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Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a highly pathogenic rhabdovirus that primarily spreads through horizontal transmission. Characterizing viral shedding dynamics is therefore critical for understanding its epidemiology and improving disease control strategies in aquaculture. In this study, the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of VHSV in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was determined to be 103.7TCID50/100 μL. We subsequently investigated viral shedding patterns at both individual and group levels under different initial infection ratios. Two distinct peaks in viral shedding were consistently observed at 6 to 8 and 10 to 12 days post-challenge (dpc). In group tanks, the first peak was more pronounced, whereas in individual tanks, the second peak predominated, suggesting that the timing of mortality strongly influences shedding dynamics. Notably, moribund or deceased fish released substantially higher viral loads, with some individuals reaching 106 copies/400 mL on day 10, whereas surviving fish maintained relatively stable and much lower levels (< 104 copies/400 mL) throughout the study. Among different infection ratios, cumulative mortality was highest in the 50% infection group (approximately 60% ~ 70% by 20 dpc). However, the 30% infection group exhibited the greatest viral shedding, indicating that viral release does not necessarily scale with infection prevalence. Instead, transmission dynamics appear to be disproportionately driven by a limited number of high-shedding individuals capable of sustaining infection at the population level. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that viral shedding is concentrated in severely affected individuals and that individual shedding capacity, rather than infection prevalence alone, plays a dominant role in VHSV transmission. Early intervention targeting high-shedding individuals may therefore be critical for effective disease control in aquaculture systems.
Individuals with anxiety and stress-related disorders frequently demonstrate impaired threat extinction. Although psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and ketamine can facilitate fear extinction in rodent models, comprehensive integrative analyses remain limited. Regression-based approaches were employed to estimate cross-study trends to assess whether the dose-effect relationships of these compounds are linear, bell-shaped, or follow alternative patterns. The potential moderating effects of specific biological or procedural factors on extinction learning and recall were also assessed. Effect sizes from 177 experiments in mice and rats were analyzed by compound and pooled across classical psychedelics, with doses normalized using allometric scaling and serotonin 5-HT2A or 5-HT1A receptor-adjusted relative potency. The available data for LSD were insufficient for evaluating the hypothesized relationships. For the other psychedelics, linear models provided the best relative fit for extinction learning and recall. Within the tested ranges, lower doses, except for MDMA, were frequently associated with larger positive effect sizes. Pooled analyses indicated that the interval between treatment administration and extinction recall testing may influence the effects of classical psychedelics on fear extinction. In contrast, sex, age, preconditioning stress/high-intensity conditioning, and the treatment-extinction learning interval did not affect the observed dose-effect relationships. These pooled associations were sensitive to high-leverage observations. Psychedelics appear to enhance fear extinction across a broad range of doses. The timing of administration relative to memory extinction retrieval may contribute to variability in these effects. Evidence supporting nonlinear dose-effect relationships remains limited.
Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) as first-line diagnostic tool for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) offers detailed assessment of coronary plaque, yet data on non-calcified components remain limited. This study aims to analyze total coronary plaque burden as well as non-calcified plaque characteristics in an ESC-guideline-selected cohort and to establish age- and sex-specific percentile distributions and benchmark values for quantitative plaque assessment. All patients undergoing CCTA for a clinical indication at a German outpatient institution between July 2017 and June 2020 were included. Plaque analysis using validated semi-automated software was performed on all coronary arteries; plaque burden was measured with differentiation among total, calcified, non-calcified, and low-attenuation components. Of 5412 patients, coronary plaques were present in 67.1% of patients, with obstructive CAD in 29.3%. For example, the 50th, 75th, and 90th percentile values for total coronary plaque burden were 28.8 mm3, 130.2 mm3, and 302.0 mm3, respectively. Total plaque burden showed strong diagnostic performance for obstructive CAD, with optimal cut-off values of 68.45 mm3 in males (sensitivity 0.89, specificity 0.74) and 21.18 mm3 in females (sensitivity 0.93, specificity 0.77) showing the best discriminatory performance within the present cohort. Within this cohort, plaque burdens below 22.0 mm3 in males and 12.4 mm3 in females were associated with a false-negative rate below 5% for the presence of obstructive CAD. This study provides novel insights into the prevalence and distribution of coronary plaque burden in a large outpatient cohort undergoing CCTA according to current ESC guideline recommendations. The presented age- and sex-specific percentile distributions provide benchmark values for quantitative plaque assessment in a real-world CCTA population and may facilitate standardized reporting and future outcome-based investigations of coronary plaque burden and composition.
Optically addressable molecular triplet spins provide a chemically tunable platform for quantum applications, but their coherence is typically limited by interactions with the surrounding nuclear spin bath. Here we demonstrate controlled suppression of nuclear-bath-induced decoherence via hyperpolarization of the nuclear spin bath through dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). This approach is demonstrated in an optically addressable triplet molecular qubit system based on pentacene, where the achieved high proton polarization reduces magnetic noise from nuclear spin fluctuations and enhances the triplet spin transverse coherence time. The measured spin-echo decay time (T2) increases systematically with nuclear polarization and is in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions. Both the enhancement and the absolute value of the coherence time are quantitatively reproduced through cluster correlation expansion (CCE) simulations. These results establish nuclear spin hyperpolarization as a general and actively tunable approach to engineering coherence in molecular qubits. This work provides a broadly applicable design framework for high-coherence molecular and solid-state spin systems.
An increased incidence of auto-inflammatory diseases, such as celiac disease (CD), has been reported following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess whether COVID-19 is associated with CD risk. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library and Clinicaltrial.gov databases up to October 30, 2025, for studies evaluating the incidence of CD following COVID-19 infection (PROSPERO ID: CRD420251174742). We performed qualitative and quantitative syntheses of retrospective studies to evaluate the role of COVID-19 infection in CD incidence. A total of 4 studies were used in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The studies were conducted between 2023 and 2024 and included 3,465,996 exposed and 7,044,493 non-exposed COVID-19 people. The results from the pooled synthesis showed no significant difference in CD incidence among exposed and non-exposed people with COVID-19 (risk ratio [RR] 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI; 0.94, 1.66], P=0.12, I2=87%). Similarly, no difference was observed in CD incidence between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients after performing a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis (RR 1.10 95% CI [1.00, 1.22], P=0.06, I2=0%). These findings suggest that COVID-19 infection does not appear to increase the risk of developing CD.
Scapular-targeted rehabilitation is increasingly incorporated into the management of rotator cuff-related shoulder disorders; however, its clinical value across both conservative and postoperative stages of care remains uncertain. To evaluate the effectiveness of scapular-targeted rehabilitation on pain, disability, and shoulder function across the rotator cuff care continuum. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from inception through May 2026. Eligible studies included adults with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain, subacromial pain syndrome, subacromial impingement syndrome, scapular dyskinesis-associated shoulder disorders, or patients undergoing rehabilitation following rotator cuff repair. Randomized controlled trials were included in quantitative synthesis. Random-effects models were used to pool standardized mean differences (SMDs) or mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising seven randomized controlled trials, one propensity score-matched study, and one single-group pre-post study. Meta-analysis demonstrated that scapular-targeted rehabilitation significantly reduced pain compared with control interventions (SMD -0.88, 95% CI -1.71 to -0.06; I²=84.8%) and significantly improved shoulder function measured by the Constant-Murley Score (MD 6.94, 95% CI 0.37 to 13.52; I²=85.7%). Disability outcomes favored scapular-targeted rehabilitation but did not reach statistical significance (SMD -0.47, 95% CI -1.05 to 0.11; I²=72.8%). Postoperative studies generally reported favorable effects on pain, function, and range of motion, although evidence was insufficient for quantitative synthesis. Scapular-targeted rehabilitation appears to be a useful adjunct within comprehensive rotator cuff rehabilitation, with evidence supporting improvements in pain and shoulder function. Evidence for disability reduction and postoperative effectiveness remains inconclusive, warranting further high-quality trials across the rotator cuff care continuum.
MicroRNA-31 (miR-31) acts as a tumor suppressor and is downregulated in breast cancer, but the mechanism responsible for its reduced maturation remains unclear. To investigate this, we examined the expression patterns of pri- and mature miR-31 across multiple human tumor cell lines. Quantitative PCR revealed that while pri-miR-31 was abundantly expressed, mature miR-31 levels were selectively decreased in breast cancer cells, indicating a block at the post-transcriptional processing step. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) restored miR-31 expression while concurrently suppressing Galectin-3, suggesting a potential regulatory link between the two molecules. RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated direct binding of recombinant Galectin-3 to in vitro-transcribed pre-miR-31. Protein-RNA docking analysis further supported this interaction, identifying the CUGGG motif (C35-G39) within pre-miR-31 as the key contact region interacting with the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of Galectin-3. Functional analyses in MCF7 cells, which exhibit the highest endogenous Galectin-3 levels, showed that Galectin-3 knockdown markedly increased mature miR-31 expression without altering pri-miR-31 levels, confirming regulation at the processing stage. TaqMan™ microRNA profiling revealed that Galectin-3 depletion selectively altered a subset of miRNAs, including miR-31, suggesting partial remodeling of the cellular miRNA landscape. Collectively, our findings identify Galectin-3 as a negative regulator of miR-31 maturation in breast cancer cells and suggest a novel role for this lectin in post-transcriptional control of microRNA biogenesis.
Universal photon-based quantum computing requires optical nonlinearities, which can be induced by intermediate measurements and by adaptivity, to be supplied to linear-optical elements. In a near-term perspective, it is essential to probe whether dynamics going beyond linear optics can be accessed with a limited amount of resources. Although recent results show how linear-optical dynamics implies bounds on the set of photonic states that can be generated, quantitative methods for studying the emergence of nonlinear dynamics are largely missing. Here we analyse a regime in which such bounds can be surpassed. We do this by leveraging an adaptive boson sampling architecture in which the optical evolution implemented in a photonic device is progressively adapted via measurement-based feedback. We introduce practical methods to quantify the emergence of a gap with respect to linear optics and derive nonlinearity witnesses from the properties of linear-optical evolution. Then, we validate the toolbox developed within adaptive boson sampling architectures of increasing complexity implemented on a state-of-the-art photonic platform, both by realizing real-time adaptivity and by emulating adaptive protocols via post-selection for more complex configurations. In particular, we probe experimentally a regime in which nonlinear dynamics, unobtainable within a linear-optical paradigm, can arise, thus showing how optical architectures with limited adaptivity are a powerful testbed for exploring new regimes.
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a highly toxic secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium fungi, poses a significant threat to global food safety; therefore, sensitive, selective, and reliable analytical methods are urgently needed. In this work, we report a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor for the quantitative determination of FB1. A Co/Zn bimetallic metal-organic framework@polyoxometalate (Co/Zn-MOF@POMs) nanocomposite was synthesized via a one-pot strategy and used to modify a glassy carbon electrode. The incorporated polyoxometalates (POMs) markedly improved the interfacial electron-transfer kinetics of the Co/Zn-MOF scaffold, resulting in substantial amplification of the ECL signal generated by ZnAgInS quantum dots (QDs). Subsequently, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layer was electropolymerized on the modified electrode using o-phenylenediamine as the functional monomer and 1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid as a structural dummy template designed to mimic key topological and functional features of FB1. Upon FB1 rebinding, the exposed amine groups on the captured FB1 molecules underwent a condensation reaction with carboxyl-functionalized ZnAgInS QDs, enabling site-specific immobilization of the luminophores close to the recognition cavities. Under optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited a linear ECL response to FB1 over a concentration range of 6.0 × 10-14 to 1.0 × 10-10 mol L-1 (R2 = 0.9987), with a detection limit of 3.3 × 10-15 mol L-1 (S/N = 3). This approach offers a robust and reproducible platform for trace-level FB1 monitoring in real-world food and agricultural samples.
Workplace violence (WPV) is a critical issue in healthcare systems globally, disproportionately affecting nurses due to their frontline role in patient care. The International Council of Nurses recognizes WPV, including verbal abuse, threats, harassment, and physical assault, as a persistent threat to nurses' safety and well-being. In Indonesia, the magnitude of WPV against nurses remains underexplored, and there is limited evidence supporting the development of culturally responsive educational models tailored to local healthcare settings. A scoping review was conducted to analyze current research on workplace violence affecting nurses in Indonesian hospitals. Various electronic databases and gray literature were thoroughly examined using relevant keyword combinations: "Workplace Violence," "Nurse," "Hospital in Indonesia," and "Abuse." Studies were included if they (i) constituted original research, (ii) investigated WPV incidents within hospital environments in Indonesia, (iii) specifically focused on nurses, and (iv) utilized either quantitative or qualitative methodologies. The review identified recurring themes related to the high prevalence of WPV among nurses in Indonesian hospitals. Factors contributing to WPV included a lack of institutional support, the absence of standardized reporting systems, and limited awareness and training. While a few studies proposed interventions, none presented a comprehensive or context-specific educational model for WPV prevention and reporting tailored to Indonesia's sociocultural setting. There is an urgent need for a structured, culturally adapted workplace violence educational model for nurses in Indonesia. Such a model should integrate reporting mechanisms and preventive strategies to ensure workplace safety and improve healthcare services delivered to the community.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sustained-release intracameral prostaglandin analog implants, including bimatoprost (Durysta) and travoprost (iDose TR), in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). A systematic review and pooled quantitative analysis were performed according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 2020 and 2025 evaluating sustained-release intracameral prostaglandin implants. Randomized and nonrandomized studies reporting intraocular pressure (IOP) and safety outcomes were included. Six studies comprising 1,047 eyes met inclusion criteria. Bimatoprost implants (10 µg and 15 µg) achieved mean IOP reductions of 6.1-6.7 mmHg at 12 months, whereas pooled slow-eluting travoprost implant data demonstrated reductions ranging from 5.5 to 7.75 mmHg depending on study design and follow-up duration. Subgroup analysis demonstrated comparable efficacy between travoprost and bimatoprost implants at 3 months; however, at 12 months, travoprost efficacy was lower than the 15 µg bimatoprost implant while remaining comparable to the 10 µg implant. Most adverse events were mild and transient. Corneal endothelial cell loss occurred in a dose-dependent manner with repeated bimatoprost administrations, particularly with the 15 µg implant, whereas no significant endothelial cell loss was reported with travoprost implants. Both implants substantially reduced topical medication burden. Sustained-release intracameral prostaglandin implants provide durable IOP reduction while decreasing dependence on topical therapy. Although efficacy differences between travoprost and bimatoprost implants appear modest, their safety profiles differ, particularly regarding corneal endothelial effects. Further long-term comparative studies are warranted.
This study examines the impact of financial toxicity levels on shared decision-making in cancer patients. While the impact of financial toxicity on clinical outcomes has been elucidated by numerous studies, its effect on shared decision-making is quite limited. A quantitative research design was used. The study included 216 cancer patients. Patients with high levels of financial toxicity reported lower levels of shared decision-making. Financial toxicity was found to have a critical effect on the level of shared decision-making. Furthermore, some socio-demographic and economic characteristics of the participants were found to be associated with financial toxicity and shared decision-making. Financial toxicity has been shown to be not only an economic burden but also a psychosocial determinant affecting patients' autonomy and active participation in decision-making processes. It is recommended that support mechanisms be established to raise patients' awareness of financial considerations.
Medical training was disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an unprecedented reduction in elective, emergency surgical, and clinical procedures. This led to great interest in the use of virtual lectures, virtual conferences, webinars, and other technology-based resources such as telehealth consultations. This trend has introduced changes that have transformed surgical training/fellowship. The study aims to explore the transformation in clinical practice and residency training induced by the COVID-19 pandemic in a low- and middle-income country such as Nigeria, and ways of aligning with global trends. This was a quantitative questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. The survey link was distributed through professional WhatsApp® platforms of the residency associations of diverse surgery training institutions in Nigeria, and via email. There were 157 respondents. Urology (26.1%) and orthopaedic surgery (22.3%) had the highest numbers of respondents. The major cases done after the lockdown decreased COMPARED to the period before the lockdown. The residents using the audio form of telemedicine increased from 48% in the pre-COVID period to 61% in the post-COVID period. The video form increased from 4.5% to 21%, and those using internet Apps for clinical consultation increased from 13.4 % to 31.8%. McNemar's test was significant for the differences in responses before and after COVID for audio telemedicine (p = 0.011), video (p = 0.000), and internet App telemedicine (p = 0.000). In the pre-COVID period, lectures, tutorials, and seminars were frequently delivered in-person (96.2%), while in the post-COVID period, they were predominantly done virtually (74.5%). Pearson's chi-square test showed no significant associations between the stage of training and the responses (p > 0.05). The pandemic affected surgical training for fellowships, hastening the adoption of virtual platforms, simulation technology, remote teaching, and mentorship into many fellowships' curricula, giving rise to a flexible hybrid model of surgical fellowship.
To compare the characteristics and dynamics of physician associates (PAs) aged 65 years and older with PAs younger than 65. A descriptive, quantitative study compared demographic and practice attributes of PAs aged 65 and older with those younger than 65, utilizing a 2023 national dataset (n = 149,909). In 2023, 4.1% of board-certified PAs were 65 years and older. Among PAs 65 and older, 75.3% reported working clinically. Compared with PAs under age 65, a higher proportion of PAs 65 and older were male (50.2% vs 28.0%; P < .001), resided in rural/isolated areas (12.1% vs 6.9%; P < .001), and provided telemedicine services (44.5% vs 42.7%; P = .014). Older PAs were also less satisfied with their current job and reported lower burnout rates. Amid persistent physician shortages, understanding the practice patterns of PAs 65 and older is crucial for developing targeted policies and practices that support their retention.
Age-verification policies for online pornography aim to protect minors, yet their implications for legal-age young adults remain underexamined. This mixed-methods study examined UK young adults aged 18-25 who reported pornography use in the past year (N = 623, Mage = 21.40, SD = 2.31; 67.3% female). Participants completed measures of pornography use contexts, content preferences, and sexual shame, and answered open-ended questions about the UK age-verification requirements. Descriptive quantitative findings characterized participants' use contexts, preferences, and sexual shame. Qualitative accounts described varied psychological experiences, including shame, anxiety, confidence, calm, and minimal emotional impact. Participants often interpreted age verification as making pornography access feel less anonymous and more identity-linked, raising concerns about surveillance, moral stigma, and data vulnerability. Reported access practices included platform avoidance, alternative online spaces, reduced use, and VPN-based circumvention. The findings highlight the need to consider privacy, stigma, trust, accountability, and access displacement when evaluating age-verification requirements for legal-age users.
Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) may be influenced by the α4β2* subtype of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) present in the hippocampus (HP) and subiculum (SUB). To continue efforts in positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostics for PD, autoradiographic [18F]nifene binding to α4β2* nAChR was quantitatively assessed in the HP-SUB of PD (n = 27; 14 males and 13 females) and cognitively normal (CN) (n = 32; 16 males and 16 females) cases. Anti-ubiquitin for Lewy body and anti-α-synuclein immunostaining on adjacent slices were analyzed in QuPath, and [18F]nifene binding was quantified in OptiQuant. The SUB had greater [18F]nifene binding (51%-85%) compared to HP in all cases. Significantly higher [18F]nifene binding (>250%; p < 0.0001) was seen in PD SUB and PD HP compared to CN in both males and females. The grey matter (GM) to white matter (WM) ratio in PD = 3.53, whereas CN = 1.33, a >150% increase in PD (p < 0.0001). Binding of [18F]nifene to GM was >250% greater than WM in PD for both male and female. Male CN exhibited an increase, whereas male PD exhibited a significant decrease in [18F]nifene binding with aging, whereas females did not exhibit significant differences. In summary, α4β2* nAChR measured by [18F]nifene is significantly upregulated in the PD HP and SUB. This increased [18F]nifene binding may be of diagnostic value using PET imaging.
Extracellular vesicle (EV) proteomics has emerged as a powerful platform for decoding intercellular communication and advancing biomarker discovery across human diseases. EVs carry proteins that reflect their cells of origin, offering a minimally invasive window into physiological and pathological processes. Mass spectrometry (MS) now enables deep, high-resolution EV proteome profiling, aided by improved isolation and rigorous characterization that ensure sample purity and integrity. Advanced computational pipelines integrating quantitative modeling, spectral-library prediction, machine learning and multi-omics analysis extract meaningful biological signals, revealing subtle disease-associated EV signatures and establishing EV proteomics as a strong platform for biomarker discovery and precision medicine. This review provides an integrated framework linking EV isolation principles, characterization strategies, mass-spectrometric workflows, and computational analysis to the biological and clinical insights they generate. We also highlight key challenges and future directions, including the need for standardized reference materials, unified pre-analytical workflows, and EV proteome reference atlases. Together, these innovations are transforming EV proteomics into a next-generation tool for precision medicine.
Medication non-adherence is common among older adults and represents a major challenge for healthcare systems. Effective interventions are needed to support adherence and inform quality-improvement efforts. To assess how medication-adherence interventions for older adults are currently implemented in Italy and to identify care-delivery priorities improving quality and feasibility across healthcare settings. We conducted a mixed-methods study within the Eldercare project. We administered a national benchmarking survey (May-August 2024) to healthcare professionals and patient representatives from scientific societies, professional orders, public institutions, universities, and patient associations. We ran a nested Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) survey (January-March 2025) with key informants. We summarized quantitative responses, compared distributions across professional roles (χ2/Fisher's exact tests), and analyzed SWOT free-text using a hybrid deductive-inductive Framework Method. In the benchmarking survey (n = 340), Respondents reported that adherence is mainly addressed during routine consultations (78.5%) and most often relied on direct patient-provider communication (51.5%). Respondents reported that monitoring is primarily based on clinical data (55.3%) and access to dispensing/prescription data and digital tools was less frequent (generally ≤ 50%). Respondents rated patient-centered strategies as highly important (e.g., caregiver involvement 94.4%, shared goal setting 90.3%, individual counseling 87.6%), but feasibility ratings were consistently lower. The most frequently reported unmet needs were limited patient awareness (68.8%) and poor coordination among professionals (60.3%). Key barriers included high numbers of daily medicines (69.1%) and lack of clear information on prescribed therapies (64.7%). In the SWOT survey (n = 14), strengths included continuity and communication, while weaknesses and threats focused on fragmented interprofessional collaboration, limited training, low digitalisation, and scarce financial/institutional support. Medication-adherence support for older adults in Italy remains largely consultation-based and variably resourced. Strengthening interprofessional coordination, training, and use of digital/administrative data may help develop more structured and scalable adherence-support pathways as a quality-improvement model of care.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) provide significant renoprotection in chronic kidney disease, but their efficacy in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) remains unclear. To systematically assess preclinical and clinical data regarding the effectiveness, safety, and mechanisms of SGLT2i in ADPKD. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched from database inception to May 2026. Preclinical polycystic kidney models and clinical trials/observational studies of ADPKD evaluating any SGLT2i. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 standards. Bias was evaluated using SYRCLE and relevant clinical tools. Eleven studies satisfied the inclusion criteria: 4 preclinical rodent models, 1 current randomized controlled trial, and 6 observational/case-based clinical investigations. Preclinical results consistently showed decreased cyst load, inflammation, and fibrosis while also enhancing renal hemodynamics. Emerging clinical evidence demonstrated advantages in managing blood pressure, decreasing proteinuria, and improving metabolic measures, with slight or inconsistent effects on overall kidney volume. Diverse clinical data prevented quantitative meta-analysis. This review addresses a significant gap by comparing the functional and structural renal outcomes of SGLT2i in ADPKD. It indicates that although SGLT2i provides multi-pathway functional nephroprotection (natriuretic, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic), structural reduction of cyst growth needs additional clinical validation. These results provide reassurance to clinicians concerning short-term safety and advocate for the use of SGLT2i as effective supplements to control blood pressure, metabolic markers, and proteinuria in ADPKD, regardless of structural kidney alterations. Preclinical findings suggest that SGLT2i provides renal protection in ADPKD through metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic mechanisms. Nevertheless, well-structured randomized controlled trials are necessary to validate long-term clinical effectiveness and safety.