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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and highly metastatic form of breast cancer and is associated with poor prognosis due to the lack of targeted therapies. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a crucial factor contributing to tumor growth and chemoresistance in TNBC. Dysregulation in mitochondrial dynamics leads to disruption of the normal process of oxidative phosphorylation, elevated reactive oxygen species generation, and resistance to apoptosis, contributing to TNBC aggressiveness. Moreover, alterations in mitochondrial energetics, including elevated glycolysis and glutamine addiction, provide metabolic advantages for TNBC growth and survival. Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial vulnerabilities have shown potential for TNBC management. Inhibitors targeting mitochondrial dynamics, including Mdivi-1, dynasore, and cepharanthine, act by restoring mitochondrial homeostasis and impairing excessive fission to stimulate apoptosis. Mitochondrial energetics inhibitors, such as 2DG, 3BP, clotrimazole, and etomoxir, disrupt mitochondrial metabolic processes and reduce tumor growth in TNBC. This review highlights the latest advancements in mitochondrial dynamics and energetics in TNBC and explores the molecular mechanisms underlying their dysregulation. It also explores the therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondrial function for personalized strategies leading to improved clinical management of TNBC.
Though large-scale pre-trained models are vital for foundational cell modeling, most of them focus on human or mouse systems, with less emphasis on model organisms like yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and fail to use existing biological prior knowledge effectively. Here, we present scYeast, the first foundational cell model for yeast single-cell transcriptomics that effectively embeds biological priors. scYeast employs a novel asymmetric parallel architecture to infuse transcriptional regulatory information into the Transformer's attention mechanism, leveraging biological knowledge during training. Pre-trained on large-scale yeast single-cell transcriptomics data, scYeast demonstrates strong generalization and biological interpretability. It shows capability in zero-shot tasks, such as inferring regulatory relationships. After fine-tuning, scYeast performs well in diverse tasks, including cell state classification, growth doubling time prediction, and gene perturbation response prediction. Additionally, using transfer learning, scYeast can be adapted to other omics datasets, such as proteomics, thus broadening its utility. Overall, scYeast is a promising tool for yeast single-cell biology research and presents a new framework for integrating foundational models with biological priors, accelerating discovery in yeast synthetic and systems biology and providing a replicable framework for other organisms.
Due to their versatile carboxy group, carboxylic acids can be used as bio-based monomers for high-value-added industrial products with great market demand. In recent years, metabolic engineering of nonconventional yeasts to produce carboxylic acids from renewable raw materials is showing increasing promise. In this review, we first summarize the characteristics of nonconventional yeasts (e.g., Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida tropicalis), and then focus on metabolic engineering strategies for the synthesis of mono-, di- and tricarboxylic acids. Finally, the development trends of low-cost, green and large-scale biomanufacturing of carboxylic acids is prospected from the perspective of promising chassis cells and process development. This review can also provide a reference for the green manufacturing of other biobased products.
Modern gerontology views aging as a plastic process, opening opportunities for its modulation through nutritional and pharmacological interventions. This review focuses on a comprehensive analysis of a unique marine biological source - holothurian (sea cucumber) tissues - considered as a promising multicomponent basis for the development of novel geroprotective agents. Key bioactive compounds, primarily isolated from the body wall, are examined in detail: low-molecular-weight matrikine peptides and a unique spectrum of triterpene glycosides. Their ability for synergistic, multitargeted action on key mechanisms of cellular and tissue aging is highlighted, such as the regulation of oxidative stress via activation of the Nrf2 pathway, suppression of chronic inflammation (inflammaging) through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling cascade, maintenance of extracellular matrix homeostasis, and modulation of cellular metabolism. The review systematizes current experimental data demonstrating the efficacy of holothurian hydrolysate in models of skin photoaging, accelerated wound repair, reduction of atherosclerotic manifestations, neuroprotection, and correction of metabolic disorders, among others. Particular attention is paid to a critical limitation for oral forms - the problem of age-associated bioavailability of active components. Promising pharmacotechnological solutions to overcome it are analyzed, particularly innovative delivery systems based on alginate matrices. This review aims to systematically summarize current experimental data on the molecular mechanisms underlying the geroprotective effects of bioactive compounds from sea cucumbers. The focus is on the synergistic, multitarget action of matrikine peptides and triterpene glycosides on key drivers of cellular and tissue aging. In addition, the review examines promising pharmacotechnological strategies designed to enhance the bioavailability of these compounds. The presented data substantiate the prospect of creating safe, standardized complexes based on holothurian hydrolysate, which aligns with current trends in preventive, multitargeted, and personalized gerontology. Современная геронтология рассматривает старение как пластичный процесс, открывающий возможности для его модуляции через нутритивные и фармакологические интервенции. В фокусе данного обзора находится комплексный анализ уникального морского биоисточника — тканей голотурий (морских огурцов), рассматриваемого в качестве многообещающей поликомпонентной основы для разработки новейших геропротекторных средств. Детальному рассмотрению подвергнуты ключевые биологически активные соединения, выделяемые преимущественно из стенки тела, — низкомолекулярные пептиды-матрикины и уникальный спектр тритерпеновых гликозидов. Освещена их способность к синергическому, мультитаргетному воздействию на ключевые механизмы клеточного и тканевого старения, такие как регуляция окислительного стресса через активацию пути Nrf2, подавление хронического воспаления (инфламэйджинга) посредством ингибирования сигнального каскада NF-κB, поддержание гомеостаза внеклеточного матрикса и модуляция клеточного метаболизма. В обзоре систематизированы актуальные экспериментальные данные, демонстрирующие эффективность гидролизата голотурии в моделях фотостарения кожи, ускорения репарации ран, снижения атеросклеротических проявлений, нейропротекции, коррекции метаболических нарушений и т. п. Отдельное внимание уделено критическому ограничению для пероральных форм — проблеме возраст-ассоциированной биодоступности активных компонентов. Проанализированы перспективные фармакотехнологические решения для её преодоления, в частности инновационные системы доставки на основе альгинатных матриц. Цель обзора — систематизация современных экспериментальных данных о молекулярных основах геропротекторного действия биоактивных компонентов голотурии с акцентом на синергическое мультитаргетное влияние пептидов-матрикинов и тритерпеновых гликозидов на ключевые механизмы клеточного и тканевого старения, а также анализ перспективных фармакотехнологических решений для повышения их биодоступности. Представленные данные обосновывают перспективу создания безопасных, стандартизированных комплексов на основе гидролизата голотурии, что соответствует современным трендам превентивной, мультитаргетной и персонализированной геронтологии.
The purpose of this review is to summarize and critically analyze data on markers of metabolic and mitochondrial stress in atherosclerosis in older and oldest-old patients, highlighting differences between circulating clinical biomarkers, metabolic-epigenetic indicators, and intracellular regulators of mitochondrial quality control, as well as the limitations of age-specific interpretation. An analytical narrative review of the literature was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for 2010-2025; the last control search was conducted on April 27, 2026. The keywords used were signaling molecules, FGF21, GDF15, endothelial dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, lactate, endothelial aging, and cellular senescence. The analysis included 38 sources with a focus on clinical cohorts, age-stratified data, experimental studies on vascular aging, and publications with translational potential. The selection of markers was based on their representation of different levels of the pathological process: systemic stress response, metabolic-epigenetic remodeling, and intracellular mitochondrial quality control. The most clinically relevant circulating candidates are FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21) and GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15). FGF21 is associated with atherosclerotic lesions and cardiovascular risk, but its increase should be interpreted as a reflection of an activated stress response rather than as an independent diagnostic criterion. GDF15 is associated with age, functional decline, comorbidity, and poor prognosis, but it is not a specific marker of atherosclerosis. Lactate and lactylation represent a promising metabolic-epigenetic mechanism linking glycolytic shift, cellular senescence, and vascular inflammation, but evidence of correspondence between circulating and tissue levels is still required. AMPK, PGC-1α, and PINK1/Parkin have predominantly mechanistic significance and should currently be considered intracellular regulators and therapeutic targets rather than clinically validated biomarkers. In atherosclerosis in older and oldest-old patients, markers of metabolic and mitochondrial stress should be assessed within a hierarchical evidence model and with mandatory consideration of age, comorbidity, and treatment-related confounders. FGF21 and GDF15 are the closest to clinical validation; lactate and lactylation represent a promising direction for translational research; AMPK, PGC-1α, and PINK1/Parkin form the pathogenic basis of mitochondrial quality control but require clinically reproducible assessment methods. Цель обзора — обобщить и критически проанализировать данные о маркерах метаболического и митохондриального стресса при атеросклерозе у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста, выделив клинически доступные циркулирующие биомаркеры, метаболические индикаторы и внутриклеточные регуляторы митохондриального контроля, а также ограничения их возраст-специфической интерпретации. Выполнен аналитический нарративный обзор литературы по данным PubMed, Scopus и Web of Science за 2010–2025 гг., последний контрольный поиск проведён 27 апреля 2026 г. Использованы ключевые слова: сигнальные молекулы, FGF21, GDF15, эндотелиальная дисфункция, митохондриальная дисфункция, лактат, старение эндотелия, клеточная сенесценция. В анализ включено 38 источников с приоритетом клинических когорт, возраст-стратифицированных данных, экспериментальных работ по сосудистому старению и публикаций с трансляционным потенциалом. Выбор маркеров был основан на их принадлежности к разным уровням патологического процесса — системной стресс-реакции, метаболической перестройке и внутриклеточному митохондриальному контролю. Наиболее клинически обоснованным циркулирующим кандидатом является FGF21. Этот фактор связан с атеросклеротическим поражением и сердечно-сосудистым риском, но его повышение следует трактовать как отражение активированной стресс-реакции, а не как самостоятельный диагностический критерий. GDF15 ассоциирован с возрастом, функциональным снижением, коморбидностью и неблагоприятным прогнозом, однако не является специфическим маркером атеросклероза. Лактат и лактилирование представляют собой перспективный метаболико-эпигенетический механизм связи гликолитического сдвига, клеточной сенесценции и сосудистого воспаления, но требуют доказательства соответствия между циркулирующим и тканевым уровнями. AMPK, PGC-1α и PINK1/Parkin имеют преимущественно механистическое значение и в настоящее время должны рассматриваться как внутриклеточные регуляторы и терапевтические мишени, а не как клинически валидированные биомаркеры. При атеросклерозе у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста маркеры метаболического и митохондриального стресса целесообразно оценивать в рамках иерархической модели доказательности и с обязательным учётом возрастных, коморбидных и лекарственных факторов. FGF21 и GDF15 наиболее близки к клинической валидации; лактат и лактилирование представляют перспективное направление трансляционных исследований; AMPK, PGC-1α и PINK1/Parkin формируют патогенетическую основу митохондриального контроля качества, но требуют разработки клинически воспроизводимых способов оценки.
Cancer continues to be a leading cause of global mortality, highlighting the ongoing need for novel anticancer compounds that offer high efficacy with improved side effect profiles. In the present study, a series of 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione derivatives (DTT-S1-18) were synthesized as promising anticancer agents, and the structures of products were confirmed by spectral techniques. H2S-releasing experiments showed that most of the compounds released higher amounts of H2S slowly over time compared to standard ADT-OH. All compounds were tested for antiproliferative activity on HT-29, PC-3, MCF-7, and HUVEC cell lines. Compounds DTT-S6 (3-nitrophenyl derivative) and DTT-S8 (methionine derivative) have the lowest IC50 values of 41.6 and 38.9 µM on the MCF-7 cell line, respectively. Based on the wound healing and colony formation assays performed in MCF-7 cells, the wound areas were not significantly changed after treatment with compounds DTT-S6 and DTT-S8, whereas compound DTT-S8 at double IC50 dose inhibited colony formation by 81.82%. In addition, molecular docking, MD simulations, MM/GBSA binding free energy calculations, and binary QSAR analyses were performed to explore the potential target interactions and predicted activity profiles of the synthesized compounds toward inflammation-related proteins, including COX-1, COX-2, 5-LOX, and iNOS, thereby supporting the development of mechanistic hypotheses for future validation. Furthermore, structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses were conducted to correlate the structural characteristics of the synthesized compounds with their H2S releasing potential and biological profiles. Overall, this work integrates experimental anticancer evaluation with computational pathway and structure-based cancer/inflammation analyses to characterize novel DTT-based H2S donors. The findings identify particularly compound DTT-S8, as a promising in vitro anticancer candidate, while the computational results suggest a putative involvement of inflammation-related targets, particularly the COX-2/5-LOX axis, which requires direct biochemical and cellular validation.
Atherosclerosis progression is driven by the plasticity of plaque macrophages, making the suppression of M1-like macrophage polarization a promising therapeutic goal. While inhibiting the M1-regulator microRNA-155 (miR-155) is a viable strategy, its clinical application is limited with inadequate systemic bioavailability and off-target organ damage. Herein, we developed YC/ANM-155, an orally delivered biomimetic system that utilizes yeast microcapsules (YC) to specifically transport AntagomiR-155 (ANM-155) to aortic plaques. This targeted strategy demonstrated superior efficacy compared to free ANM-155 in alleviating the atherosclerotic burden. Mechanistically, the treatment suppressed local miR-155 expression, inhibited M1-like macrophage polarization, and downregulated key pro-inflammatory cytokines at both the lesional and systemic levels. Complementary in vitro studies showed that miR-155 inhibition reduced M1-like macrophage polarization and attenuated inflammatory activation. The formulation showed improved stability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and favorable biosafety under the present experimental settings. Collectively, our findings suggest that yeast-mediated oral delivery of miRNA antagomirs may serve as a promising preclinical strategy for RNA-based AS therapy and warrant further evaluation in larger-scale preclinical models.
The p-wave magnet has emerged as a new type of magnetism exhibiting odd-parity, time-reversal-symmetric spin splitting in momentum space, and has attracted considerable interest as a promising platform for spintronic applications. However, the theoretical understanding of the fundamental mechanism responsible for stabilizing this phase remains limited. In this Letter, we identify a microscopic interacting model that realizes the p-wave magnet as its ground state. We first introduce a Hubbard model and derive the corresponding low-energy spin Hamiltonian. At the classical level, we find that the p-wave magnet is stabilized but remains energetically degenerate with competing noncoplanar states. Quantum fluctuations lift this degeneracy, selecting the p-wave magnet as the unique ground state. The resulting electronic structure exhibits finite spin accumulation via the Edelstein effect, highlighting the potential of p-wave magnetism for spintronic applications. We further discuss the relevance of our theory to quasi-two-dimensional honeycomb magnets such as Ni_{2}Mo_{3}O_{8}. Our findings establish the possibility of spontaneous p-wave magnetism.
Quantum networks and quantum repeaters represent the promising avenues for building large-scale quantum information systems, serving as foundational infrastructure for distributed quantum computing, long-distance quantum communication, and networked quantum sensing. A critical step in realizing a functional quantum network is the efficient and high-fidelity establishment of heralded entanglement between remote quantum nodes. A multimode entangling scheme offers a powerful strategy to accelerate remote entanglement distribution, particularly over long optical fibers. Here, we experimentally demonstrate multimode-enhanced heralded entanglement between two trapped-ion quantum network nodes. By harnessing ten temporal photonic modes, we achieve a 4.59-fold speedup in ion-ion entanglement generation and attain an entanglement fidelity of 95.9%±1.5% over 1.2 km of fiber. Employing a dual-type architecture, our system is readily scalable to multiple nodes, thereby establishing a key building block for future large-scale quantum networks.
Amnion-derived biomaterials have attracted interest in dentistry because of their anti-inflammatory, anti-scarring, and wound-healing properties. Among available preparation strategies, protease-processed amnion has been proposed as a method to better preserve structural integrity and support cellular responses, with preliminary evidence suggesting accelerated wound healing. This mini review examines the biological rationale for protease-processed amnion, compares it with conventional membrane processing approaches, and evaluates its possible role in extraction socket healing, periodontal regeneration, and oroantral repair. Available evidence suggests promising preclinical performance, but clinical support in intraoral settings remains limited. Key barriers include variability in processing, sterilization, storage, regulatory oversight, and the need for well-designed clinical trials before routine dental use can be recommended.
The development of new therapeutic agents for glioblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a priority due to poor prognosis, limited treatment options, and high recurrence rates. Herein, we report a one-pot synthesis of aromatic aminopropyl lactams (ArAPLs) via hydrolysis of bicyclic amidines (DBN, DBU), followed by reductive amination with aromatic aldehydes. These compounds were designed to target histamine H3 receptors (H3R), which are often overexpressed in these malignancies. Docking studies suggested that compounds 3a and 4a may act as H3R antagonists, showing favorable binding through hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions. Biological evaluation identified 3a and 4a as the most promising compounds, exhibiting micromolar antiproliferative activity in glioblastoma and HCC cell models. Compound 3a showed the best balance between potency and selectivity, including activity in 3D spheroid models and modulation of cell cycle-related markers. In coculture systems, spheroids displayed reduced size and density, although a slight increase in viability was observed, particularly with 4a. Variations in peripheral cell layers suggest a role for macrophage behavior. Overall, these findings support the cytotoxic potential of ArAPLs, although further studies are required to confirm their role as H3R antagonists.
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest remains a major public health challenge worldwide, with survival largely determined by the timeliness, quality, and organization of care. The 2025 Systems saving lives guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) emphasize that meaningful improvements in outcomes depend not on isolated interventions but on the coordinated functioning of the entire system of care. This paper, representing the position of the Hungarian Resuscitation Society, summarizes the key elements of the guideline. The recommendations focus on the concepts of the chain of survival and the formula of survival, highlighting the combined importance of scientific evidence, effective education, and local implementation. Increasing community awareness, strengthening advocacy, initiating cardiopulmonary resuscitation education at an early age, and engaging trained lay responders are essential to ensure early intervention. Organizational aspects of emergency care - particularly dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation, optimization of automated external defibrillator accessibility, and the availability of adequately trained emergency medical teams - further enhance system performance. In-hospital rapid response systems, cardiac arrest centers, and structured follow-up of survivors and their families play a key role in improving long-term outcomes and quality of life. Emerging technologies, including digital tools and artificial intelligence, offer promising opportunities to support early recognition, high-quality resuscitation, and education, although their implementation requires further evaluation and appropriate legal and ethical frameworks. Adopting a comprehensive, system-based approach is essential to improve out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes and to develop sustainable, effective life-saving systems at the national level. Orv Hetil. 2026; 167(30): 1175-1185. A kórházon kívüli keringésmegállás továbbra is jelentős népegészségügyi kihívást jelent, amelynek kimenetelét alapvetően az ellátás gyorsasága, minősége és szervezettsége határozza meg. Az Európai Újraélesztési Tanács (ERC) 2025. évi Systems saving lives (Életmentő rendszerek) gyakorlati szakmai irányelve hangsúlyozza, hogy a túlélési esélyek javítása nem egyetlen beavatkozástól, hanem az ellátás elemeinek összehangolt, rendszerszintű működésétől várható. A jelen összefoglaló a Magyar Resuscitatiós Társaság állásfoglalásaként ismerteti a gyakorlati szakmai irányelv legfontosabb elemeit. A gyakorlati szakmai irányelv középpontjában a túlélési lánc és a túlélés képlete áll, kiemelve a tudományos bizonyítékok, az oktatás és a helyi implementáció együttes szerepét. A közösségi tudatosság növelése, az érdekképviselet, a gyermekkorban megkezdett újraélesztés-oktatás, valamint a laikus elsősegélynyújtók bevonása kulcsfontosságú a korai beavatkozás biztosításában. A sürgősségi ellátás szervezési elemei – különösen a mentésirányítással asszisztált újraélesztés, a (fél)automata külső defibrillátorhoz való hozzáférés optimalizálása és a megfelelő kompetenciájú mentőegységek – tovább erősítik a rendszer hatékonyságát. A kórházon belüli gyorsreagálású rendszerek, az újraélesztési központok és a túlélők strukturált utánkövetése a hosszú távú kimenetel javítását szolgálják. Az új technológiák és a mesterséges intelligencia egyéb lehetőségeket is kínálnak, alkalmazásuk azonban további kutatásokat igényel. A rendszerszemléletű megközelítés adaptálása elengedhetetlen a hazai túlélési arányok javításához. Orv Hetil. 2026; 167(30): 1175–1185.
Gallic acid (GA) is a plant-derived polyphenol with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, yet its efficacy as a functional feed additive in sea cucumbers remains unclear. Here, we systematically evaluated graded dietary GA supplementation in the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota by integrating growth performance, body-wall nutritional composition, intestinal histomorphology, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities, gut microbial community profiles, and intestinal transcriptomic responses. Sea cucumbers were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments containing 0, 200, 400, 800, 1600, or 3200 mg kg-1 GA and fed for 75 days. GA elicited a pronounced nonlinear, dose-dependent response. The intermediate dose (GA2; 400 mg kg-1) produced a relatively favorable response under the present feeding conditions, increasing final body weight and increasing the accumulation of crude protein and structural-protein-associated amino acids in the body wall, while preserving brush-border integrity and significantly enhancing α-amylase, lipase, cellulase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Transcriptomic profiling revealed clear divergence between GA-treated groups and the control (Con), with GA2 characterized by upregulation of pathways associated with digestive hydrolysis, nutrient transport, lipid utilization, and redox/detoxification processes. Microbiome analyses showed progressive community restructuring with increasing GA, including reduced Proteobacteria and enrichment of Firmicutes/Bacilli at high doses, decreased α-diversity, and pronounced genus-level turnover. Correlation-based integration further resolved two host-microbe interaction modules that linked microbial taxa either to nutrient assimilation programs or to intestinal barrier and immune-response programs. Collectively, these findings support GA as a promising functional additive for H. leucospilota within a narrow optimal-dose window, while highlighting potential risks of dysbiosis and intestinal injury at excessive inclusion levels.
The surgical treatment of multiple synchronous bilateral primary lung cancer (mSBPLC) showed promising results and the aims of this retrospective study were to assess the oncologic outcomes and the presence of risk factors of worse survival. Patients underwent radical (all lesions removed) lung resection for mSBPLC from 2017 to 2024 were included. Exclusion criteria: patients unfit for bilateral surgery, pneumonectomy, multifocal ground glass opacities, clinical stage IIIA or more and pre-operative treatment. Overall and disease-free survival analyses were conducted with the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, Cox regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of worse survival. During the study period, 64 patients were screened for the presence of bilateral lung nodules, 45 patients (median age 69 years) were operated for mSBPLC and during the follow-up (median 34 months) we observed 11 deaths and 15 cancer recurrence. In the 80% of patients the main cancer was solid, contralateral was a part-solid in 20% or pure ground glass opacity in 20%. Adenocarcinoma was present in 77.8% at first surgery and in 80% at the second. Spread Through the Air Spaces (STAS) was present in 17.8%. The 5 year overall and disease-free survival rate were 77% (median 86 months -CI95% 72.4-99.5-) and 57% (median 69 months -32-105.9-), respectively. Comparing survivals among patients with and without STAS, we had an overall survival of 0% vs 85% (86 vs 29 months, p < 0.01) and a disease-free survival of 0% vs 63% (69 vs 9 months, p < 0.01). The multivariable analysis demonstrated STAS as significant predictor of worse overall (HR 7.08, p = 0.02) and disease-free survival (HR 5.63, p = 0.017). Taking into account the small and highly selected study population, staged bilateral surgery could be considered safe and oncologically adequate, showing the association between the presence of STAS and unfavourable long term outcomes.
Excessive sodium intake is associated with various health risks, whereas reducing salt content in foods often leads to weakened saltiness perception and decreased consumer acceptance. Taste-taste interactions provide a promising strategy for salt reduction; however, the central neural mechanisms underlying sweet-salty synergy remain insufficiently understood. In this study, sensory evaluation combined with electroencephalography (EEG) was used to investigate the effect of sucrose on saltiness perception and the corresponding cortical responses. Sixty participants evaluated a series of sucrose-sodium chloride mixed solutions, in which NaCl concentration was fixed at 6.84 mM and sucrose concentration was varied across seven gradients. Sensory results showed that sucrose enhanced saltiness perception in a concentration-dependent manner, exhibiting an inverted U-shaped trend, with the strongest saltiness enhancement observed at 14.1-15 mM sucrose. EEG power spectral density and area-under-the-curve analyses further revealed that FP1, Pz, and O2 were the most responsive electrode sites during sweet-salty stimulation, suggesting the involvement of frontal, parietal, and occipital regions in cross-modal taste processing. Among the analyzed frequency bands, δ (1-4 Hz) and θ (4-8 Hz) activities were more sensitive to sucrose-salt mixtures, indicating enhanced early sensory encoding, attentional allocation, and multisensory integration. In addition, a prominent response around 6 Hz was observed in frontal and occipital regions under the optimal sucrose-salt condition, further supporting the role of low-frequency synchronization in sweet-salty flavor integration. These findings demonstrate that sucrose can effectively enhance saltiness perception within an appropriate concentration range and that EEG provides an objective approach for characterizing the neural dynamics of taste interaction. This study offers neurophysiological evidence for "salt reduction without saltiness loss" and provides theoretical support for the development of reduced-sodium foods and high-palatability flavor formulations.
Organotin (IV) compounds are known to induce apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, which is a key mechanism of effective anticancer therapy. Their ability to selectively promote apoptotic cell death highlights their potential as chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, the in vitro effects of two triorganotin compounds, tributyltin propionate and tributyltin salicylate, on the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 were evaluated. In addition to their proven antitumor activity, these compounds may act as synthetic ligands for nuclear retinoid X receptors. Protein expression profiles were examined using gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, with a particular focus on heat shock proteins (HSPs), which are commonly overexpressed in cancer cells and contribute to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Both triorganotin derivatives significantly reduced HSP expression, suggesting that HSPs could be a promising target in cancer therapy.
Milk is important constituent of daily food worldwide. Quality of milk is compromised because of multiple issues like sub-standard practices in dairy industry, frequent adulterations, microbial contaminations, storage and climatic conditions. The problem gets multifold grave because of lack of portable solutions of milk quality assessment and testing. Still the milk quality testing remains centralized and lab oriented. So, the need of the hour is to study and figure out solutions which can be portable, accurate and provide results in timely fashion. The current study tries to bridge this gap by analyzing recent development in the field of milk testing especially sensor-based techniques coupled with the power of Machine Learning based classification strategies. The search is for a milk quality testing solution which is reliable, all-in-one testing solution, low cost, portable, anywhere accessible, friendly user interface and operates in real time. It should employ state of the art technology like connectivity and novel Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning methods. The study concludes that sensor infused machine learning solutions provides an upper edge with respect to traditional lab based slow and costly solutions. Internet of Things and Sensor-based technology is opening doors for real time portable milk testing kit which is showing promising result with backend prowess of Machine learning methods. Our study is driven of societal impact especially in the area of food safety and rural empowerment. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-026-06746-0.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by highly infiltrative growth, pronounced heterogeneity, and adaptive plasticity, leading to poor prognosis and frequent recurrence. Tumor dissemination beyond imaging-defined margins, together with the blood-brain barrier (BBB), heterogeneous blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, severely limits therapeutic efficacy. Metal-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising theranostic platforms owing to their multifunctionality, enabling multimodal imaging and photothermal, photodynamic, and chemodynamic therapies. However, their clinical translation is constrained by rapid clearance, inadequate BBB/BBTB penetration, and limited intratumoral distribution. Cell membrane-coated metal nanoplatforms have recently emerged as an effective biomimetic strategy to overcome these barriers. By incorporating membranes derived from red blood cells, cancer cells, or immune cells, these systems achieve immune evasion, prolonged circulation, enhanced BBB penetration, and improved tumor targeting. Moreover, recent advances demonstrate their ability to programmably regulate tumor-immune interactions and respond to the tumor microenvironment, shifting nanomedicine from passive delivery toward adaptive theranostic platforms. This review summarizes recent advances in membrane-coated metal nanoplatforms for GBM, highlighting their design principles, biological mechanisms, and applications in synergistic therapy, while discussing their translational potential and the remaining challenges for clinical application.
Polyanhydrides are attractive materials for drug delivery matrices as a result of their cytocompatibility and fast degradation rate. Here, we synthesized and characterized copolymers of poly(3-allyloxy-1,2-propylene succinate) (PSAGE) and sebacic acid (SBA). The successful polymerization was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses. The material with PSAGE and 60% of SBA copolymer (PSAGE-SBA60) was more hydrophilic than the PSAGE and 80% of SBA copolymer (PSAGE-SBA80) (water contact angle 82.2° ± 11.6° vs. 98.6° ± 8.9°, respectively). PSAGE-SBA60 also had a lower molecular weight than PSAGE-SBA80 (Mn = 6400 Da vs. 9800 Da). Both polyanhydrides were used to encapsulate curcumin (CUR) as a potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer agent. The unloaded microparticles (MPs) and CUR-loaded MPs were produced using the emulsification/solvent evaporation method. The CUR was uniformly distributed within the MPs, as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. All MPs had a geometric diameter < 5 μm and their surface charge was negative. MPs_PSAGE-SBA80 + CUR had the best aerodynamic properties, as shown by laser diffraction measurements and flowability parameters, i.e., Carr index and Hausner ratio. The MPs obtained from PSAGE-SBA60 degraded faster than those of PSAGE-SBA80. All MPs were noncytotoxic at a concentration of up to 100 μg/mL in the in vitro model (BEAS-2B lung epithelial cells) and ex vivo precision-cut tissue slices (PCTSs) rat model. The developed MPs are promising CUR carriers for pulmonary delivery in a dry powder formulation.