented toward either forgiveness or revenge, before indicating their aggressive inclinations, positive and negative affect, justice-related satisfaction, and feelings of empowerment. Results indicated that forgiveness-oriented ImRs led to lower aggressive inclinations and negative affect, as well as higher justice-related satisfaction, compared to revenge-oriented ImRs. No differences emerged between conditions in positive affect and feelings of empowerment. Moreover, the effectiveness of both ImRs approaches was independent of the victim-transgressor commitment. These findings suggest that forgiveness-oriented ImRs may offer a promising approach to reduce the emotional consequences of transgressions, with a reduced risk of increasing aggressive inclinations among victims. This highlights the potential value of incorporating forgiveness into ImRs protocols. However, given the fictional nature of the transgression and the standardized, non-clinical setting, further research is needed to evaluate the clinical applicability of these findings.
Cybersickness remains a major barrier to the widespread adoption of virtual reality (VR) technologies, motivating researchers to investigate its causes and mitigation strategies through comparative human-subjects studies. These experiments may employ either within- or between-subjects designs. Although within-subjects designs require fewer participants and potentially offer higher statistical power, researchers need to wash out carryover effects of cybersickness symptoms before each session to avoid confounding the results. Prior studies have employed washout periods of varying lengths; some required testing conditions on different days, while others allowed only short breaks of less than 15 minutes. Although shorter washout periods are more convenient for experimenters, their impact on study outcomes has not been systematically investigated. In this work, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of study design and washout period length on cybersickness self-reports measured with the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). We found that short washout periods reduce statistical power compared to long washout periods or between-subjects designs. Based on these findings, we provide guidelines to help researchers design more reliable cybersickness studies and improve the generalizability of their results.
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This study examines how bullying experiences are associated with retaliatory impulses among autistic university students, highlighting minority stress as a key mediating mechanism and sexual and gender minority (SGM) status as a moderating condition within an intersectional framework. Guided by Minority Stress Theory and Social Information Processing Theory, we surveyed 280 autistic undergraduates; 35% identified as SGM. Participants completed validated measures of bullying, minority stress, retaliatory impulse, and related psychosocial factors. Structural equation modeling and multi-group analyses were conducted to evaluate the proposed mediation and moderation patterns while adjusting for gender, grade level, social support, autistic traits, and internet use. The measurement model showed good reliability and convergent validity (Cronbach's α = 0.84-0.89; AVE = 0.62-0.69). Bullying was positively associated with minority stress, which was in turn associated with retaliatory impulses, supporting partial mediation [indirect effect = 0.42, 95% CI (0.36, 0.50)]. Multi-group results indicated stronger path coefficients in the SGM group (bullying → stress β = 0.72; stress → retaliation β = 0.66) than among non-SGM (heterosexual and cisgender) peers, consistent with the possibility that compounded stigma heightens emotional reactivity and defensive processing. Minority stress remained the strongest correlate of retaliatory impulses after covariate adjustment, whereas social support showed a protective association. Taken together, the findings suggest that retaliatory impulses among autistic students are better understood in relation to sustained identity-based exclusion and structural stressors rather than as simple dispositional aggression. The results also imply that effective prevention may require institutional and relational strategies-alongside individual support-such as inclusive curricula, peer sensitization, and policies that strengthen belonging and psychological safety in higher education.
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Group competition is prevalent in contemporary society. In this paper, we focus on the effects of payoff subtraction (revenge) and payoff addition (collusion) on expenditures in team competitions. Although theory predicts that the equilibrium of aggregate team contributions does not change, we find that competitive expenditures are indeed affected. Our results indicate that (1) embedding the payoff subtractions that target either the top investor or the entire team significantly reduces the contest expenditures of the targeted group; (2) targeting the top investor with conditional payoff subtractions (depending on relative expenses) leads to a slight reduction in total expenditures across both competing parties; and (3) if the primary objective is to reduce competitive expenditures, either to lower the rival group's expenditures or to lower that of both sides, payoff additions of equal magnitude may be less effective than payoff subtractions. These findings provide valuable insights into potential mechanisms for reducing competitive resource waste.
Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent form of cancer in women worldwide and the main cause of cancer-related fatalities in females. BC can be classified into various types based on where cancer has begun to grow or spread, specific characteristics that influence how cancer behaves, and treatment choices. BC is multifaceted, and due to its diverse nature, the mechanisms involved are complex and have not yet been understood. Overexpression and expression of various factors involved in the functioning of mechanisms lead to abnormal changes, providing an environment supporting cancer cell growth. Understanding BC risk factors and early diagnosis through screening techniques like mammography and diagnostic techniques such as imaging and biopsies has advanced significantly. A wide range of treatment options, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted treatments, and hormonal therapies, are now available. Daily advancements are being made in the clinical treatment of BC. Still, BC drug resistance cases remain highly prevalent and are currently one of the biggest problems faced by medical science. To increase response rates and possibly lengthen survival, there is a critical requirement for novel medicines with minimal sensitivity to overcome drug resistance. This review classifies different mechanisms that are involved in the development of BC and workable pharmacological targets and explains how they relate to the development of BC drug resistance. By concentrating on the mechanisms covered in this review, we can have a deep understanding of different mechanisms and learn innovative ways to develop novel therapeutics for the disease to combat medication resistance.
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a disregard of others' feelings, social norms, rules and obligations as well as increased reactive and proactive aggression among others. Experimental investigations of neural correlates of provocation and associated aggression often use competitive reaction time tasks played against a fictional opponent, such as the Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP). However, previous TAP neuroimaging research mainly focused on aggression levels in healthy and not forensic populations. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study on monetary TAP (mTAP) provocation and aggression assesses 20 violent offenders with ASPD and compares behavioral and neural responses to 17 age and education-matched healthy community participants (HC). Behaviorally, no significant group differences emerged, all participants reacted with increased punishment when faced with high vs. low provocation. On the neural level, offenders showed significantly stronger right superior temporal gyrus (STG) activation than HC during provocation. Exploratory analyses indicated that this STG activation was behaviorally relevant, as those with ASPD who expressed stronger STG activation during provocation also responded with stronger unprovoked punishment during the aggression phase. In addition, during the aggression phase, provocation was accompanied by increased left superior parietal lobe activation in ASPD compared to HC. In sum, this first mTAP fMRI study in ASPD found enhanced neural processing of provocation in ASPD which was also associated with more unprovoked aggression. The increased neural processing of provocation in ASPD and its association with subsequent higher aggression could have clinical relevance. At least, cognitive processing of perceived provocation could be a worthwhile intervention target for reducing aggressive response tendencies.
Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common condition that affects approximately 20% to 30% of women globally. However, despite significant physical, mental, and social impacts on the quality of life of women who experience HMB, they face barriers to both diagnosis and treatment. With current challenges to female reproductive autonomy growing on a global scale and with the stigma that surrounds menstruation, women with HMB may turn to online communities to access peer support and information. Online forums such as Reddit, which support the use of anonymous posting, may offer a space where those affected by HMB can share their experiences, seek support, and offer advice to others. This study aimed to explore how those experiencing HMB use Reddit to share experiential knowledge, provide support, and share experiences of HMB within an online community space. Data were collected from discussion threads on the TwoXChromosomes subreddit on Reddit. Publicly accessible posts were identified through a systematic search conducted on August 13 and 14, 2024, using keywords related to HMB. A template approach to thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. A priori codes were developed from existing literature on HMB and the research objective. The template was refined after further examination of the transcripts, with all transcripts being analyzed using the final template. The search initially identified 434 discussion threads. Threads were screened for relevance and user engagement, resulting in a final 13 (2.99%) threads being analyzed for this research. These comprised 1505 individual comments from 1115 unique users. Four central themes were identified: validation and camaraderie, life impacts of HMB, practical support, and medical treatment and management. In the validation and camaraderie theme, users frequently shared personal experiences and validated the experiences of others, challenging the normalization of debilitating symptoms and creating a shared sense of solidarity. When discussing the life impacts of HMB, users emphasized how it disrupts daily functioning, including work, relationships, and mental well-being, and poses serious physical health risks. In the theme of practical support, Reddit users exchanged strategies for managing symptoms, including recommending specific menstrual products, home and workplace adaptations and adjustments, and self-advocacy. The final theme of medical treatment and management explored Reddit users' frustration with health care experiences, particularly around the prioritization of fertility over quality of life. Hormonal contraception, intrauterine devices, and surgical interventions were discussed with varying degrees of satisfaction and concern. Overall, Reddit users reported a general dismissal of HMB within medical and social contexts. Reddit serves as an important platform for individuals with HMB to validate their experiences, share practical knowledge, and seek peer support in the face of medical dismissal. This research provides insight into the usefulness of online spaces for people discussing HMB.
Suicidal ideation among young adults is a significant public health concern. While the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS) provides a robust framework, the role of unforgiveness-based coping responses to interpersonal transgressions remains under-specified. Specifically, how strategies like avoidance, self-dysfunction, and revenge relate to the strength of ITS associations requires clarification. We examined cross-sectional associations among thwarted belongingness (TB), perceived burdensomeness (PB), hopelessness (HL), and suicidal ideation (SI), and whether these associations varied by unforgiveness-related coping (avoidance, self-dysfunction, revenge) within a moderated serial mediation framework. Standardized questionnaires were completed by 205 university-affiliated participants in Hong Kong. Given the cross-sectional design and zero-inflated outcome data, SI was modeled with Bayesian hurdle lognormal regression. Competing structural specifications were compared using WAIC/LOOIC to evaluate model plausibility. Model comparisons favored a serial specification over a common-cause model. PB was robustly associated with both the presence and severity of SI. Moderator analyses indicated that avoidance and self-dysfunction were associated with a stronger link between TB and PB. Revenge motivation showed a complex pattern: it was associated with heightened hopelessness but reduced likelihood of reporting SI. In this non-clinical university sample, this pattern may reflect a form of emotional externalization, temporarily deflecting internalizing distress outward rather than conferring stable protection; this interpretation remains conditional on the cross-sectional design and sample characteristics. Unforgiveness-based coping strategies appear to be associated with distinct points in the interpersonal-to-cognitive sequence. The "deflection" effect observed with revenge motivation should be interpreted with caution, likely representing an unstable externalization response rather than adaptive protection. Conversely, avoidance and self-dysfunction are linked to entrenched interpersonal distress. Integrating unforgiveness-based coping into suicide risk assessment offers a more granular understanding of risk. These findings highlight the value of assessing coping styles in youth-serving settings, suggesting that brief screening and low-intensity supports targeting specific coping mechanisms may be valuable for suicide prevention.
Current studies have shown that caregiving anxiety is associated with an individual's dysfunctional thoughts. The aim of this study was to assess the mediating effect of caregivers' forgiveness (benevolence, lack of avoidance and lack of revenge) on the relationship between dysfunctional thoughts and anxiety in the informal caregivers of dependent older adults. Participants were 222 family caregivers. We conducted path analysis to test the hypothesized model. We found a model that showed a good fit (χ2 = 3.410; χ2/gL = 5; p = 0.63; GFI = 0.994; CFI = 0.999; RMSEA = 0.001). It showed a direct and negative association between dysfunctional thoughts and lack of revenge, and this variable was related positively with both benevolence and lack of avoidance. In turn, benevolence was associated with lower levels of anxiety. The associations between dysfunctional thoughts and anxiety were mediated by caregiver forgiveness. Our research suggests the importance of health workers seeking to understand how individuals judge their avoidance, revenge and lack of benevolence, which affect individuals' anxiety, for change. This study demonstrates the relevance of forgiving strategies in developing and testing informal caregiving assessments. It is necessary to detect and reduce avoidance and revenge related to caregivers. It is also necessary to detect and improve benevolence.
Human carnivore conflict is a global issue for conservationists, especially in protected areas such as national parks. Research on human carnivore conflict around the Borena Saynt Worehimenu National Park has been conducted with the aim of assessing the conflict between communities and carnivores. A cross-sectional study design was used to investigate human carnivore conflict in the community of the study area. Among the six bordering woreda (District), four were selected purposively for the study. From each woreda, the village, which is the immediate boundary to the park, was included. Both open- and close-ended questionnaires were administered to 573 randomly selected respondents. A total of six carnivorous species and one opportunistic omnivorous species were reported as predators of domestic animals, causing conflict. Pantera pardus and Crocuta crocuta are the most reported carnivores, with contributions of 46.9% and 26.5%, respectively, to the conflict. Together, sheep and goats are the most common domestic prey, accounting for approximately 71.6% of the prey species. The majority of predation occurs during the day, when domestic animals graze in the communal land. A total of 45.7% of the respondents reported that the degree of conflict has increased in the last three years. Poisoning the remaining parts (43.6%) is the most common response of farmers, while their domestic animals are killed by carnivores, as a revenge followed by chasing (28.8%) and then direct killing (18.8%) as revenge. The total economic cost of carnivore depredation was substantial 22,968,500 ETB (166438 USD). Farmers use guarding and physical barrier techniques, to protect their domestic herd from predators. The respondents believed that effective government intervention should focus on providing alternative livelihoods and compensation for losses of livestock and property. The conflict was attributed to overgrazing, agricultural expansion, and a lack of compensation. The establishment of livestock insurance programs; community-based conservation and benefit sharing; the creation of alternative livelihoods; and education and implementation of regulations are essential measures for reducing and managing conflicts.
Epilepsy is frequently associated with behavioral and emotional difficulties. Among antiseizure medications, Levetiracetam, Perampanel, and Brivaracetam are notorious to cause behavioral adverse drug reactions, including increased anger, irritability, and aggression. While these effects are often described in self-report data, experimental studies examining aggressive behavior in patients with epilepsy are scarce. This study aims to assess aggression in patients with epilepsy and compare it to healthy controls, using self-report measures and two experimental provocation paradigms. Thirty seven patients with epilepsy treated with Levetiracetam, Perampanel, or Brivaracetam (with an overrepresentation of patients treated with Levetiracetam) and 38 healthy controls completed the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Beck's Depression Inventory, and Affective Style Questionnaire. Aggressive behavior and reaction were investigated using a modified version of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm and the Technical Provocation Paradigm, alongside with emotional state ratings during the paradigms. Patients with epilepsy reported higher aggression, impulsivity, and depression in the self-report questionnaires compared to healthy controls. However, behaviorally, patients did not show increased aggression. Instead, they showed reduced emotional reactivity to provocation, with lower changes in the emotional state ratings. Higher desire for revenge and higher frustration during the task predicted stronger aggressive responses in the patient group, but not in the control group. Our findings suggest reduced emotional responsiveness to provocation, and a discrepancy between self-perceived and observed aggression in patients with epilepsy. Aggressive responses in this group appeared to be influenced by situational emotions such as revengefulness and frustration. These results underline the need to differentiate between subjective and observable behavioral changes in patients with epilepsy, and of considering the impact of psychiatric comorbidities and emotion regulation difficulties.