Punishment raises a basic question for human cognition: Do agents suppress actions because they represent the negative consequences those actions produce? Everyday deterrence, from parental reprimands to legal sanctions, assumes that people regulate behavior by learning what their actions cause and by evaluating those consequences negatively. However, in spite of this widely held assumption, experimental evidence that punished instrumental behavior is controlled by the current value of the punisher is currently lacking. To test this idea, we applied an outcome revaluation procedure to instrumental punishment in rats. Rats first learned to press two levers for food. One lever was then additionally punished by response-contingent footshock, whereas the other remained unpunished. The aversiveness of the shock was subsequently reduced by pairing it with food in the absence of the levers. To test whether the punisher's value was part of the animals' representation of the consequences of their actions, responding was tested in extinction, with no shock delivered. We found that revaluation of the shock selectively abolished the suppression of the punished response. Thus, punishment was not a fixed process controlled by the prior occurrence of shock but rather depended on the shock's current value. Our results show that instrumental punishment can be controlled by a value-sensitive representation of the aversive consequence produced by the action and is, in this sense, structured in the same manner as canonical goal-directed reward seeking.
The establishment of BUMN (State-Owned Enterprises) involved in the management of state-owned enterprises aims to contribute to national economic development and state revenue, provide high-quality goods and services to meet the needs of the community, and become a pioneer in business fields that have not been widely managed by the private sector. Problems related to losses in BUMN occur due to negligence and mismanagement by the Board of Directors. Eliminating criminal liability for directors who cause losses to BUMN can create opportunities for crimes and criminal acts that further cause losses to BUMN. The importance of this study is to analyze the limits of directors' actions that cannot be punished criminally and this study aims to evaluate the institutional consequences of violations committed by directors in BUMN. The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2025 concerning State-Owned Enterprises, which states that the Board of Directors is not a state administrator, has sparked debate over the legal accountability of the Board of Directors. The research method used focusses on the legal norms, rules, and principles found in legislation or other legal sources. This research approach uses a case study approach aimed at analysing the rules and their application, as well as the sanctions imposed. The entire data will be analysed to find solutions to the existing problems. The research results explain that legal liability, whether criminal, civil, or administrative, can be applied as long as the Board of Directors is proven to have committed the act. Harmonisation of laws related to the management of BUMN must be carried out, particularly concerning the status of BUMN as legal subjects equal to other legal subjects, namely individuals and private corporations, to ensure legal certainty in the application of the law regarding the legal accountability of the Board of Directors.
PurposeClinical psychology graduate trainees may pursue training in child, youth, and family services, which often encompasses the delivery of parenting interventions. Two broad and fundamentally different parenting approaches are Parent Behaviour Management and Positive Parenting. We examined the types of parenting approaches to which child/family clinical psychology trainees were exposed, along with their attitudes toward child rights and punitive parenting.Major FindingsWe collected data for 73 Canadian doctoral students. For the subset of 54 child/family trainees, about one-third were not exposed to any parenting programs in clinical supervision or coursework. The remaining students learned about programs that fell within a Parent Behaviour Management approach only or within both Parent Behaviour Management and Positive Parenting. The majority (90.4%) of the larger sample were not familiar with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, although their child rights attitudes were highly favourable and associated with lower punitive parenting approval.ConclusionsThese preliminary findings suggest that clinical psychology trainees are learning about the two broad parenting approaches. However, they do not have much training in children's rights, which is concerning given the associations with punitive parenting attitudes and the importance of centering children's perspectives in clinical work with parents. Why was the study done? Clinical psychologists specializing in children and families often work with parents having difficulties parenting their child. There are two broad and different parenting approaches. One is called parent behaviour management, and it focuses more attention on changing children’s behaviours. The other is called positive parenting, and it focuses more attention on parents’ behaviours and how they can improve the relationship with their child. We were interested in understanding which approach graduate students were learning. We also wanted to know whether students were learning about children’s rights.What did the researchers do? We contacted Canadian universities and asked them to send information about the study to graduate students in clinical psychology. Those who agreed to participate completed a questionnaire online that asked about different things like their training experiences and children’s rights.What did the researchers find? We received information from 73 students, with 54 of them saying that they were learning to do clinical work with children and families. For these 54, about 1 in 3 had not learned about any parenting approaches. For the other students, some said that they only learned about parent behaviour management, and the others said that they learned about both approaches. For all 73 students, 9 in 10 said that they had never heard about the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, but they agreed that children have rights. The more students agreed that children have rights, the more they agreed that children should not be punished by parents.What do the findings mean? Some students in clinical psychology have not learned about how to work with parents, but it could be that they did not yet have a chance. The other students learned about both types of parenting approaches, although more just learned about parent behaviour management. Almost all students had not learned about children’s rights.
Adaptive behavior under threat requires deciding when to act and when to withhold action to avoid harm, often under conditions where movement, arousal, and task demand covary. Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity is widely associated with such control, yet it remains unclear whether this activity reflects causal action generation or broader evaluative processes shaped by behavioral state. Here, we combined fiber photometry, single-cell calcium imaging, mixed-effects modeling, and optogenetic inhibition to examine how GABAergic neurons in mouse mPFC represent cues, actions, and outcomes during a series of learned avoidance tasks of increasing complexity that promote cautious responding. By explicitly controlling for baseline activity and movement, we show that much apparent task-related activity in mPFC reflects movement and cue-evoked signals that are also present in a control cortical region, the visual cortex. mPFC GABAergic neurons showed little encoding of simple avoidance contingencies but broadly encoded punished outcomes. A small subset of neurons with strong movement sensitivity encoded more demanding avoidance contingencies requiring selection between action generation and deferment. For equivalent avoidance actions, distinct neuronal populations preferentially encoded either cue onset or the action. Despite this encoding, optogenetic inhibition of mPFC had minimal effects on the learning or performance of the different contingencies. These findings reveal a dissociation between neural encoding and causal necessity, indicating that mPFC GABAergic activity primarily reflects evaluative and contextual aspects of cautious avoidance behavior rather than direct control of action execution.
Research on sexual dissidence under Francoism has often highlighted the repression of homosexual men and trans women, while the trajectories of lesbians remain underexplored. This absence has typically been explained through the notion of 'structural invisibility': women's same-sex relationships were both easier to conceal and less directly targeted by Francoist legal apparatus. Yet new documentary findings challenge this assumption. This article analyses a previously unknown set of medical and administrative files attributed to the Patronato de Protección a la Mujer, an institution jointly run by the Francoist state and the Catholic Church to discipline 'wayward' women. The documents, originating from the reformatory Nuestra Señora del Pilar in San Fernando de Henares, include psychiatric assessments, behavioral reports, and hospital admission forms explicitly referring to lesbianism. These records reveal how female homosexuality was actively pathologized and punished, often through transfers to psychiatric hospitals. Methodologically, the paper reads bureaucratic and psychiatric language as technologies of control while also attending to the fragmentary glimpses of subjectivity and resistance preserved in the files. Small gestures -laughter during a medical exam, drawings appended to reports, affectionate bonds- emerge as traces of agency within a coercive system designed to suppress them. By situating these materials within broader transnational frameworks of psychiatric and moral regulation, the article contributes to rethinking the place of lesbian experience in Francoist Spain. Ultimately, the corpus operates as a counter-archive, destabilizing narratives of invisibility and opening new avenues for queer historical memory.
The evolutionary drivers of helping behavior continue to be widely debated, particularly due to challenges in disentangling the effects of different mechanisms. The pay-to-stay hypothesis proposes that helping aims to appease dominant breeders to avoid eviction. We tested pay-to-stay as an independent driver of helping by exploring its dynamics in anemonefishes (Amphiprion spp.) which lack prerequisites for other mechanisms, including kin selection. We experimentally prevented helping (anemone maintenance, territory defence) in A. percula, A. perideraion, and A. clarkii., and assessed 2 pay-to-stay predictions: (i) helpers would be punished and/or (ii) would compensate with increased cooperative effort (pre-emptive appeasement). We show that anemonefish nonbreeders do pay-to-stay: punishment and/or appeasement occurred in all species, with differences reflecting variation in ecological and social constraints. We also highlight a novel trade-off between size and cooperative effort in pay-to-stay dynamics. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of helping evolution, demonstrating that pay-to-stay can drive helping independently of kin selection.
Gender-based violence in high schools undermines adolescents' rights, well-being and opportunities at a critical moment in their psycho-social development. While violence prevalence has been partially assessed in Sub-Saharan Africa, there remain gaps in understanding how adolescents themselves define, interpret and navigate these situations. This phenomenological qualitative study conducted in four high schools in Kinshasa (DR Congo) centers adolescent voices to explore how they perceive, legitimize, and manage School-Based Gender-Based Violence. It aims to identify the individual beliefs and practices that can be used to interpret, accept or challenge violence, as well as the institutional structures that produce and legitimize these conditions. In December 2024, 90 adolescents aged 15-17 participated in focus group discussions and individual interviews. Data were thematically analyzed using NVivo and iterative validation. Violence was pervasive and multifaceted, encompassing physical abuse, humiliations, economic coercion, and sexual harassment. Some instances of violence were seen as legitimate based on institutional and gendered expectations, and victim blaming was frequent. Community judgement deeply framed students' narratives, leading to stronger condemnation of arbitrary acts, public humiliations, and economic sanctions. Correspondingly, fear of reputational harm discouraged reporting, and silence and conformity emerged as key coping strategies. Students' ability to respond effectively appeared entirely constrained by their pre-existing reputation in the community, which determined whether they were believed, supported, or blamed. Findings indicate that addressing GBV in Kinshasa high schools requires both community- and school-level interventions that confront the norms legitimizing violence and victim-blaming, policies that strengthen accountability mechanisms and protect students who report abuse, and further research on adolescent-led strategies to transform harmful institutional and social expectations. Supporting adolescents' voices in defining and resisting school-based GBV is critical to safeguarding their rights and fostering equitable education. This study looks at how adolescents in Kinshasa, DR Congo, perceive, understand and respond to violence in their schools. Gender-based violence includes physical, verbal, economic, and sexual abuse. It violates young people’s rights and decreases their chances to succeed in school and to lead healthy, successful lives. Yet little is known about how students themselves experience and cope with such violence on a daily basis. The goal of this study is to examine: 1) how adolescents make sense of violence in their daily lives. 2) How they decide whether to accept or challenge it., 3) How schools and other institutions help maintain these patterns of violence. We spoke with 90 high school students aged 15–17 through group discussions and interviews in December 2024. We asked students “what bothers them” at school, allowing them to describe their experiences in their own words. Students reported many forms of violence, from slaps and insults to teachers demanding sex in exchange for grades. Sometimes the students considered some types of violence acceptable. They thought their reputation in the community affected how other people reacted to their suffering. Victims seen as “respectable” were more likely to be believed and supported, while others were blamed. Many students preferred to stay silent rather than report abuse, for fear of being shamed or punished further. They also felt that school personnel protected each other rather than supporting victims. The results show that ending gender-based violence in Kinshasa needs schools and communities to work together to change unfair norms, make abusers face consequences, and help students speak up. Supporting adolescents who speak out and rejecting the idea that violence is normal is key to making schools safer and more just.
Data were collected prospectively from 60 Veterans at risk for suicide at multiple time points over a one year period to identify predictors of suicidal events in the next 90 days. This outcome included suicide attempts, interrupted/aborted attempts, preparatory behaviors, or suicide-related hospitalizations. Entry criteria included prior year suicidal behavior or prior week severe suicidal ideation. At each time point, participants completed neurocognitive testing and self-report measures of suicidality, and reported suicide-related events since the previous time point. Available data include suicide-related outcomes, question-level data for clinical interviews and self-report measures (including assessments of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, suicidal ideation severity, as well as the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Holmes-Rahe Stress Inventory, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ-30), and Acquired Capacity for Suicide Scale (ACSS)), and trial-level data for neurocognitive testing (including go-no/go task, a reward- and punishment-based learning task, death/suicide version of the Implicit Association Task, a memory recognition test), as well as latent cognitive variables extracted from computational modeling of the neurocognitive tests. This data may be used in secondary analyses for identification of predictors of multiple suicide-related outcomes over different time frames.
The clinical dilemmas in this 6 year analysis, with this single woman in her 30s, (whom I saw mostly in candidacy), unfolded into a dramatic, yet simultaneously stalled analysis that remained intrapsychically frozen. My conceptualization of the interaction was of the patient and me as Echo and Narcissus. The best I felt I could do for her, and for the analysis, was to explore those dimensions - yet always the enactment seemed more of a self-exploration than a meaningful communication with her. I include some ideas of how I might proceed somewhat differently, many years later. The despair in the contact led me to a more empathic view of the yearning of Narcissus, which has classically been interpreted as his cruel failure to appreciate Echo's beauty and love for him, due to his self-absorbed love of himself. I introduce his deeper yearning as a constantly frustrated desire to contact the mind of the other. The punishment of Echo, reduced to echolalia, deprived her of an intercommunicative mind, except for a sound suggesting a craven dependency. This was frustratingly far from her intention too, and confined her to her physicality alone. Their stall led to emotional death. Did ours?
Psychological adaptability hinges on the dynamic balance between cognitive regulation (self-control) and emotional reactivity (impulsivity, reward/punishment sensitivity). However, traditional variable-centered approaches often fail to capture how these traits holistically co-occur, and the neural architectures predicting their longitudinal transitions in early adulthood remain under-explored. This longitudinal study (N = 1,229 baseline; N = 432 2-year follow-up) integrated a person-centered behavioral approach with resting-state fMRI. We employed Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to identify trait configurations based on self-control, impulsivity, and sensitivity to reward/punishment. Network-Based Statistic (NBS) analysis with family-wise error (FWE) correction was utilized to evaluate functional connectivity differences among groups. Finally, hierarchical regression and formal interaction models were conducted to test the prospective predictive validity of the identified neural circuits. LPA delineated three distinct baseline profiles: Adaptive, Moderate, and Maladaptive. NBS analysis revealed that the 'Adaptive' profile is underpinned by robust cortico-striatal functional connectivity, integrating the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum. Longitudinally, initial regression models demonstrated that the baseline integrity of this circuit prospectively predicted behavioral adaptation at the 2-year follow-up. Furthermore, hierarchical regression and formal interaction analyses confirmed that this cortico-striatal circuit provided significant incremental predictive validity - above and beyond massive baseline behavioral stability - specifically in males. These findings highlight cortico-striatal integration as a significant, gender-specific prospective predictor of longitudinal adaptation. By bridging person-centered profiling with network neuroscience, this study elucidates the neural correlates supporting future adaptive functioning and psychological resilience during the early adult transition.
Recent research finds students' perceived school fairness to be a protective factor against bullying. These findings are consistent with organizational research suggesting organizations and states characterized by more procedural justice have less rule-breaking in their membership. The rationale in extant research is based on structural arguments about the nature of the organization or state, but the research overwhelmingly measures perceived fairness as an individual characteristic. This approach creates omitted variable bias via the personality trait of agreeableness, which has a robust negative relationship with bullying victimization and is likely to be correlated with an individual's perception of school fairness. Further, extant research tends to define fairness narrowly as fairness around punishments, neglecting fairness in grading. Using a nationally representative sample of 3,098 Tunisian middle and high school students in 40 schools, this study addresses these gaps using multilevel models to test relationships between structural (school-level) academic fairness averages while controlling for individual-level perceived academic fairness. Item non-response is handled via multiple imputation using chained equations, and survey weights are used to produce national prevalence estimates. About 21.1% of Tunisian students were victims of physical bullying, and 52.7% of Tunisian students were victims of verbal bullying by other children. Controlling for academic performance and other risk factors for bullying victimization, individual-level perceived academic fairness was associated with significantly less physical and verbal bullying victimization. Controlling for individual-level perceived academic fairness, average school academic fairness (using school-level means for the same variable) was associated with significantly less verbal bullying victimization. Neglect was also significantly associated with both types of bullying victimization, and intimate partner violence exposure was significantly associated with physical bullying victimization. Findings suggest the need to target or include structural fairness as part of the protective measures for bullying in schools.
As patient advocates, Black community-based doulas aim to address disparities in perinatal health care within both community and carceral settings. Yet, little is known about how they interpret their work with people who are pregnant and incarcerated. The purpose of this study was to examine Black doulas' perspectives on providing care in carceral systems and the institutional constraints of this work. This study draws on interviews with 19 Black doulas who provided services in US jails and prisons. Using a directed content analysis and the reproductive justice framework, their care practices are examined to understand how they provide care in systems structured by punishment, surveillance, and perinatal health care disparities. Participants framed their work as relational and culturally grounded, which countered the punitive logics of incarceration. They described providing one-on-one support and education that people who are pregnant might not have otherwise received, given the precarious state of perinatal health care in carceral facilities. At the same time, they detailed various institutional constraints that influenced their model of care. Despite these constraints, doulas interpreted their work as a transformative intervention within carceral systems. By centering Black doulas' perspectives, this study shows how their care work resists state-sanctioned reproductive oppression and affirms alternative visions of perinatal health care that are culturally grounded and rooted in dignity and respect. As such, it demonstrates how Black doulas' insights are critical for informing institutional policies and practices and also for advancing reproductive justice.
Community and youth violence are pervasive and have devastating health, economic, and social consequences. Violence too often impacts people of color and the life trajectories of youth in the United States, especially among people living in urban settings. In response, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel Community Resiliency Collective Efficacy Intervention (CRCEI), which seeks to increase individual and neighborhood levels of collective efficacy, and reduce youth and community violence. The CRCEI has three phases: (1) community organizing and mobilization (engaging and working with diverse community members and collaborators to build capacity, plan, and recruit); (2) collective efficacy training (learning, discussing, and practicing relationship building, and facilitating thriving, resiliency, and strategies for organizing and intervening); and (3) community-based prevention projects (based on what participants learn in the training). The study was set in 8 urban, high-violence, racially segregated, and economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Community partners and researchers selected 4 intervention sites based on perceived need and appropriateness. We then used participatory propensity score matching to select 4 comparison sites, which receive health education sessions in lieu of the CRCEI. The study assesses the impact of the CRCEI on participant-level collective efficacy and exposure to community violence (aim 1), community-level collective efficacy, and incidence of community violence (aim 2) via several data sources, including pre- and postsurveys with participants and community members, quantitative and qualitative data from observations and interviews, and secondary neighborhood-level data (eg, violence incidents and poverty rate). Data for aim 1 were collected from February 2023 to January 2025, and data for aim 2 were collected from September 2022 to May 2025. We complemented this impact analysis with an ethnographic process evaluation, which tracks fidelity and costs, describes implementation, and identifies facilitators and barriers across the intervention sites (aim 3). We hypothesize that the CRCEI will provide a concrete, action-focused strategy to increase resiliency and reduce community and youth violence, with impact demonstrated by increased reports of collective efficacy and decreased exposure to violence at the individual (aim 1) and community levels (aim 2). Innovations of this project include testing a community-oriented and collective efficacy-oriented violence reduction intervention (vs criminal-legal and punishment-oriented strategies), implementation in participatorily identified and asset-mapped local settings (eg, neighborhoods for inclusion and community partners to host the intervention identified by community members as trustworthy), a capacity-building approach (eg, training facilitators from focal neighborhoods), and community member integration into collaborative team science. In this manuscript, we outline the rationale and design for the evaluation of this collective efficacy intervention.
Instrumental conditioning (IC) consists in actively learning to approach rewarding stimuli and to avoid punishing stimuli. This central process for adaptation requires a relatively high computational capacity because it entails the integration of knowledge regarding stimuli, behaviours, and outcomes. Recent studies using subliminal exposure show that IC occurs only for consciously perceived stimuli, suggesting that IC may require awareness. In the present study, we investigated whether IC could occur when implicit processing is stimulated not by subliminal exposure but by employing predictive regularities that are complex and difficult to detect consciously. In a novel IC task based on the artificial grammar learning task, participants gave approach (Go) or avoidance responses (No-Go) to strings from two grammars. Unbeknown to them, one of the grammars was associated with rewards while the other was associated with punishments. Trial-by-trial measures assessed participants' awareness of the grammar structures and of their judgments regarding the predictive value of the strings. In both an IC phase and a delayed responding phase, we found that participants (NIC phase = 187; Ndelay = 160) responded adaptively when they were aware of the regularities and, also, when they were not. Importantly, we found reliable evidence that non-conscious regularities produced adaptive responding only when they produced conscious judgments regarding the predictive values of the stimuli. When judgments of predictive values were not conscious, data were insensitive or more consistent with chance performance. This suggests that IC may be produced by a combination of unconscious learning and conscious integration.
Why do people punish wrongdoers when they are not personally affected? Researchers on costly third-party punishment have long debated whether such behavior reflects strategic self-interest or a moral commitment to fairness and justice. Recent developmental evidence offers important insights into this question. We argue that the origins of costly third-party punishment in early childhood are best explained by nonstrategic moral concerns. Young children selectively punish norm violators, incur personal costs to do so, and intervene even when they stand to gain nothing-often without reputational incentives or expectations of future benefit. Empirical studies indicate that children's punishment is driven by egalitarian norms, retributive motives, and efforts to alleviate victims' distress. In contrast, strategic motivations, such as reputation management and self-protection, appear only later in development. These findings challenge the view that third-party punishment is grounded in self-interest and instead support the idea that a concern for justice underlies the earliest forms of human norm enforcement. We conclude that whereas strategic considerations may shape punishment in adolescence and adulthood, they build upon an early-emerging moral foundation centered on fairness and justice.
Background: Risky alcohol use among Chinese university students remains a public health concern. However, little is known about how personality traits and learned alcohol-related beliefs are associated with alcohol-related behaviors. This study examined associations of reward and punishment sensitivity, alcohol expectancies, and drinking refusal self-efficacy with drinking frequency, high-risk drinking, and self-protective behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among N = 800 university students in China. Separate path models were estimated, with each model corresponding to one alcohol expectancy dimension. Results: Across the six models, reward sensitivity was positively associated with all expectancy dimensions; punishment sensitivity was positively associated only with arousal and aggression expectancy. Expectancies showed few direct outcome associations but were consistently associated with lower context-specific refusal confidence. Lower refusal confidence showed domain-specific associations: social-pressure and opportunistic confidence with more frequent drinking, emotional-relief confidence with greater high-risk drinking, and social-pressure confidence with fewer self-protective behaviors. Peer alcohol use and social media exposure to peer drinking were positively associated with both drinking outcomes; male students reported fewer self-protective behaviors. Conclusions: These findings highlight alcohol-related beliefs and refusal confidence as potential intervention targets. Prevention programs may benefit from expectancy-focused, scenario-based refusal training addressing peer, social media, and gender-related influences.
This essay examines human enhancement drugs - particularly anabolic-androgenic steroids - through the lens of public health theory from the Global South. It critiques prohibitionist policies, which criminalize users while disregarding social determinants, as well as extreme relativism, which reduces consumption to individual autonomy alone. In contrast, harm reduction emerges as an evidence-based, user-centered approach that rejects criminalization, upholds human rights, and provides contextualized health responses. By reframing anabolic-androgenic steroids as human enhancement drugs, the analysis promotes a less moralistic perspective shifting the focus from individual behavior to broader societal pressures. Allied with Global South public health frameworks, harm reduction addresses the health needs of people who use drugs, prioritizing societal transformation over punishment.
Children of adolescent mothers face elevated risks of early childhood development (ECD) delay. Whether this reflects maternal age or the socioeconomic disadvantage that predisposes young women to early childbearing remains debated. We conducted a secondary analysis of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey data (rounds 5 and 6, 2013-2022) from 15 Latin American and Caribbean countries, comprising 23,650 children aged 36-59 months. Using survey-weighted regression with cluster-robust standard errors, we examined associations between adolescent motherhood and ECD scores, discipline practices, and beliefs about physical punishment and partner violence. Children of adolescent mothers had lower weighted mean ECD scores in 11 countries. After adjusting for wealth, maternal education, and urban/rural residence, significant adverse associations persisted only in Paraguay and Suriname. Violent discipline was significantly higher among adolescent mothers only in Honduras after covariate adjustment. Adolescent mothers were significantly more likely to justify partner violence in Belize, Paraguay, and Suriname. Justification of partner violence was associated with lower ECD scores among non-adolescent mothers in the Dominican Republic and El Salvador. The ECD disadvantage associated with adolescent motherhood is largely accounted for by socioeconomic factors in most countries. Addressing poverty and gender inequity remains the most broadly applicable strategy for reducing ECD inequity in the region.
This article examines Anne Lister's diaries as a space for a queer reconfiguration of the Don Juan myth in early nineteenth-century English context. Rather than identifying Lister with the libertine hero, it treats Don Juan archetype as a critical lens through which to reconsider seduction and desire once it is no longer supported by masculine privilege. Through close readings of selected diary entries, the discussion traces how Lister's persistent courtships do not follow a pattern of conquest but emerge from vulnerability and in the hope of domestic stability. Instead of ending in moral punishment, her story is determined by exclusion and by the difficulty of finding recognition in the social sphere. The diary, especially in its coded passages, become a space to register her desire under conditions of risk and surveillance, allowing for a rethinking of Don Juanism as a historically situated negotiation of desire and survival.
Cardiac arrest is a leading cause of sudden death worldwide, and prompt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) significantly increases survival rates. Assessing the knowledge and awareness of CPR among healthcare students is essential, as they represent future frontline responders in emergency situations. We conducted a cross-sectional study at the University of Kalamoon in Syria, where the survey included 600 students from three medical faculties using a voluntary electronic and paper questionnaire. The questionnaire combined self-efficacy regarding performing CPR and scientific knowledge according to the latest protocols, as well as assessing and studying the most important concerns that prevent students from performing chest compressions for both friends and strangers. SPSS software was used to analyze the data using ANOVA tests and independent t-test, in addition to descriptive analyses. The majority of the sample were females (72.8%), and more than half of the participants had not received any prior training on the principles of basic life support (54.2%). Both the academic major and the academic year showed statistically significant differences, where higher levels were observed among students of the Faculty of Human Medicine and sixth-year students (P-value < 0.001), while gender did not show any statistically significant differences (p-value = 0.058). 17.2% of the sample strongly agreed to perform chest compressions for a person who needs them. The two most important reasons preventing students from performing chest compressions on a stranger were making a mistake and legal punishment. Integrating CPR courses as a graduation requirement in medical schools in Syria, along with the need to organize interactive workshops and issue certificates as a means of motivating students, are essential means of promoting CPR concepts scientifically and theoretically, given its importance due to the numerous conflicts and wars in recent times. Not applicable.