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Clonality, the process of vegetative reproduction through belowground organs (rhizomes, stolons), occurs in about half of all plant species. It influences key ecological and evolutionary phenomena, including effective population size, meiosis frequency and genet longevity, which may affect diversification rates. This study investigates how clonality impacts diversification in angiosperms by comparing clonal, mixed and non-clonal genera. Using genus-level phylogeny and data on clonal status of 16,465 species across 2997 genera, we estimated speciation and net diversification rates for each genus with MoM, DR and BAMM. Our results reveal lower diversification rates in clonal genera in non-phylogenetic models, consistent with the hypothesis that clonality constrains diversification. This effect weakens when accounting for phylogenetic non-independence but remains significant overall. We show that monocots show a slightly stronger effect of clonality on diversification than eudicots. Our findings suggest that clonality may limit long-term diversification in angiosperms, influencing evolutionary dynamics where clonal reproduction predominates.

In eukaryotes, conserved Rag-family GTPases are crucial for TOR signaling, integrating nutrient sensing with cellular growth. However, their functions in filamentous fungal pathogens are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that MoGtr1 and MoGtr2, the Rag GTPase homologs, form a functional heterodimer in Magnaporthe oryzae. Phenotypic analyses reveal that the ΔMogtr1 mutant exhibits severe defects in autophagy, asexual reproduction, vacuolar homeostasis, and virulence. In contrast, the ΔMogtr2 mutant is primarily impaired in autophagy. The ΔMogtr1/2 double mutant shows additive defects in autophagy and mild attenuation in asexual reproduction and pathogenicity. Critically, MoGtr1 acts as an important GTP-dependent molecular switch. The GTP-bound form of MoGtr1 activates TOR signaling, maintains basal autophagy, and confers tolerance to hydrogen peroxide, whereas its GDP-bound form inhibits TOR, promotes autophagy, and increases sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Thus, MoGtr1 serves as a master regulator of development and infection, while MoGtr2 fine-tunes autophagy. Our study elucidates the divergent roles of Gtr homologs in a major fungal pathogen and proposes new strategies for disease intervention.

Climate-driven changes in floral resource quantity, timing, and nutritional quality can modulate access to essential nutrients for bees, with consequences for development, reproduction, physiology, and sensitivity to other stressors. Although most nutritionally focused research has centred on managed social bees, most bee species are solitary or non-eusocial and therefore experience nutritional landscapes in fundamentally different ways. Here, we examine how sociality and life-history strategy shapes sensitivity to nutritional stress under climate change, and how climate-driven nutritional change could alter the costs and benefits of social behaviours. We argue that social organisation, nesting strategy, diet breadth, foraging range, body size, and colony demography shape exposure to nutritional stress, the capacity to respond to nutritional stress, and its interactions with other stressors. Integrating nutritional ecology with life-history theory will therefore be essential for improving predictions of bee vulnerability and designing conservation strategies that support a broad range of bee taxa.

Meiosis is a key stage in the sexual reproduction of eukaryotes. It ensures the continuity of genetic information from generation to generation, while also generating the necessary genetic diversity for the survival and evolution of species. Meiotic progression is often compromised in hybrids between related subspecies, resulting in hybrid sterility and irreversible reproductive isolation. However, most genetic studies to date have not focused on the meiotic phenotypes of hybrid sterility and their molecular mechanisms. This review examines the genetic architecture, as well as the meiotic and molecular phenotypes, of hybrid sterility in the house mouse (Mus musculus) and other mammals. House mice subspecies provide the most widely understood mammalian model of hybrid sterility because of their recent evolutionary divergence, powerful genetic tools and comprehensive cytology of individual meiotic stages. We emphasize the potential impact of meiotic surveillance mechanisms, checkpoint pathways, particularly those leading to the meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and we draw parallels between intraspecific genic and chromosomal sterility and intersubspecific hybrid sterility. Finally, we review the Prdm9-Mir465 incompatibility system, the only vertebrate hybrid sterility model for which the three major genetic components necessary and sufficient to recreate the hybrid sterility genome have been identified. This three-part genetic architecture links Prdm9-dependent meiotic recombination hotspot activation, heterosubspecific homolog pairing, and microRNA-mediated meiotic checkpoint regulation to spermatogenic arrest and male sterility. MiR-465 is apparently the first microRNA which functions as a guardian of the pachytene checkpoint.

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the primary vector of several pathogens including dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Within an hour after an initial insemination, female Ae. aegypti are generally refractory to subsequent inseminations, a response that was first attributed in the 1960's to the effects of seminal fluid molecules (SFMs). Yet, despite the importance of this discovery, the actual molecules responsible for long-term female insemination refractoriness have remained unknown for 60 years. In a previous study, we identified adipokinetic hormone (AKH) precursor protein as an SFM in Ae. albopictus. AKH is a well-studied insect neuropeptide that impacts phenotypes including those related to metabolism, locomotion, and reproduction. In this study, we investigated whether AKH is an SFM in Ae. aegypti and whether it impacts female re-insemination patterns. We first established that AKH is produced and has enriched expression in the male reproductive tract. We then found that AKH is transferred to females during mating, and is, therefore, an SFM. Next, we generated an AKH-null line which allowed us to demonstrate that seminal fluid AKH contributes to long-term insemination refractoriness of females. Together, our findings (i) are the first to identify one of the seminal fluid proteins that influence long-term insemination refractoriness in Ae. aegypti and (ii) demonstrate a novel expression pattern and function for the well-studied, multi-functional adipokinetic hormone. These results lay the groundwork for understanding the evolution and mode of action of novel seminal fluid proteins as well as for investigating novel pathways or approaches for mosquito control.

We examined the association between infertility status and sickness presenteeism among Japanese workers. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the W2S-Ohpm Study. Participants were 16,685 workers aged 20-49 years. Infertility status was categorized as no infertility, treated infertility, or untreated infertility. Sickness presenteeism was measured by the number of days worked despite poor health. Negative binomial regression estimated adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Among men, treated and untreated infertility were associated with higher sickness presenteeism (treated: IRR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.24-3.11; untreated: IRR=2.12; 95% CI: 1.49-3.02). Among women, untreated infertility was significantly associated with increased presenteeism (IRR=1.47; 95% CI: 1.12-1.94). Infertility status was associated with sickness presenteeism among Japanese workers.

The Oxford Classic (OxC) prognostic signature classifies high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) into five transcriptional programs, with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marking poor prognosis. While successful in bulk transcriptomics, the spatial organisation of these programs within the tumour microenvironment remains unexplored. We developed the Signature-guided Zero-inflated Beta Variational Autoencoder (Sig-ZIB-VAE), a deep learning deconvolution method tailored for spatial transcriptomics data, and applied it to a large-scale HGSOC cohort comprising 94 tumours to quantify spatial cellular organisation. Prognostic significance was assessed using penalised Cox proportional hazards regression integrating clinical, molecular, and spatial features. Here we show that EMT cells form dense homotypic clusters broadly depleted from stromal and immune neighbourhoods, yet maintain selective monocyte co-localisation at cluster boundaries. EMT-high tumours display enhanced spatial reorganisation characterised by increased clustering and connectivity, forming locally concentrated mesenchymal-rich domains. Survival analysis confirms EMT-high status as an adverse prognostic factor. Critically, spatial metrics of immune cell organisation-particularly monocyte connectivity and clustering-provide substantially stronger prognostic discrimination than EMT proportion alone, demonstrating that tumour microenvironment architecture supersedes cellular composition in determining clinical outcomes in HGSOC. Ovarian cancer is often found late and can be hard to treat. The Oxford Classic is a test that looks at patterns of gene activity in cancer cells and can identify a more aggressive type of tumour cell linked to poorer survival. Until now, it was unclear whether how these tumour cells are arranged within the tumour also affects patient outcomes.In this study, we applied the Oxford Classic to tumour samples while also analysing where different cancer and immune cells are located. We found that tumours with more aggressive cancer cells were linked to worse survival, confirming that the Oxford Classic works in this new setting. Importantly, we also showed that how immune cells are physically arranged within the tumour gives extra information about patient outcomes, beyond simply counting cell types. This suggests that the spatial organisation of cells in ovarian tumours plays an important role in determining how the disease progresses.

Sex determination in Porifera remains one of the least understood aspects of early metazoan biology despite the group's key phylogenetic position. Sponges display exceptional diversity in sexual systems-ranging from stable gonochorism to sequential hermaphroditism and sex reversal-yet lack morphological dimorphism and any discrete gonadal structures, blurring the boundary between sex determination and gametogenesis. Here we synthesize current knowledge on sexual systems, environmental and genetic influences on sexual fate, and the evolutionary origins of sexual systems in sponges. Evidence for environmental modulation is substantial, particularly temperature-driven shifts in sex ratios and reproductive timing, but environmental sex determination remains unsupported by causal evidence yet. Conversely, conserved molecular components of metazoan sex-determining pathways, such as fem-1 and Dmrt genes, are present in several sponge lineages, though their functional roles remain unresolved. We also evaluate the hypothesis that microbial symbionts contribute to sexual allocation by buffering the energetic costs of gametogenesis. Overall, sponges exhibit an evolutionarily labile system in which sexual fate may emerge from the interaction of conserved genetic modules, environmental cues, and physiological constraints. Clarifying these mechanisms will be essential for understanding the origins of sex determination in Metazoa and for predicting reproductive resilience under environmental change.

Organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers may alter maternal immune responses; yet epidemiologic evidence in pregnant populations remains limited. We pooled data from 410 pregnant participants across three Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort sites. During mid- to late-pregnancy, spot urine was collected for OPE metabolite quantification, followed by plasma/serum collection for immune markers on the same day or thereafter. Twelve immune markers available in at least two sites were included. We estimated associations between log2-transformed OPE metabolite concentrations and log2-transformed, site-specific z-scored immune marker levels using linear mixed-effects regression with site as a random effect for pooled analyses, and linear regression for site-specific analyses. We conducted exploratory analyses to evaluate effect modification by race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy obesity, and fetal sex. We observed associations between bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and elevated interleukin (IL)-8 levels in the pooled sample (β per doubling=0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02-0.11) and in both contributing sites. Associations between other OPE metabolites and immune markers were not consistently observed across study sites. Participants with a race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White showed stronger associations of diphenyl phosphate (β=0.16, 95% CI: 0.04-0.28) and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (β=0.04, 95% CI: -0.01-0.09) with higher tumor necrosis factor-α. Sex-dimorphic associations for IL-6 were observed, with directions varying by OPE metabolite. This U.S. multi-site study suggests certain OPE exposures may be positively associated with maternal IL-8 levels. Such immune responses could alter the intrauterine environment, warranting further investigation into the downstream effects on child health, given the limited current evidence.

Maternal sepsis carries a high risk of progression to septic shock. However, existing risk stratification tools, such as qSOFA and the Sepsis in Obstetrics Score, perform suboptimally in pregnant and postpartum populations, and no simple model specifically predicts progression from sepsis to septic shock. This study aimed to identify variables associated with septic shock in maternal sepsis, characterize infection sources and pathogens, and develop and internally validate a practical predictive model. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 139 pregnant and postpartum women with sepsis admitted to a single tertiary center between January 2016 and July 2025. The primary outcome was septic shock within 72 h of sepsis diagnosis, and predictors were collected at the time of diagnosis. Patients were randomly split into training (70%) and validation (30%) cohorts. Predictors were first screened using univariate robust Poisson regression, followed by LASSO regression for feature selection. The final predictive model was fitted using multivariable robust Poisson regression. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve, calibration plots, and decision curve analyses (DCA). Four independent predictors for septic shock were identified: history of surgery during pregnancy, prothrombin time (PT), procalcitonin (PCT), and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂). The model exhibited good discrimination in the training cohort (Area-under-curve [AUC] 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80-0.94) and validation cohort (AUC 0.87, 95% CI: 0.75-0.99), with good calibration and clinical utility. Higher risk scores were significantly associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Respiratory infections were the most common source (44.6%), followed by genitourinary (30.9%) and gastrointestinal infections (12.9%). Gram-negative bacteria (55.1%) were the main pathogens. Septic shock occurred more frequently in puerperal sepsis than in pregnancy-onset sepsis (43.3% vs. 19.0%, p = 0.003). A four-variable model using readily available clinical parameters demonstrated favorable predictive performance for predicting septic shock in maternal sepsis and was associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. This tool may support early risk stratification and clinical decision-making, pending future prospective external validation.

The biochemical profile of horses is a cornerstone in equine clinical diagnostics, offering valuable insights into health status, disease progression, and physiological adaptation to internal and external stimuli. However, the interpretation of these biochemical parameters is far from straightforward, as they are subject to significant variation influenced by a range of physiological factors. Age, sex, breed, level of physical activity, nutritional condition, and reproductive status can all modulate baseline biochemical values, potentially leading to diagnostic inaccuracies if not properly contextualized. This article provides a comprehensive review of the physiological determinants that affect biochemical markers in horses under non-pathological conditions. By examining how these variables alter key analytes -such as enzymes' activity, metabolites, electrolytes, and hormonal concentrations- the study underscores the necessity of establishing context-specific reference intervals. Furthermore, it advocates an individualized approach to biochemical assessment in equine medicine, emphasizing the importance of integrating physiological context into clinical decision-making, to enhance diagnostic precision and therapeutic outcomes.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by reproductive dysfunction and endocrine-metabolic abnormalities. However, its precise pathogenesis remains unclear. Increasing evidence indicates that ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) dysfunction and metabolic imbalance play critical roles in the initiation and progression of PCOS. This study investigated the regulatory role of the sulfite oxidase (SUOX)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling axis in the development and function of ovarian GCs in PCOS. PCOS-associated gene variants were identified using high-throughput sequencing and subsequently validated using dual-luciferase reporter assays. SUOX expression was modulated in ovarian KGN cells using gene knockdown and overexpression approaches combined with pharmacological interventions to assess alterations in SUOX-AMPK signaling and its downstream effects. A mouse model of PCOS was established to further evaluate the biological role of SUOX in vivo. SUOX expression was significantly reduced in follicular fluid samples from patients with PCOS. SUOX knockdown was associated with suppression of AMPK signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and increased lipid synthesis in KGN cells. Conversely, SUOX overexpression or AMPK pharmacological activation effectively reversed these pathological changes. Restoration of SUOX expression partially reduced ovarian metabolic dysfunction in PCOS mouse models CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that the SUOX-AMPK signaling axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Reduced SUOX expression may contribute to disease progression by promoting oxidative stress, worsening mitochondrial damage, and impairing ovarian function, suggesting that SUOX may represent a potential molecular target for the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS.

Twin research informs our thinking about possible human reproductive cloning (HRC). Other human models for assessing the benefits and difficulties of HRC are look-alike parent-child and sibling pairs. An in-depth interview with an extraordinary mother-daughter pair is provided. This section is followed by reviews of research on infantile pyknocytosis in a dizygotic (DZ) twin, monozygotic (MZ) twin discordance for hemimicrencephaly, unusual dental development in a twin, and 'gaze fingerprint signatures'. The final section presents human interest stories of identical twin executives at odds, the loss of identical twin Jim Whittaker, identical twin artists, and twin wisdom captured in stone.

Toxoplasmosis can cause reproductive losses in livestock species such as goats and sheep. However, the impact of this parasitic infection in mares remains poorly investigated, reflecting the neglect of this pathogen in equine production. The present study aimed to conduct a serological survey in 100 mares from farms enrolled in embryo transfer (ET) programs in Northeastern Brazil, report the first molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the placenta and aborted fetus of a mare in the country, and evaluate potential risk factors associated with infection. Anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were detected using the indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA) with a cutoff of 1:64, followed by serial titration. Placentas and fetal organs from three mares from a farm with an abortion outbreak were also analyzed by PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene of the family Sarcocystidae and the 529-bp repetitive element of T. gondii. A total of 31% of mares were seropositive (95% CI: 22.3-40.9), and both the fetus and placenta from one mare tested positive for the 18S rRNA gene and the 529-bp RE. The presence of cats on the farms and a history of abortion were identified as factors associated with seropositivity. These findings provide novel evidence contributing to the understanding of T. gondii infection in equine production systems.

The potential re-emergence of Mpox poses an increasing public health concern in the Horn of Africa, particularly in Ethiopia. This study examined perceptions of preparedness among surveyed surveillance professionals in Ethiopia regarding the disease surveillance system's ability to detect and respond to a potential Mpox outbreak. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, utilizing a structured 58-item questionnaire that assessed preparedness across five domains: general awareness and understanding, surveillance infrastructure and resources, coordination and communication, preparedness and response, and policy, training, and equity. The survey was distributed to disease surveillance professionals at both federal and regional levels through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U tests, Cramér's V, and content analysis. Among the 42 surveyed surveillance professionals, 45.3% believed that the surveillance system could effectively respond to an Mpox outbreak, while 54.7% disagreed, reflecting divided perceptions within the sample. Respondents identified several perceived gaps, including limited awareness of Mpox-specific protocols, insufficient training, inadequate diagnostic capacity, and fragmented coordination across sectors. A substantial proportion of respondents reported system-related challenges, with 83.3% perceiving laboratory facilities as inadequate and 78.6% noting the absence of contingency plans. In addition, 57.1% indicated that their organizations lacked staff trained on Mpox, and 59.5% reported no stockpiles of personal protective equipment. Overall, the surveyed professionals expressed mixed perceptions of preparedness, with notable concerns regarding resource allocation, infrastructure, and policy implementation. The study identifies perceived gaps among the 42 surveyed surveillance professionals regarding Mpox preparedness in Ethiopia, highlighting the need for enhanced training, strengthened infrastructure, improved coordination, and more equitable resource distribution. Addressing these gaps through targeted interventions may help strengthen disease surveillance capacity and improve the ability to detect, respond to, and manage emerging health threats such as Mpox.

Women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at increased risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, particularly when pregnancy occurs during periods of active disease. Effective contraception is therefore essential, yet data on sexual activity and contraceptive practices among women with SLE in Nigeria are limited. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and July 2025 among women aged 18-48 years with rheumatologist-diagnosed SLE in Nigeria. Participants were recruited through rheumatology clinics and an online survey platform. Information obtained included sociodemographic characteristics, disease duration, disease activity assessed using the Mexican SLE Disease Activity Index, sexual activity, reproductive intentions, contraceptive use, and perceived risk of unintended pregnancy. Descriptive statistics were used, and Kendall's tau-b assessed the association between sexual activity and disease activity. Eighty-five women were analyzed. The mean age was 35.0 ± 7.7 years, and the median disease duration was 50 months (interquartile range: 22-108). Fifty-eight participants (68.2%) were sexually active. Among these, 39 (67.2%) reported using contraception, although only 19 (48.7%) used it consistently. Barrier methods, predominantly condoms, were the most commonly used (31.1%). Most contraceptive users (74.4%) did not intend pregnancy within the next 12 months. Sexual activity was inversely associated with disease activity (Kendall's tau-b = -0.184, P = 0.048). Despite low perceived risk, 23.2% reported at least one episode of unintended pregnancy risk in the preceding year. This study demonstrates that women with SLE in Nigeria remain sexually active and, despite their strong pregnancy avoidance intentions, frequently rely on barrier methods and inconsistently use contraception. These patterns closely mirror global experience and highlight the urgent need to integrate structured, disease-specific contraceptive counseling into routine SLE care in Nigeria to reduce potentially unintended pregnancy and associated maternal-fetal risks. Résumé Contexte:Les femmes atteintes de lupus érythémateux systémique (LES) présentent un risque accru de complications maternelles et fœtales, en particulier lorsque la grossesse survient pendant les poussées de la maladie. Une contraception efficace est donc essentielle, mais les données sur l’activité sexuelle et les pratiques contraceptives chez les femmes atteintes de LES au Nigéria sont limitées.Méthodes:Une enquête transversale a été menée entre avril et juillet 2025 auprès de femmes âgées de 18 à 48 ans ayant reçu un diagnostic de LES par un rhumatologue au Nigéria. Les participantes ont été recrutées dans des cliniques de rhumatologie et via une plateforme d’enquête en ligne. Les informations recueillies portaient sur les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, la durée de la maladie, l’activité de la maladie évaluée à l’aide de l’indice mexicain d’activité du LES, l’activité sexuelle, les intentions reproductives, l’utilisation de contraceptifs et le risque perçu de grossesse non désirée. Des statistiques descriptives ont été utilisées et le coefficient tau-b de Kendall a permis d’évaluer l’association entre l’activité sexuelle et l’activité de la maladie.Résultats:Quatre-vingt-cinq femmes ont été analysées. L’âge moyen était de 35,0 ± 7,7 ans et la durée médiane de la maladie de 50 mois (intervalle interquartile: 22–108). Cinquante-huit participants (68,2 %) étaient sexuellement actifs. Parmi eux, 39 (67,2 %) ont déclaré utiliser une contraception, mais seulement 19 (48,7 %) l’utilisaient de façon régulière. Les méthodes barrières, principalement les préservatifs, étaient les plus fréquemment utilisées (31,1 %). La plupart des utilisatrices de contraception (74,4 %) n’envisageaient pas de grossesse dans les 12 mois suivants. L’activité sexuelle était inversement corrélée à l’activité de la maladie (tau-b de Kendall = −0,184, P = 0,048). Malgré une faible perception du risque, 23,2 % ont rapporté au moins un épisode de risque de grossesse non désirée au cours de l’année précédente.Conclusion:Cette étude démontre que les femmes atteintes de LED au Nigéria restent sexuellement actives et, malgré leur volonté d’éviter une grossesse, ont fréquemment recours à des méthodes barrières et utilisent la contraception de façon irrégulière. Ces tendances reflètent fidèlement les observations mondiales et soulignent l’urgence d’intégrer un accompagnement contraceptif structuré et adapté à la maladie dans la prise en charge courante du LED au Nigéria afin de réduire les grossesses non désirées et les risques materno-fœtaux associés.

Breastfeeding is widely recognized as the gold standard food for infants. However, many families use infant formulas, including soy-based products, which have not been studied for their long-term safety and developmental effects. The Beginnings Study and the Beginnings Follow Up Study represent one of the most comprehensive prospective cohorts designed to examine how early infant feeding is related to growth, body composition, cardiovascular, microbiome, and skeletal outcomes, neurodevelopment, and reproductive maturation through adolescence. Conducted in Arkansas, U.S., the study enrolled 600 healthy, term infants fed soy-based infant formula, cow's milk-based infant formula, or human milk during infancy (200 per group). Of these, 385 participants (73.2%) completed the 6-year visit, and 190 (31.7% of enrolled and 49.4% of 6-year visit completers) participated in the 14-year Follow Up Study. Breastfeeding was associated with slower weight gain velocity during infancy, and consistent lower body mass index, fat mass index, and waist circumference extending into adolescence, compared to formula feeding. Formula-fed infants had comparable results to breastfed infants for skeletal mineralization, most neurocognitive parameters, and reproductive organ development. However, cardiovascular autonomic measures, including heart rate and vagal tone, differed by feeding group, with some sex-specific effects. Novel contributions included analyses of the gut microbiome and metabolomics profiles in early life, which revealed distinct dietary signatures, as well as neurodevelopmental assessments using electroencephalography, which highlighted transient differences in language-related brain responses among feeding groups. Together, these results demonstrate more similarities than differences between soy-based infant formula and cow's milk-based infant formula in health outcomes and supports the lasting benefits of breastfeeding. This evidence can help guide healthcare professionals in infant feeding recommendations and highlight critical windows to prevent obesity and promote lifelong health.

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