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Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) have been extensively researched for applications in Quantum Machine Learning (QML), Optimization, and Molecular simulations. Although designed for Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, VQAs are predominantly evaluated classically due to uncertain results on noisy devices and limited resource availability. Raising concern over the reproducibility of simulated VQAs on noisy hardware. While prior studies indicate that VQAs may exhibit noise resilience in specific parameterized shallow quantum circuits, there are no definitive measures to establish what defines a shallow circuit or the optimal circuit depth for VQAs on a noisy platform. These challenges extend naturally to Variational Quantum Classification (VQC) algorithms, a subclass of VQAs for supervised learning. In this article, we propose a relative entropy-based metric to verify whether a VQC model would perform similarly on a noisy device as it does on simulations. We establish a strong correlation between the average relative entropy difference in classes, transpilation circuit depth, and their performance difference on a noisy quantum device. Our results further indicate that

For a regular map $F$ from a complex smooth affine variety $X$ to $\mathbb A^r_\mathbb C$, we construct generalized nearby-cycle modules of a regular holonomic $\mathscr D$-module $\mathcal M$ along log strata with the log structure induced by the graph of $F$, whose relative supports are infinite unions of translated linear subvarieties of $\mathbb C^r$ determined by the zero loci of Bernstein-Sato ideals along monoid ideals. For a fixed log stratum, the nearby-cycle module corresponds to the Sabbah specialization complex of DR$(\mathcal M)$ under the relative regular Riemann-Hilbert correspondence of Fiorot-Fernandes-Sabbah, which generalizes the classical comparison theorem of Kashiwara-Malgrange for Deligne's nearby cycles. As an application, when $\mathcal M=\mathcal O_X$, we give a topological interpretation of the zero loci of Bernstein-Sato ideals of $F$ along monoid ideals under the exponential map, which answers a question of Budur-Shi-Zuo.

In this paper, we introduce and study relative Auslander--Gorenstein pairs. This consists of a finite-dimensional Gorenstein algebra together with a self-orthogonal module that provides a further homological feature of the algebra in terms of relative dominant dimension. These pairs will be called relative Auslander pairs whenever the algebra in question has finite global dimension. We characterize relative Auslander pairs by the existence and uniqueness of tilting-cotilting modules having higher values relative dominant and codominant dimension with respect to the self-orthogonal module. The same characterisation remains valid for relative Auslander--Gorenstein pairs if the self-orthogonal module has injective or projective dimension at most one. Our relative approach generalises and unifies the known results from the literature, for instance, the characterization of minimal Auslander--Gorenstein algebras. As an application of our methods, we prove that for any relative Auslander pair pieces of the module category of the endomorphism algebra of the self-orthogonal module can be identified with pieces of the module category of the endomorphism algebra of the unique tilting-cotiltin

We develop a Kubo--Ando theory on order intervals of completely positive maps. Using Arveson's Radon--Nikodym theorem as a structural tool, we define relative Kubo--Ando means \(Φσ_ΩΨ\) for completely positive maps dominated by a common ambient map \(Ω\). The special choice \(Ω=Φ+Ψ\) yields an intrinsic mean of two completely positive maps. We prove that these means are independent of the chosen Stinespring representation and satisfy the expected order-theoretic properties, including monotonicity, transformer inequalities, Jensen-type inequalities, data processing, and monotonicity with respect to the ambient map. For the geometric mean, we obtain a block-positivity characterization and show that the intrinsic geometric mean vanishes exactly when the two maps have no nonzero common completely positive submap. Finally, we compare the construction with existing finite-dimensional and form-theoretic approaches: for maps between matrix algebras it agrees with the Choi-matrix mean, and in the geometric case it agrees with Okayasu's Pusz--Woronowicz mean on their common domain.

We investigate the relationship between smoothness and the relative global dimension of a ring extension. We prove that a smooth commutative algebra $A$ over $B$ has finite relative global dimension $\text{gdim}(A,B)$. Conversely, under a mild condition on $B$, the finiteness of $\text{gdim}(A,B)$ implies that the map $B \to A$ is smooth. We also relate the relative global dimension to the usual global dimension of the fibers of $B \to A$, and establish a formula for the relative global dimension of tensor products of extensions. Finally, we present examples and an alternative characterization of smoothness in terms of relative Hochschild homology.

Incorrectness Separation Logic (ISL) is a proof system that is tailored specifically to resolve problems of under-approximation in programs that manipulate heaps, and it primarily focuses on bug detection. This approach is different from the over-approximation methods that are used in traditional logics such as Hoare Logic or Separation Logic. Although the soundness of ISL has been established, its completeness remains unproven. In this study, we establish relative completeness by leveraging the expressiveness of the weakest postconditions; expressiveness is a factor that is critical to demonstrating relative completeness in Reverse Hoare Logic. In our ISL framework, we allow for infinite disjunctions in disjunctive normal forms, where each clause comprises finite symbolic heaps with existential quantifiers. To compute the weakest postconditions in ISL, we introduce a canonicalization that includes variable aliasing.

We deal with hypersurfaces in the framework of the relative differential geometry in $\mathbb{R}^4$. We consider a hypersurface $\varPhi$ in $\mathbb{R}^4$ with position vector field $\vect{x}$ which is relatively normalized by a relative normalization $\vect{y}$. Then $\vect{y}$ is also a relative normalization of every member of the one-parameter family $\mathcal{F}$ of hypersurfaces $\varPhi_μ$ with position vector field $\vect{x}_μ= \vect{x} + μ\, \vect{y}$, where $μ$ is a real constant. We call every hypersurface $\varPhi_μ\in \mathcal{F}$ relatively parallel to $\varPhi$. This consideration includes both Euclidean and Blaschke hypersurfaces of the affine differential geometry. In this paper we express the relative mean curvature's functions of a hypersurface $\varPhi_μ$ relatively parallel to $\varPhi$ by means of the ones of $\varPhi$ and the "relative distance" $μ$. Then we prove several Bonnet's type theorems. More precisely, we show that if two relative mean curvature's functions of $\varPhi$ are constant, then there exists at least one relatively parallel hypersurface with a constant relative mean curvature's function.

Let $(\mathbb{G},\mathbb{H})$ be a symmetric pair of reductive groups over a $p$-adic field with $p eq 2$, attached to the involution $θ$. Under the assumption that there exists a maximally $θ$-split torus in $\mathbb{G}$, which is anisotropic modulo its intersection with the split component of $\mathbb{G}$, we extend Beuzart-Plessis' proof of existence of cuspidal representations, and prove that $\mathbb{G}(F)$ admits strongly relatively cuspidal representations. This confirms expectations of Kato and Takano.

The relative Gromov seminorm is a finer invariant than stable commutator length where a relative homology class is fixed. We show a duality result between bounded cohomology and the relative Gromov seminorm, analogously to Bavard duality for scl. We give an application to computations of scl in graphs of groups. We also explain how our duality result can be given a purely algebraic interpretation via a relative version of the Hopf formula. Moreover, we show that this leads to a natural generalisation of a result of Calegari on a connection between scl and the rotation quasimorphism.

In this paper we study the relative Chow and $K$-stability of toric manifolds in the toric sense. First, we give a criterion for relative $K$-stability and instability of toric Fano manifolds in the toric sense. The reduction of relative Chow stability on toric manifolds will be investigated using the Hibert-Mumford criterion in two ways. One is to consider the maximal torus action and its weight polytope. We obtain a reduction by the strategy of Ono [Ono13], which fits into the relative GIT stability detected by Székelyhidi. The other way relies on $\mathbb{C}^*$-actions and Chow weights associated to toric degenerations following Donaldson and Ross-Thomas [D02, RT07]. As applications of our main theorem, we partially determine the relative $K$-stability of toric Fano threefolds and present counter-examples which are relatively $K$-stable in the toric sense but which are asymptotically relatively Chow unstable. In the end, we explain the erroneous parts of the published version of this article (corresponding to Sections 1-5), which provides some inconclusive results for relative $K$-stability in Table 6.

The aim of this work is to study the role of relative entropy in the thermodynamics of black holes and cosmological horizons. We adapt some recent results on the relative entropy of coherent excitations of the vacuum, to find the variation of generalised entropy of static and dynamical black holes and for cosmological horizons. We review the argument for static black holes by Hollands and Ishibashi (2019) with simple modifications. We link the variation of relative entropy to the growth of the horizon using a conservation law for the stress-energy tensor, and we recover the known results. We then study the application of the same framework to the case of dynamical horizons. We study in detail the case of Vaidya spacetime, and we find that a notion of black hole entropy naturally emerges, equals to one-fourth of the area of the dynamical horizon. In the case of dynamical black holes we find an additional term, which is not present in the static case, and that represents the work done on the black hole. We finally show in a simple case that it is possible to follow the same scheme to assign an entropy to the horizons emerging in cosmological scenarios.

In this paper, we introduce the relative $\mathcal{L}$-invariant $r\mathcal{L}(X)$ of a smooth, orientable, compact 4-manifold $X$ with boundary. This invariant is defined by measuring the lengths of certain paths in the cut complex of a trisection surface for $X$. This is motivated by the definition of the $\mathcal{L}$-invariant for smooth, orientable, closed 4-manifolds by Kirby and Thompson. We show that if $X$ is a rational homology ball, then $r\mathcal{L}(X)=0$ if and only if $X\cong B^4$. In order to better understand relative trisections, we also produce an algorithm to glue two relatively trisected 4-manifold by any Murasugi sum or plumbing in the boundary, and also prove that any two relative trisections of a given 4-manifold $X$ are related by interior stabilization, relative stabilization, and the relative double twist, which we introduce in this paper as a trisection version of one of Piergallini and Zuddas's moves on open book decompositions. Previously, it was only known (by Gay and Kirby) that relative trisections inducing equivalent open books on $X$ are related by interior stabilizations.

We introduce the bounded packing property for a subgroup of a countable discrete group G. This property gives a finite upper bound on the number of left cosets of the subgroup that are pairwise close in G. We establish basic properties of bounded packing, and give many examples; for instance, every subgroup of a countable, virtually nilpotent group has bounded packing. We explain several natural connections between bounded packing and group actions on CAT(0) cube complexes. Our main result establishes the bounded packing of relatively quasiconvex subgroups of a relatively hyperbolic group, under mild hypotheses. As an application, we prove that relatively quasiconvex subgroups have finite height and width, properties that strongly restrict the way families of distinct conjugates of the subgroup can intersect. We prove that an infinite, nonparabolic relatively quasiconvex subgroup of a relatively hyperbolic group has finite index in its commensurator. We also prove a virtual malnormality theorem for separable, relatively quasiconvex subgroups, which is new even in the word hyperbolic case.

We develop a configuration-space picture of the relative velocity between baryons and dark matter that clearly explains how it can shift the BAO scale in the galaxy-galaxy correlation function. The shift occurs because the relative velocity is non-zero only within the sound horizon and thus adds to the correlation function asymmetrically about the BAO peak. We further show that in configuration space the relative velocity has a localized, distinctive signature in the three-point galaxy correlation function (3PCF). In particular, we find that a multipole decomposition is a favorable way to isolate the relative velocity in the 3PCF, and that there is a strong signature in the l=1 multipole for triangles with 2 sides around the BAO scale. Finally, we investigate a further compression of the 3PCF to a function of only one triangle side that preserves the localized nature of the relative velocity signature while also nicely separating linear from non-linear bias. We expect that this scheme will substantially lessen the computational burden of finding the relative velocity in the 3PCF. The relative velocity's 3PCF signature can be used to correct the shift induced in the galaxy-galaxy co

In this paper, we first construct a differential graded Lie algebra that controls deformations of a Lie-Yamaguti algebra. Furthermore, a relative Rota-Baxter operator on a Lie-Yamaguti algebra is characterized as a Maurer-Cartan element in an appropriate $L_\infty$-algebra that we build through the graded Lie bracket of Lie-Yamaguti algebra's controlling algebra, and gives rise to a twisted $L_\infty$-algebra that controls its deformation. Next we establish the cohomology theory of relative Rota-Baxter operators on Lie-Yamaguti algebras via the Yamaguti cohomology. Then we clarify the relationship between the twisted $L_\infty$-algebra and the cohomology theory. Finally as byproducts, we classify certain deformations on Lie-Yamaguti algebras using the cohomology theory.

We construct and study the theory of relative quasimaps in genus zero, in the spirit of Gathmann. When $X$ is a smooth toric variety and $Y$ is a smooth very ample hypersurface in $X$, we produce a virtual class on the moduli space of relative quasimaps to $(X,Y)$, which we use to define relative quasimap invariants. We obtain a recursion formula which expresses each relative invariant in terms of invariants of lower tangency, and apply this formula to derive a quantum Lefschetz theorem for quasimaps, expressing the restricted quasimap invariants of $Y$ in terms of those of $X$. Finally, we show that the relative $I$-function of Fan-Tseng-You coincides with a natural generating function for relative quasimap invariants, providing mirror-symmetric motivation for the theory.

We define a relative property A for a countable group with respect to a finite family of subgroups. Many characterizations for relative property A are given. In particular a relative bounded cohomological characterization shows that if a group has property A relative to a family of subgroups, each of which has property A, then the group has property A. This result leads to new classes of groups that have property A. In particular, groups are of property A if they act cocompactly on locally finite property A spaces of bounded geometry with at least one stabilizer of property A. Specializing the definition of relative property A, an analogue definition of relative amenability for discrete groups are introduced and similar results are obtained.

The relative entropy of entanglement $E_R$ is defined as the distance of a multi-partite quantum state from the set of separable states as measured by the quantum relative entropy. We show that this optimisation is always achieved, i.e. any state admits a closest separable state, even in infinite dimensions; also, $E_R$ is everywhere lower semi-continuous. We use this to derive a dual variational expression for $E_R$ in terms of an external supremum instead of infimum. These results, which seem to have gone unnoticed so far, hold not only for the relative entropy of entanglement and its multi-partite generalisations, but also for many other similar resource quantifiers, such as the relative entropy of non-Gaussianity, of non-classicality, of Wigner negativity $\unicode{8212}$ more generally, all relative entropy distances from the sets of states with non-negative $λ$-quasi-probability distribution. The crucial hypothesis underpinning all these applications is the weak*-closedness of the cone generated by free states, and for this reason the techniques we develop involve a bouquet of classical results from functional analysis. We complement our analysis by giving explicit and asympt

We present a formula for the relative entropy S(rho||sigma) of two n mode gaussian states rho, sigma in the boson Fock space. It is shown that the relative entropy has a classical and a quantum part: The classical part consists of a weighted linear combination of relative Shannon entropies of n pairs of Bernouli trials arising from the thermal state composition of the gaussian states rho and sigma. The quantum part has a sum of n terms, that are functions of the annihilation means and the covariance matrices of 1-mode marginals of the gaussian state $ρ'$, which is equivalent to ρunder a disentangling unitary gaussian symmetry operation of the state $σ$. A generalized formula for the Petz-Renyi relative entropy S_alpha(rho||sigma) for gaussian states ρ, σis also presented. Furthermore it is shown that the Petz-Renyi relative entropy converges to the limit S(rho||sigma) as alpha increases to 1.